Al-Khartoum, Sudan الخرطوم
Khartoum at the Bend of the Nile
Seal
Nickname: The Triangular City
Al-Khartoum, Sudan Khartoum's location in Sudan
Coordinates: 15°34′N 33°36′E / 15.567, 33.6
Government
- Governor	Abdul Halim al Mutafi
Population (2005)
- Urban	2,207,794
- Metro	8,000,000 Agglomeration

Khartoum (الخرطوم al-Kharṭūm) is the capital of Sudan and of Khartoum State. Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa. Khartoum (also Al Khartum) (الخرطوم is one of the 26 wilayat or states of Sudan. It is located at the confluence point of the White Nile coming in from the north from Lake Victoria, and the Blue Nile flowing west from Ethiopia. The White Nile ( Arabic: النيل الأبيض transliterated: an-Nīl al-Ābyadˤ) is a River of Africa, one of the two main Lake Victoria or Victoria Nyanza (also known as Ukerewe and Nalubaale) is one of the Great Lakes of Africa. The Blue Nile ( Amharic: ዓባይ transliterated ʿ Abbai, but pronounced Abbai; Arabic: النيل الأزرق transliterated NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page The location where the two Niles meet is known as "al-Mogran". The main Nile continues to flow north towards Egypt and the Mediterranean Sea. The Nile (النيل, Ancient Egyptian iteru or Ḥ'pī, Coptic piaro or phiaro) is a major north-flowing River This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics.

Divided by the Niles, Khartoum is a tripartite metropolis with an estimated overall population of over a million people consisting of Khartoum proper, and linked by bridges Khartoum North called (al-Khartūm Bahrī) and Omdurman (Umm Durmān) to the west. Khartoum North ( al-Khartūm Bahrī) is a city close to but distinct from Khartoum in central Sudan. Omdurman (Standard Arabic Umm Durmān أم درمان is the largest city in Sudan and Khartoum State, lying on the western banks of the river

Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Early history 2.2 Recent history 3 Demographics 4 Economy 5 Education 5.1 High Schools 5.2 Universities 6 Transportation 6.1 Air 6.2 Bridges 6.3 Rail 7 Culture 7.1 Museums 7.2 Shopping 7.3 Botanical Gardens 7.4 Clubs 8 Trivia 9 Twin cities 10 References 11 External links

Etymology

From an article by C. E. J. Walkly^[1]: "The word 'Khartoum' means 'elephant’s trunk' in the dialect which was spoken locally, the name of the town is probably derived from the narrow strip of land extending between the blue and White Niles, which is like the trunk of an elephant. Captain J. A. Grant, who reached Khartoum in 1863 with Captain Speke’s expedition, thought that the derivation was most probably from the safflower (Carthamus Tinctorius L. Safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L) is a highly branched Herbaceous, Thistle -like annual usually with many long sharp spines on the leaves ) which is called 'Gartoon,' and which was cultivated extensively in Egypt for its oil, used in burning. This explanation is ingenious but has no support. "

History

Early history

Ibrahim Pasha, the adopted son of Muhammad Ali, the ruler of Egypt, founded Khartoum in 1821 as an outpost for the Egyptian army, but the settlement grew as a regional center of trade, including the slave trade. This article is about the leader of Egypt For other people named Muhammad Ali or Mehmet Ali see Muhammad Ali (disambiguation and Mehemet Ali (disambiguation This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. The history of slavery uncovers many different forms of human exploitation across many cultures throughout history Troops loyal to the Mahdi Muhammad Ahmad began a siege of Khartoum on March 13, 1884 against the defenders led by British General Charles George Gordon. In Islamic eschatology the Mahdi ( ar مهدي, also Mehdi; "Guided One" is the prophesied redeemer of Islam who will stay on earth Muhammad Ahmad ibn as Sayyid Abd Allah (otherwise known as The Mahdi or Muhammad Ahmed Al Mahdi Arabic:محمد أحمد المهدي ( August Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II. Year 1884 ( MDCCCLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Major-General, CB ( 28 January 1833 &ndash 26 January 1885) known as Chinese Gordon, Gordon Pasha The siege resulted in the massacre of the Anglo-Egyptian garrison.

The heavily damaged city fell to the Mahdists on January 26, 1885. Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France. Year 1885 ( MDCCCLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Omdurman was the scene of the bloody battle on September 2, 1898, during which British forces under Horatio Kitchener defeated the Mahdist forces defending the city. At the Battle of Omdurman ( 2 September 1898) an army commanded by the British General Sir Horatio Kitchener defeated the army of Abdullah Events 44 BC - Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion. Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Field Marshal Horatio Herbert Kitchener 1st Earl Kitchener, KG, KP, GCB, OM

In 1899, Khartoum became the capital of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and, with the independence of Sudan in 1956, the capital of the new country. Anglo-Egyptian Sudan referred to the manner by which Sudan was administered between 1899 and 1956, when it was a condominium of Egypt

Recent history

In 1973, the city was the site of a hostage crisis in which members of Black September held ten hostages at the Saudi embassy, five of whom were diplomats. The Khartoum diplomatic assassinations were the killing of three Western diplomats held hostage between 1 March 1973 and 3 March 1973 in the The Black September Organization (منظمة أيلول الأسود munazzamat aylul al-aswad) was a Palestinian militant group founded in 1970 The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi The US ambassador, the US deputy ambassador, and the Belgian Chargé d'affaires were murdered. The remaining hostages were released (see 1973 Khartoum diplomatic assassinations). The Khartoum diplomatic assassinations were the killing of three Western diplomats held hostage between 1 March 1973 and 3 March 1973 in the A 1973 United States Department of State document, declassified in 2006, concluded "The Khartoum operation was planned and carried out with the full knowledge and personal approval of Yasser Arafat. "^[2]

The first oil pipeline between Khartoum and Port Sudan was completed in 1977. Port Sudan (بورتسودان is the capital of Red Sea State, Sudan and has 489725 residents (2007

Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Khartoum was the destination for hundreds of thousands of refugees fleeing conflicts in neighboring nations such as Chad, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Uganda. Chad (Tchad تشاد Tshād) officially known as the Republic of Chad, is a Landlocked country in Central Africa. Eritrea () ( Ge'ez: ኤርትራ ʾErtrā, Arabic: إرتريا Iritriya) officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page The Republic of Uganda is a Landlocked country in East Africa. The refugees settled in large slums at the outskirts of the city. From the mid-1980s onward, large numbers of internally displaced from the violence of the Second Sudanese Civil War and Darfur conflict have settled around Khartoum. Internally displaced persons (IDPs are people forced to flee their homes but who unlike refugees remain within their country's borders The Second Sudanese Civil War (sometimes referred to as Anyanya II) started in 1983 although it was largely a continuation of the First Sudanese Civil The War in Darfur is a military conflict in the Darfur region of western Sudan.

Following the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings, the United States accused Osama bin Laden's al-Qaeda group of responsibility and launched cruise missile attacks (August 20) on the al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory in Khartoum North. In the 1998 US Embassy bombings ( August 7, 1998) hundreds of people were killed in simultaneous Car bomb explosions at the United States The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Osama bin Laden, with some spelling variations is the name used in English to refer to (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن born 10 March Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The A cruise missile is a guided Missile that carries an explosive payload and uses a lifting wing and a propulsion system usually a Jet engine, to allow Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine The Al-Shifa ( Arabic for "healing" pharmaceutical Factory in Khartoum North, Sudan was constructed between 1992 Khartoum North ( al-Khartūm Bahrī) is a city close to but distinct from Khartoum in central Sudan. The destruction of the factory produced diplomatic tension between the U. S. and Sudan.

After the sudden death of SPLA head and vice-president of Sudan John Garang at the end of July 2005, there were violent riots in the capital for some days. __FORCETOC__ For the Vice President of the United States, their roles and other information see Vice President of the United States. Dr John Garang de Mabior ( June 23, 1945 – July 30, 2005) was First Vice President Sudan and former leader of the The death toll was at least 24 as youth from South Sudan attacked North Sudanese and clashed with security forces. ^[3]

The Arab League summit of March 28-29, 2006 was held in Khartoum, during which the Arab League awarded Sudan the Arab League presidency. The Arab League ( الجامعة العربية) officially called the League of Arab States ( جامعة الدول العربية Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa.

On 10 May 2008 the Darfur rebel group of the Justice and Equality Movement moved into the city where they engaged in heavy fighting with Sudanese government forces. Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. Darfur (دار فور daar foor, lit "realm of the Fur " is a region in Sudan. The Justice and Equality Movement (JEM is a rebel group involved in the Darfur conflict of Sudan. Their goal was the toppeling of Omar Hassan al-Bashir's government, though the Sudanese government succeeded in beating back the assault^[4][5]. Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir ( Arabic: عمر حسن أحمد البشير born January 1 1944) is the President of Sudan. ^[6]

Demographics

Year	Population[7]
	City	Agglomeration
1907[8]	69,349	k. A.
1956	93,100	245,800
1973	333,906	748,300
1983	476,218	1,340,646
1993	947,483	2,919,773
2007 Estimate	2,207,794	8,363,915

Economy

After the signing of the historic Comprehensive Peace Agreement between the government of Sudan and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLA), the Government of Sudan has begun a massive development project. The biggest projects taking place right now in Khartoum are the Al-Mogran Development Project, two five-star hotels, a new airport, Mac Nimir Bridge (finished in October 2007) and the Tuti Bridge that will link khartoum to Tuti Island

Khartoum has a some wealthy suburbs like al Maamoorah, al Manshiyah, and Garden Cit, these are found mainly on the eastern side of the city and along the Blue Nile. The Al-Mogran Development Project is an over $4 billion development project undertaken by the Alsunut Development Company that seeks to develop several thousand acres in downtown Khartoum The Mac Nimir Bridge links Khartoum Sudan with Khartoum North across the Blue Nile river The Tuti Bridge in Khartoum is considered to be the first suspension bridge to be constructed in Sudan and one of the first constructed in Africa. Tuti Island (also spelled Tutti Island is an island in Sudan where the White Nile and Blue Nile merge to form the main Nile. South San Jose (cropjpg||thumb|A suburban development in San Jose California. The Blue Nile ( Amharic: ዓባይ transliterated ʿ Abbai, but pronounced Abbai; Arabic: النيل الأزرق transliterated

Khartoum is very poor, with few exclusive areas. Few streets are paved, but the centre is well-planned, with tree-lined streets. However, Khartoum has the highest concentration of economic activity in the country. Economics is the social science that studies the production distribution, and consumption of goods and services. This is slowly changing as major economic developments take place in other parts of the country, like oil exploration in the South, the Giad Industrial Complex and White Nile Sugar Project in Central Sudan, and the Merowe Dam in the North. The Merowe High Dam, also known as Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project or Hamdab Dam, is a large construction project in northern Sudan, about 350 km north

Among the city's industries are printing, glass manufacturing, food processing, and textiles. Petroleum products are now produced in the far north of Khartoum state, providing fuel and jobs for the city. Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit One of Sudan's largest refineries is located in northern Khartoum. Moreover, a number of East-Asian companies have recently shown interest in the realization of a new project which will lead to the creation of new telecommunication services throughout the country.

Education

Khartoum is the main location for most of Sudan's top educational bodies, including but not limited to:

High Schools

• Unity High School. Unity High School, founded in 1902 is an independent school in Khartoum, Sudan, which uses the English language and provides a British-style education The school came to international attention on November 25, 2007 when one of its teachers, Gillian Gibbons from Liverpool, England, was arrested by Sudanese authorities for allegedly insulting Islam by allowing the children in her class to name a teddy bear "Muhammad". Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The Sudanese teddy bear blasphemy case concerns the arrest trial conviction imprisonment and subsequent release of a British schoolteacher working at Unity For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The teddy bear is a stuffed Toy Bear. It is an enduring traditional form of a Stuffed animal, often serving the purpose of comforting children IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics ^[9][10]
• comboni and St. Francis

Universities

• University of Khartoum. Daniel Comboni ( March 15, 1831 – 10 October 1881) was a Roman Catholic Missionary and Saint. The University of Khartoum ( U of K) is a public Co-educational University located in and near Khartoum, Sudan. Founded as Gordon Memorial College in 1902, it was later renamed to share the name of the city in the 1930s.
• Juba University, relocated from Juba during the civil war. Juba National University, commonly referred to as the University of Juba, is located in the northern suburbs of Khartoum, the capital of Sudan but named The Second Sudanese Civil War (sometimes referred to as Anyanya II) started in 1983 although it was largely a continuation of the First Sudanese Civil Currently, the only university in Sudan which maintained English as language of instruction. Plans exist to relocate the university or part of it back to Southern Sudan. Southern Sudan is a region of Sudan, comprising ten of that country's states
• Computerman College, the college for computer studies. And recently added other departments.
• Al Neelain University
• Sudan University of Science and Technology. Sudan University of Science and Technology, or SUST, is one of the main public Universities in Khartoum, Sudan. One of the main Engineering and technical schools in Sudan founded in 1932 as Khartoum Technical Institute and then later on 1991 turned into Sudan University of Science and Technology.
• Bayan Science and Technology University
• The Academy of Medical Sciences and Technology. Better known as AMST, it was founded in 1996 by Prof. Mamoun Humaida and built in Khartoum.
• Omdurman Islamic University
• Ahfad University for Women
• Academy of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum
• Comboni College for Science and Technology, Khartoum

Transportation

Air

Khartoum is home to the largest airport in Sudan, Khartoum International Airport. The Omdurman Islamic University is built on an area of size about 500 acres (2 km² in Omdurman. Ahfad University for Women is a private women's university in Omdurman, Sudan, and was originally founded as a girls' school by Babiker Badri The University of Medical Sciences and Technology ( UMST) is a mainly medical oriented college in Khartoum, Sudan. Khartoum International Airport is an Airport in Khartoum, the capital of Sudan. It is the main hub for Sudan Airways, Sudan's main carrier. Sudan Airways (الخطوط الجوية السودانية is the national Airline of Sudan and is a member of the Arab Air Carriers Organization It was built in the southern edge of the city, but the rapid growth of the city and through the major urbanization, it has become the heart of the city. A new international airport is currently being built in the city of Omdurman. Omdurman (Standard Arabic Umm Durmān أم درمان is the largest city in Sudan and Khartoum State, lying on the western banks of the river It will replace the current airport in Khartoum as Sudan's main airport followed by Juba Airport and Port Sudan Airport. Juba Airport is an airport in Juba, Sudan. It is the operational base for Feeder Airlines Company.

Bridges

The following bridges cross the Blue Nile and connect Khartoum to Khartoum North:

• Mac Nimir Bridge
• Blue Nile Road & Railway Bridge
• Kober Bridge
• Shambat Bridge
• Elmunsheya Bridge

Rail

Khartoum has rail lines from Egypt, Port Sudan and El Obeid. The Blue Nile ( Amharic: ዓባይ transliterated ʿ Abbai, but pronounced Abbai; Arabic: النيل الأزرق transliterated The Mac Nimir Bridge links Khartoum Sudan with Khartoum North across the Blue Nile river Some renewings may take place at the trains machinery and cabinets by an Italian company.

Culture

Museums

The largest museum in Khartoum, and indeed all of Sudan, is the National Museum of Sudan. Natakamani was a King of Kush who reigned from around or earlier than 1 BC to circa AD 20 Sudanese Museum is one of the main attractions of Sudan The National Museum of Sudan is the largest museum in Sudan Founded in 1971, it contains works from different epochs of Sudanese history. Among the exhibits are two Egyptian temples of Buhen and Semna which were originally built by Queen Hatshepsut and Pharaoh Tuthmosis III respectively but relocated to Khartoum upon the flooding of Lake Nasser. Lake Nasser ( Arabic: بحيرة ناصر transliterated: Buhayrat Nasir is a vast reservoir in southern Egypt and northern Sudan

Another museum in Khartoum is the Palace Museum, located adjacent to the historical Presidential Palace on Blue Nile Street. Presidential Palace is the Official residence of the President in some countries

Shopping

Khartoum doesn't have as many open markets or souqs as neighboring Omdurman, but one of the largest is the Souq Arabi. A souk (سوق also sook, souq, or suq, or shuq in Hebrew שוק is a highly fashioned commercial quarter in an Arab or Berber The market is huge and spread over several blocks in the center of Khartoum proper just south of the Great Mosque (Mesjid al-Kabir) and the minibus station. It is divided into separate sections, including one focused entirely on gold.

Al Qasr St. and Al Jamhoriyah St. are considered the most famous high streets in Khartoum State. High Street, or the High Street, is a Metonym for the generic name (and frequently the official name of the primary Business street Khartoum (also Al Khartum) (الخرطوم is one of the 26 wilayat or states of Sudan.

Located in the southern suburb Arkeweet, recently the first medium scale shopping mall opened. A shopping mall or shopping centre is a building or set of buildings that contain Retail units with interconnecting Walkways enabling visitors Afra Mall mall with a supermarket, retail outlets, coffee shops, a bowling alley, and a movie theatre. Afra Mall ( Arabic: مركز عفراء التجاري translated as Afra Shopping Centre) is the first Shopping mall in Sudan located

Botanical Gardens

Khartoum is home to a small botanical garden, in the Mogran district of the city.

Clubs

Khartoum is home to several clubs such as the Sailing Club, German Club, Greek Club, Coptic Club, Syrian Club, International Club etc.

Trivia

There is also a Pinewood film on the battle of the mahdi arms against General Gordon called Khartoum. Muhammad Ahmad ibn as Sayyid Abd Allah (otherwise known as The Mahdi or Muhammad Ahmed Al Mahdi Arabic:محمد أحمد المهدي ( August Major-General, CB ( 28 January 1833 &ndash 26 January 1885) known as Chinese Gordon, Gordon Pasha Khartoum is a 1966 film written by Robert Ardrey and directed by Basil Dearden. In the book and the film, "The Godfather", the champion horse whose head is severed is named Khartoum.

Twin cities

• - Amman, Jordan
• - Cairo, Egypt
• - Istanbul, Turkey
• - St. Petersburg, Russia
• - Wuhan, China
• - Asmara, Eritrea

References

External links

• Earth from Space - Khartoum
• GNS: Country Files - National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
• Al-Sunut Development Project - Al-Sunut Development Company LTD

• Khartoum is at coordinates 15°37′59″N 32°31′59″E / 15.633, 32.533 (Khartoum)Coordinates: 15°37′59″N 32°31′59″E / 15.633, 32.533 (Khartoum)
• Khartoum is a 1966 film starring Charlton Heston as General Gordon, with Laurence Olivier as the Mahdi (Mahommed Ahmed), and is based on Gordon's defence of the Sudanese city of Khartoum from the forces of the Mahdist army during the Battle of Khartoum
• [1] - Khartoum and Khartoum Variations are titles of Corwood Industries releases #0781 and #0782, respectively. A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. Khartoum is a 1966 film written by Robert Ardrey and directed by Basil Dearden. (Corwood Industries PO Box 15375 Houston TX 77220)

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