قازان خانليغى Qazan Xanlığı Казан Ханлыгы Khanate of Kazan ← 1438 – 1552 → Map of the Kazan Khanate, 1540s. The Grand Duchy of Moscow (Великое княжество Московское was a medieval Russian polity centered on Moscow between 1340 and Capital Kazan Language(s) Tatar, Chuvash, Mari Religion Sunni Islam Government Monarchy Kazan Khan Olug Moxammat (first) Yadegar Moxammat (last) History  - Established 1438  - Disestablished October 2, 1552

The Kazan Khanate (Tatar Cyrillic: Казан ханлыгы, Latin: Qazan xanlığı, Arabic: قازان خانليغى; Russian: Казанское ханство, tr: Kazanskoe khanstvo) was a medieval Tatar state which occupied the territory of former Volga Bulgaria between 1438 and 1552. The Mongol invasion of Rus' was heralded by the Battle of the Kalka River in 1223 between Subutai 's reconnaissance unit and the combined force This article refers to the medieval Turkic state For the Irish rock band see The Golden Horde (band. The Grand Duchy of Moscow (Великое княжество Московское was a medieval Russian polity centered on Moscow between 1340 and The Tsardom of Rus' (Царство Русское was the official name for the Russian state between Ivan IV 's assumption of the title of Tsar (Emperor in 1547 The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Romanovcesar 2 and its gratitive sunlithg sundhie compared themselves ina servantly structure from its parative War and peace in Russia 1796-1825 Catherine II died in 1796, and her son Emperor Paul I (r Economic development The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were times of crisis for Russian nuts Radical revolutionary parties During the 1890s, Russia's industrial development led to a significant increase in the size of the urban Bourgeoisie and the working The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The History of the Soviet Union has roots in the Russian Revolution of 1917. See also Russian Revolution (1905 The Russian Revolution of 1916 refers to a series of popular revolutions in Russia, and the events surrounding them The Russian Civil War (1917–1923 was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed This period of the Soviet Union was dominated by Joseph Stalin, who sought to reshape Soviet society with aggressive economic planning in particular a sweeping collectivization of agriculture The Cold War ensued as the USSR and the United States struggled indirectly for influence around the world The Soviet Union 's collapse into independent nations began early in 1985 With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991 the Russian Federation became an independent country This is a timeline of Russian history. To read about the background to these events see History of Russia. Pre-history Human habitation in Tatarstan dates back to the Palaeolithic period Old Great Bulgaria or Great Bulgaria (Стара Велика България Παλαιά Μεγάλη Βουλγαρία in Byzantine chronicles alternative "Kazar" redirects here for the Marvel Comics character see Ka-Zar; for the village in Azerbaijan see Xəzər. Volga Bulgaria or Volga-Kama Bolghar, is an historic state that existed between the 7th and 13th centuries around the confluence of The Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria lasted from 1223 to 1236 This article refers to the medieval Turkic state For the Irish rock band see The Golden Horde (band. The Grand Duchy of Moscow (Великое княжество Московское was a medieval Russian polity centered on Moscow between 1340 and The Kazan Governorate (Каза́нская губе́рния; Tatar: Qazan gubernası / Казан губернасы; Chuvash: Хусан кěперниě Idel-Ural literally means "Volga-Ural" in Tatar.Historically it refers to a short-lived Tatar Republic with its centre in Kazan Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic ( TASSR) was part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Republic of Tatarstan (Респу́блика Татарста́н Татарстан Республикасы|Tatarstan Respublikası is a federal subject of the Russian The Tatar language (,, Татар теле, Татарча) is a Turkic Language spoken by the Tatars. Two scripts are currently used for the Tatar language: Cyrillic and Latin. Two scripts are currently used for the Tatar language: Cyrillic and Latin. İske imlâ ( imˈlʲæ Cyrillic: иске имля Tatar language for Old Orthography) is a variant of the Arabic alphabet, used for the Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages The Romanization of the Russian alphabet is the process of transliterating the Russian language from the Cyrillic alphabet and Tatars ( Tatar: Tatarlar/Татарлар sometimes spelled Tartars, are a Turkic -speaking ethnic group or multiple ethnic groups Volga Bulgaria or Volga-Kama Bolghar, is an historic state that existed between the 7th and 13th centuries around the confluence of The khanate covered contemporary Tatarstan, Mari El, Chuvashia, Mordovia, parts of Udmurtia and Bashkortostan; its capital was the city of Kazan. Republic of Tatarstan (Респу́блика Татарста́н Татарстан Республикасы|Tatarstan Respublikası is a federal subject of the Russian Mari El Republic (Респу́блика Мари́й Эл Mari: Марий Эл Республик is a federal subject and republic of Russia Chuvash Republic (Чува́шская Респу́блика Чăваш Республики or Chuvashia (ru Чува́шия is a federal subject Republic of Mordovia (Респу́блика Мордо́вия Moksha / Erzya: Мордовия Республикась or Mordvinia is a federal Udmurt Republic (Удму́ртская респу́блика Удмурт Республика or Udmurtia (ru Удму́ртия is a federal subject of Republic of Bashkortostan (Респу́блика Башкортоста́н Башҡортостан Республикаһы or Bashkiria (ru Башки́рия Kazan (Каза́нь Казан tt Qazan) is the capital city of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia, and one of Russia's largest cities

Khanate's geography and population

The territory of the khanate comprised the Muslim Bolgar-populated lands of Bolğar, Cükätäw, Kazan, Qaşan duchies and other regions that originally belonged to Volga Bulgaria. Volga Bulgaria or Volga-Kama Bolghar, is an historic state that existed between the 7th and 13th centuries around the confluence of Qashan Duchy was a Bolghar Duchy in today Tatarstan. After th Mongol invasion to Bolghar in 13th century it became independent on Volga Volga Bulgaria or Volga-Kama Bolghar, is an historic state that existed between the 7th and 13th centuries around the confluence of The Volga, Kama and Vyatka were the main rivers of the khanate, as well as the major trade ways. Kama (река́ Ка́ма is a major river in Russia, the longest left tributary of the Volga and the largest one in discharge in fact it is larger than Vyatka may refer to Vyatka River, a river in Russia Vyatka, former name of the city of Kirov, Kirov Oblast Russia The majority of the population were Kazan Tatars (i. Volga Tatars are a Turkic people of Russia most of whom occupy the west central portion of the Ural Mountains. e. Muslim Bolgars that adopted the Tatar language). The Tatar language (,, Татар теле, Татарча) is a Turkic Language spoken by the Tatars. Their self-identity was not restricted to Tatars; many identified themselves as simple Muslims or "the people of Kazan. " Islam was the state religion. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation.

The local feudal nobility consisted of ethnic Bolgars, but the Kazan khans' court and body guard were composed of steppe Tatars (Kipchaks, and later of Nogais) that lived in Kazan. The Nogai people (also written as Nogay or Noghai, and sometimes called Caucasian Mongols) are a Turkic ethnic group in northern According to the Ginghizide tradition, the local Turkic tribes were also called Tatars by the steppe nobility and, later, by the Russian elite. Genghis Khan ( or;, Chinggis Khaan, ʧiŋgɪs χaːŋ Činggis Qaɣan; 1162–1227 born (meaning "ironworker" was the Mongol founder Part of the higher nobility hailed from the Golden Horde. This article refers to the medieval Turkic state For the Irish rock band see The Golden Horde (band. It included members of four leading noble families: Arghin, Barin, Qipchaq, and Shirin.

Peoples subject to the khan included the Chuvash, Mari, Mordva, Tatar-Mishar, Udmurt, and Bashkir. The Mordvins (also Mordva, Mordvinians) are a people who speak languages of the Volga-Finnic (Finno-Volgaic branch of the Finno-Ugric language The Permians and some of the Komi tribes were also incorporated into the Khanate. Perm (Пермь pʲɛrmʲ is a city and administrative center of Perm Krai, Russia. Komi (obsolete Komi-Zyrians live in the Komi Republic, Perm Krai, Murmansk Oblast, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous The Mishars had arrived during the period of the Golden Horde and gradually assimilated the resident Finnic Mordvins and Burtas. This article refers to the medieval Turkic state For the Irish rock band see The Golden Horde (band. Burtas or Bortas (plural Bortaslar) were a tribe of uncertain ethnolinguistic affiliation inhabiting the Steppe region north of the Caspian Sea Their territory was governed by former steppe Tatars. Some of the Mishar duchies were never controlled from Kazan and instead gravitated towards the Qasim Khanate or Muscovite Russia. Mukhsha Ulus or Naruçat Duchy ( Tatar language: Muxşa olısı or Naruçat bäklege) was a subdivision of Golden Horde at the place Qasim Khanate or Kingdom of Qasim ( Tatar: Qasím xanlığı/Касыйм ханлыгы, Qasím patşalığı/Касыйм патшалыгы The Grand Duchy of Moscow (Великое княжество Московское was a medieval Russian polity centered on Moscow between 1340 and

Most of the khanate territory was covered by forests, and only the southern part adjoined the steppe. In physical Geography, a steppe ( German, from степь - "a flat and arid land" степ - /stɛp/ тал - tal дала - /dɑlɑ/ pronounced The main population of the steppes were the nomadic Manghites, also known as Nogais, who sometimes recognized the rule of the Kazan khan, but more often raided agricultural Tatars and Chuvash, as they had done in the Golden Horde period. The Nogai people (also written as Nogay or Noghai, and sometimes called Caucasian Mongols) are a Turkic ethnic group in northern Tatars ( Tatar: Tatarlar/Татарлар sometimes spelled Tartars, are a Turkic -speaking ethnic group or multiple ethnic groups This article refers to the medieval Turkic state For the Irish rock band see The Golden Horde (band. Later, Nogais were transplanted and replaced with Kalmyks. Kalmyk redirects here for the breed of cattle see Kalmyk (cattle. More recently, this area was settled by Tatars, Chuvash and Russians, who erected defensive walls to guard the southern border. Since the khanate was established, Tatar Cossack troops defended the khanate from the Nogais.

Russian sources indicate that at least five languages were used in the Kazan khanate. The first and foremost was the Tatar language, including the Middle dialect of the Kazan Tatars (formerly Muslim Bolgars) and the Western dialect of the Mishars (formerly steppe Tatars who had spoken Kipchak). The Tatar language (,, Татар теле, Татарча) is a Turkic Language spoken by the Tatars. Its written form (Old Tatar language) was the favoured language of the state. Old Tatar language ( Iske imla: يسكى تاتار تلى (translit The Chuvash language was a descendant of the Bolgar language, spoken by the pagan Chuvash people. Chuvash (Chuvash Чӑвашла Čăvašla, ʨəʋaʂˈla also known as Chăvash, Chuwash, Chovash, Chavash, Çuvaş Bulgar (also Bolğar and Proto-Bulgarian) was the language of the Bulgars, now extinct The Bolgar language also strongly influenced the Middle dialect of Tatar language. Bulgar (also Bolğar and Proto-Bulgarian) was the language of the Bulgars, now extinct The Tatar language (,, Татар теле, Татарча) is a Turkic Language spoken by the Tatars. The other three were probably the Mari language, the Mordvin languages and the Bashkir language, likewise developed from the Bolgar and Kipchak languages. The Mari language (Mari chm марий йылме marii jylme, марийский язык spoken by more than 600000 people belongs to the Finno-Ugric The Mordvinic languages are a subgroup of the Volga-Finnic languages. The Bashkir language is a Turkic language. Speakers The 2002 population census showed under 1000000 native speakers of the Bashkir language living in The Kipchak language (also spelled Qypchaq) is an extinct Turkic language of the Kipchak group

Economics

The Khanate's urban population produced clay ware, wood and metal handiworks, leather, armor, ploughs and jewels. The major cities were Qazan, Arça, Cükätaw, Qaşan, Çallı, Alat and Cöri. Kazan (Каза́нь Казан tt Qazan) is the capital city of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia, and one of Russia's largest cities Arsk or Archa (Арск; Арск|Arça) is a town and the administrative center of Arsky District of the Republic of Tatarstan, Cükätaw ( Tatar Cyrillic: Җүкәтау or Juketau (called Zhukotin in Russian chronicles was a medieval Bolgar city during the 10th to Qashan (Кашан|Qaşan was a medieval city in Volga Bulgaria, on the right bank of Kama river from the 12th to the 15th century The urban populattion also traded with the people of Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Russia. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending In the 16th century, Russia became the main trading partner of Kazan, and the khanate shared the economic system of Moscow. The major markets were the Taşayaq Bazaar in Kazan and the Markiz Isle fair on the Volga River. Agricultural landownership was based on the söyurğal and hereditary estates.

Society

The state was governed by the khan. His actions were based on decisions and consultations of a cabinet council, or Diwan. The nobility comprised the ranks of bäk (beg), ämir (emir), and morza. Emir ( Arabic: ar أمير;, female أميرة; emira;) ( Farsi and Urdu: امیر) Morza (plural morzalar; from Persian Mirza) was a noble title in Tatar states such as Khanate of Kazan, Khanate of Military estates consisted of the uğlan (ulan), bahadir, içki (ichki). Muslim clergy also played a major role. They were divided into säyet (seid), şäyex (sheikh), qazí (qazi), and imams. Seid or seiðr is an Old Norse term for a type of Sorcery or Witchcraft which was practiced by the pre-Christian Norse. Sheikh, also rendered as Sheik, Cheikh, Shaikh, and other variants ( Arabic:, shaykh Qadi (also known as Qazi or Kazi or Kadi) (قاضي is a judge ruling in accordance with the Sharia, Islamic religious law An imam (إمام plural ائمة A'immah, امام is an Islamic leader often the leader of a Mosque and/or community The ulema or clergy played a judicial role, and maintained the madrassas and maktabs (schools). Ulema ( ar علماء,, singular ar عالِم,, "scholar" refers to the educated class of Muslim legal scholars engaged in the several "Madrasa" and "Medrese" redirect here For the village in Azerbaijan see Mədrəsə. Maktab (mekteb mektep meqteb maqtab also called kuttab (Arabic “school” is an Arabic word meaning Elementary schools for teaching children in Islamic subjects

The majority of the population were qara xalıq (black people): a free Muslim population, who lived on state land. ^[1] The feudal lands were mostly settled by çura (serfs). Prisoners of war were usually sold to Turkey or Central Asia. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south Occasionally they were sold within the Khanate as slaves (qol) and sometimes were settled on feudal lands to become çura later. The non-Muslim population of the Khanate were required to pay the yasaq. Yasak or yasaq (ясак akin to Yassa) is a Turkic word for "tribute" that was used in Imperial Russia to designate Fur tribute

Administration and military

Tatar soldiers

The Khanate was divided into 5 daruğa: Alat, Arça, Gäreç, Cöri and Nuğay. Darugha (даруга|daruğa was a territorial subdivision in the Mongol Empire. The term daruğa translates as "direction". They replaced the "duchies" that the khanate originated from. Some feudal lords sporadically asserted independence from Kazan, but such attempts would be promptly suppressed.

The military of the khanate consisted of armament and men from the darughas and subject lands, khan guards, and the troops of the nobility. The number of soldiers was never constant, ranging from 20,000 to 60,000 in number. Often, troops from Nogay, the Crimea and Russia also served the Kazan khans. The Crimean Khanate or the Khanate of Crimea (Qırım Hanlığı|قريم خانلغى Крымское ханство - Krymskoye khanstvo; Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Fire-arms (arquebuse) were used for defending the walls of Kazan.

Culture

The Söyembikä Tower in Kazan possibly displays some features of medieval Kazan architecture. Söyembikä Tower (Сөембикә манарасы|Söyembikä manarası Ба́шня Сююмбикэ́ also called the Khan's Mosque Kazan (Каза́нь Казан tt Qazan) is the capital city of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia, and one of Russia's largest cities

In general, the culture of the Kazan Khanate descended from that of Volga Bulgaria. Volga Bulgaria or Volga-Kama Bolghar, is an historic state that existed between the 7th and 13th centuries around the confluence of Cultural elements of the Golden Horde were also present in noble circles. This article refers to the medieval Turkic state For the Irish rock band see The Golden Horde (band.

A large part of the urban population were literate. Large libraries were present in mosques and madrassahs. A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger "Madrasa" and "Medrese" redirect here For the village in Azerbaijan see Mədrəsə. Kazan became a center of science and theology. Kazan (Каза́нь Казан tt Qazan) is the capital city of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia, and one of Russia's largest cities

Although Islamic influence predominated, lay literature also developed. The most prominent Old Tatar language poets were Möxämmädyar, Ömmi Kamal, Möxämmädämin, Ğärifbäk, and Qolşärif. Old Tatar language ( Iske imla: يسكى تاتار تلى (translit Möxämmät Ämin or Möxammädämin ( Мөхәммәдәмин Мөхәммәт Әмин|Möxämmät Ämin Möxammädämin|محمدامین ] also spelled Muhammad Qolşärif or Qol-Sharif (? - 1552) was a statesman and religious leader ( Seid) of Khanate of Kazan, Old Tatar language -poet Möxämmädyar renovated the traditions of Kazan poetry, and his verses were very popular.

The city of Bolghar retained its position as a sacred place, but had this function only, due to the emergence of Kazan as a major economic and political center in the 1430s. Bolghar (Болгар|Bolğar Пăлхар was the capital of Volga Bulgaria from the 8th to the 15th centuries

The architecture of the khanate is characterized by white-stone architecture and wood carvings.

History

The former territories of Volga Bulgaria (Kazan Ulus or Kazan Duchy) may have regained a degree of independence within the disintegrating Golden Horde by the turn of the 15th century. Volga Bulgaria or Volga-Kama Bolghar, is an historic state that existed between the 7th and 13th centuries around the confluence of This article refers to the medieval Turkic state For the Irish rock band see The Golden Horde (band. The principality was self-governed and maintained a dynasty of Bolgar rulers. Whatever the status of this proto-state, the founder of the khanate was Olug Moxammat. Olugh Mokhammad ( məhæmˈmæd}} Ulugh Muhammed, Makhmet, Ulu-Makhmet, Tatar: Oluğ Möxämmäd, mœxæmˈmæt}} (d It was in 1437 or 1438 that he assumed the title of khan and usurped the throne of Kazan with some help from local nobility. It has been suggested that the transfer of power from the local Bolgar dynasty to Moxammat was finalized by his son Maxmud in 1445. Mäxmüd khan ( also anglicized as Makhmud; in Russian chronicles Махмутек (Makhmutek) (?-1467 was a ruler ( khan) of

Throughout its history, the khanate was prone to civil turmoil and struggles for the throne. The khans were replaced 19 times in 115 years. There were a total of fifteen reigning khans, some ascending the throne multiple times. The list of rulers of Kazan Khanate Ghiasetdin of Kazan - as a ruler of Ghiasetdin Ulus, not the khanate The Khan was often elected from the Gengizides by vernacular nobility and even by the citizens themselves. Descent from Genghis Khan ( Mongolian: Алтан ураг meaning 'Golden lineage' is traceable primarily in Central Asia.

Map of Kazan Khanate, early 1500s

Early history

See also: Russo-Kazan Wars

During the reign of Olug Moxammat and his son Maxmud, Kazan forces raided Muscovy and its subject lands several times. The Russo-Kazan Wars was a series of wars fought between the Khanate of Kazan and Muscovite Russia in the 15th and 16th centuries until Kazan was finally The Grand Duchy of Moscow (Великое княжество Московское was a medieval Russian polity centered on Moscow between 1340 and Vasily II of Moscow, engaged in the Great Feudal War against his cousins, was defeated in a battle near Suzdal, and was forced to pay ransom to the Kazan khan. Vasily II Vasiliyevich Tyomniy (Blind (Василий II Васильевич Тёмный in Russian) ( March 10, 1415 – March 27, 1462 Vasily II Vasiliyevich Tyomniy (Blind (Василий II Васильевич Тёмный in Russian) ( March 10, 1415 – March 27, 1462 Suzdal (Су́здаль is a town in Vladimir Oblast, Russia, situated north-east of Moscow, from the city of

In July 1487, Grand Duke Ivan III of Moscow occupied Kazan and seated a puppet leader, Möxämmädämin, on the Kazan throne. Ivan III Vasilevich (Иван III Васильевич ( 22 January 1440, Moscow – 27 October 1505, Moscow also known as Ivan the Great Möxämmät Ämin or Möxammädämin ( Мөхәммәдәмин Мөхәммәт Әмин|Möxämmät Ämin Möxammädämin|محمدامین ] also spelled Muhammad After that, the Kazan Khanate became a protectorate of Moscow and Russian merchants were allowed to trade freely throughout its territory. The supporters of a union with the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Khanate tried to exploit the population's grievances to provoke revolts (in 1496, 1500, and 1505), but with negligible results. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Crimean Khanate or the Khanate of Crimea (Qırım Hanlığı|قريم خانلغى Крымское ханство - Krymskoye khanstvo;

In 1521, Kazan emerged from the dominance of Moscow, concluding a mutual aid treaty with the Astrakhan Khanate, the Crimean Khanate and the Nogay Horde. The Khanate of Astrakhan ( Xacitarxan Khanate) was a Tatar Feudal state that appeared after the collapse of the The Crimean Khanate or the Khanate of Crimea (Qırım Hanlığı|قريم خانلغى Крымское ханство - Krymskoye khanstvo; The Nogai Horde was a confederation of Turkic nomads that occupied the Pontic-Caspian steppe from about 1500 until pushed south by the Russians during the 17th century The combined forces of khan Muhamed Giray and his Crimean allies then attacked Muscovy and captured more than 150,000 slaves. Russian chronicles record about forty attacks of Kazan khans on the Russian territories (mainly the regions of Nizhniy Novgorod, Murom, Vyatka, Vladimir, Kostroma, Galich) in the first half of the 16th century.

The final decade

The reinforcement of Crimea displeased the pro-Moscow elements of the Kazan Khanate, and some of these noblemen provoked a revolt in 1545. Crimea (kraɪˈmiːə or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Крим Автономна Республіка Крим Avtonomna Respublika Krym; Крым The result was the deposition of Safa Giray. Safa Giray (Safagäräy Safa Geray Iske imla: صفا گرای was khan of Kazan Khanate between the years 1524-1531 1535-1546 and 1546-1549 A Moscow supporter, Şahğäli, occupied the throne. Shahghali ( gæˈli}} Shah Ghaly, Shah Ali, Tatar: Şahğäli, or Şäyex Ğäli, ɣæˈli}} (1505-1567 was khan of Following that year, Moscow organized several campaigns to impose control over Kazan, but the attempts were unsuccessful. The Russo-Kazan Wars was a series of wars fought between the Khanate of Kazan and Muscovite Russia in the 15th and 16th centuries until Kazan was finally

Whether the khanate had its own flag is still unclear. A flag is a piece of Cloth, often flown from a pole or mast, generally used Symbolically for signaling or identification Nevertheless, the Dutchman Carlus (Carel) Allard noted that Caesar of Tataria used two flags, and Zilant was pictured on the first. Zilant is a legendary creature something between a Dragon and a Wyvern. It is also unclear whether Caesar of Tataria meant Khan of Kazan.

With the help of the Nogays, Safa Giray returned to the throne. The Nogai people (also written as Nogay or Noghai, and sometimes called Caucasian Mongols) are a Turkic ethnic group in northern He executed 75 noblemen, and the rest of his opposition escaped to Russia. In 1549 he died, and his 3-year old son Ütämeşgäräy was recognized as khan. Ütämeşgäräy ( also spelled Ütämeş Ötemiş Giray Utyamysh frequently anglicized as Ötemish Giray via Crimean Tatar) (1546&ndash1566 was a His regent and the de-facto ruler of the khanate was his mother Söyembikä. Söyembikä (also spelled Söyenbikä, Sujumbike;; Cyrillic Сөембикә) (1516 &ndash after 1554 was a Tatar ruler Xanbikä The administration of the ulan Qoşçaq gained a degree of independence under her rule. Qoşçaq beg (?-1551 was a statesman ( Uğlan) in Khanate of Kazan.

At that time Safa Giray's relatives (including Devlet I Giray) were in Crimea. Devlet I Giray (I Devlet Geray|۱دولت گراى Taht Alğan Devlet Geray|تخت آلغان دولت گراى (1512&ndash1577 was a khan of the Crimean Khanate Crimea (kraɪˈmiːə or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Крим Автономна Республіка Крим Avtonomna Respublika Krym; Крым Their invitation to the throne of Kazan was vitiated by a large portion of vernacular nobility. Under Qoşçaq's government relations with Russia continued to worsen. A group of disgruntled noblemen at the beginning of 1551 invited a supporter of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, Şahğäli, for the second time. Shahghali ( gæˈli}} Shah Ghaly, Shah Ali, Tatar: Şahğäli, or Şäyex Ğäli, ɣæˈli}} (1505-1567 was khan of

At the same time the lands to the east of the Volga River (Taw yağı) were ceded to Russia. The Taw yağı jʌˈɣɯ}} or Viryal (Тау ягы|Taw yağı Вирьял Го́рная сторона́ literally Hill Bank Land) was a historical region Ütämeşgäräy, along with his mother, was sent to a Moscow prison. Şahğäli occupied the Kazan throne until February 1552. Anti-Moscow elements in the Kazan government exiled Şahğäli and invited the Astrakhan prince Yadegar Moxammad, along with the Nogays, to aid them. The Khanate of Astrakhan ( Xacitarxan Khanate) was a Tatar Feudal state that appeared after the collapse of the Yadegar Mokhammad ( Tatar: Yädegär Möxämmäd, Yädkär, Yädegär, jædeˈgær mœxæmˈmæt (? &ndash 1565 was the last khan The Nogai people (also written as Nogay or Noghai, and sometimes called Caucasian Mongols) are a Turkic ethnic group in northern

Downfall

Main article: Fall of Kazan

Kazan was then put under siege. The siege of Kazan in 1552 was the final battle of Russo-Kazan Wars. The Russo-Kazan Wars was a series of wars fought between the Khanate of Kazan and Muscovite Russia in the 15th and 16th centuries until Kazan was finally The forces of Ivan IV operated from the Russian castle of Sviyazhsk. Sviyazhsk or Zöyä (Свия́жск Зөя|Zöyä is a village ( selo) in the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia, located In August 1552, the Russians defeated the Tatar inland troops, burnt Archa and some castles. Arsk or Archa (Арск; Арск|Arça) is a town and the administrative center of Arsky District of the Republic of Tatarstan, After two months of siege and destruction of the citadel walls on October 3, the Russians entered the city. The Kazan Kremlin (Казанский Кремль Казан кирмәне|Qazan kirmäne is the chief historic citadel of Tatarstan, situated Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's Some defenders managed to escape but most were put to the sword. Yadegar Moxammad was imprisoned and the population was slaughtered. Yadegar Mokhammad ( Tatar: Yädegär Möxämmäd, Yädkär, Yädegär, jædeˈgær mœxæmˈmæt (? &ndash 1565 was the last khan The Kazan Chronicle reports about 110,000 killed, both civilians and garrison, and 60,000 - 100,000 Russians who had been kept captive in khanate released. Kazan Chronicle (Russian Казанская летопись or Story of the Tsardom of Kazan (Russian История Казанского

After the fall of Kazan, territories such as Udmurtia and Bashkortostan joined Russia without a conflict. Udmurt Republic (Удму́ртская респу́блика Удмурт Республика or Udmurtia (ru Удму́ртия is a federal subject of Republic of Bashkortostan (Респу́блика Башкортоста́н Башҡортостан Республикаһы or Bashkiria (ru Башки́рия Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The khanate's administration was wiped out, pro-Moscow and neutral nobles kept their lands, but others were executed. Tatars were then resettled far away from rivers, roads and Kazan. Free lands were settled by Russians and sometimes by pro-Russian Tatars. Orthodox bishops such as Germogen forcibly baptized many Tatars. Hermogenes, or Germogen (before 1530 - February 17, 1612) was the Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia from 1606

Resistance

Main article: Kazan War

Until 1556, part of the population continued to resist Russian rule. The First Cheremis War or Kazan War 1552 - 1556 was a rebel war against the Muscovite Russia for the restoration of the Kazan Khanate The rebel governments were formed in Chalem and Mishatamaq. Çalım /cha-LEM/ was a citadel and a staff of Tatar troops which was constructed during the war against the Russian occupation of Khanate of Kazan in 1552 Mişätamaq /mee-shah-tah-MAHQ/ was a castle of Tatar rebels during the war against Russian occupation of the Khanate of Kazan in 1552 - 1556. But as the Nogays under Ğäli Äkräm often raided the agricultural population, the coalition went to ruin. The Nogai people (also written as Nogay or Noghai, and sometimes called Caucasian Mongols) are a Turkic ethnic group in northern After a brutal repression against Kazan rebels, their commanders were executed.

By some estimates,^[2] the population of the former khanate declined by several thousands during wars. The colonial administration, known as the Kazan Palace's Office undertook the Russification and the Christianization of the Tatars and other peoples. Russification (in Russian: русификация rusifikátsiya)is an adoption of the Russian language or some other Russian attribute (whether voluntarily The historical phenomenon of Christianization (or Christianisation &mdash see spelling differences) the conversion of individuals to Christianity ^[3] The term Tsardom of Kazan was in use until 1708 when the Kazan Governorate was formed. Year 1708 ( MDCCVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Kazan Governorate (Каза́нская губе́рния; Tatar: Qazan gubernası / Казан губернасы; Chuvash: Хусан кěперниě

According to some scholars, the Khanate of Kazan was briefly restored during the Time of Troubles with the help of the ethnic Russian population, but Russian forces under the leadership of Kuzma Minin suppressed the rebellion. For the Dungeons & Dragons plotline see Time of Troubles (Forgotten Realms. Kuzma Minich Minin (Кузьма Минич Минин) (? &ndash 1616 was a merchant from Nizhny Novgorod, Russia, who together with Prince Dmitry Pozharsky

See also

• List of Kazan khans
• List of Turkic states and empires
• Ar begs
• Qasim Khanate

References

• (Tatar) "Qazan Xanlığı (Khanate of Kazan)". The list of rulers of Kazan Khanate Ghiasetdin of Kazan - as a ruler of Ghiasetdin Ulus, not the khanate Modern Turkic countries TemplateModern Turkic states --> Independent states Azerbaijan Ar Begs (in Russian chronicles "Арские князья" was a formation of Noqrat Tatars ' nobility served to Muscovy in 16th-17th Qasim Khanate or Kingdom of Qasim ( Tatar: Qasím xanlığı/Касыйм ханлыгы, Qasím patşalığı/Касыйм патшалыгы Tatar Encyclopedia. Tatar Encyclopaedia, Tatar Encyclopaedic Glossary (Татар энциклопедия сүзлеге|Tatar Ensiklopediä Süzlege ТЭС, (2002). Kazan: Tatarstan Republic Academy of Sciences Institution of the Tatar Encyclopaedia.  
• (English) Origins of Volga Tatars
• (English) Brief History of Khanate
• (English) Khahate of Kazan on ÖzTürkler
• (English) Early Tatar Flags

Notes