A keyboard layout is any specific mechanical, visual, or functional arrangement of the keys, legends, or key–meaning associations (respectively) of a computer, typewriter, or other typographic keyboard. A Hebrew keyboard ( Hebrew: מקלדת עברית mikledet ivrit) comes in two different Keyboard layouts Most Hebrew keyboards contain both Hebrew QWERTY (ˈkwɜː(rti is the most common modern-day Keyboard layout on English-language computer and Typewriter keyboards It takes its is a multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Minato Tokyo, Japan, and one of the world's largest Media conglomerates with VAIO, originally an Acronym for Video Audio Integrated Operation, but since 2008 amended to Visual Audio Intelligence Organizer to celebrate the A laptop computer, also known as a notebook computer, is a small Personal computer designed for mobile use. In Computing, a keyboard is an Input device partially modelled after the typewriter keyboard which uses an arrangement of buttons or keys A typewriter is a mechanical or Electromechanical device with a set of "keys" that when pressed cause characters to be printed on a medium Alphanumeric keyboards include Typewriters and Computer keyboards.

• Mechanical layout: The placements and shapes of the various tangible keys of a keyboard.
• Visual layout: The arrangement of the legends (markings) that appear on the keys of a keyboard.
• Functional layout: The arrangement of the key–meaning associations, determined in software, of all the keys of a keyboard.

Contents 1 Keyboard structure 1.1 Dead key 2 Note on keyboard layouts 3 QWERTY based layouts for Roman script 3.1 QWERTY 3.1.1 Canadian Multilingual Standard 3.1.2 Canadian French 3.1.3 Danish 3.1.4 Dutch (Netherlands) 3.1.5 Faroese 3.1.6 Italian 3.1.7 Norwegian 3.1.8 Polish 3.1.9 Portuguese (Portugal) 3.1.10 Portuguese (Brazil) 3.1.11 Spanish (Spain) 3.1.12 Spanish (Latin America) 3.1.13 Swedish/Finnish 3.1.14 UK and Ireland 3.1.14.1 United Kingdom extended 3.1.15 US 3.1.16 US-International 3.2 QWERTZ 3.2.1 Hungary 3.2.2 Germany and Austria (but not Switzerland) 3.2.3 Romanian in Romania and Moldova 3.2.4 Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian (Latin) and Slovene 3.2.5 Swiss German, Swiss French, Swiss Italian, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg 3.3 AZERTY 3.3.1 French 3.3.2 Belgian 3.4 QZERTY 4 Non-QWERTY keyboards for Roman scripts 4.1 Dvorak 4.2 Turkish 4.3 Other original layouts 4.4 Keyboard layout design software 5 Keyboard layouts for non-Roman alphabetic scripts 5.1 Arabic 5.2 Armenian 5.3 Greek 5.4 Hebrew 5.5 Russian 5.6 Ukrainian 5.7 Bulgarian 5.8 Devanagari 5.9 Thai 5.10 Khmer 6 East Asian languages 6.1 Chinese 6.1.1 Chinese (traditional) 6.1.2 Chinese (simpified) 6.2 Hangul (for Korean) 6.2.1 Dubeolshik 6.2.2 Sebeolsik 390 6.2.3 Sebeolsik Final 6.2.4 Sebeolsik Noshift 6.3 Japanese 6.4 Tibetan 7 See also 8 Layout Philosophy 9 Notes and references 10 External links

Keyboard structure

A key labeled with only a single letter (usually the capital form) can generally be struck to type either a lower case or a capital letter, the latter requiring the simultaneous holding of the shift key, often labeled “⇧”. Capital letters or majuscules pronunciation /məˈdʒʌskyuls ˈmædʒəˌskyuls/ in the Roman alphabet A, B, C, D, Lower case (also lower-case or lowercase) minuscule, or small letters are the smaller form of letters as opposed to upper The shift key is a Modifier key on a keyboard, used to type capital letters and other alternate "upper" characters The shift key is also used to type the upper of two symbols on a given key, the lower being typed without using the shift key. Keyboards often have what is effectively a secondary shift key, used to type symbols beyond the two otherwise available with each key. These symbols may appear to the right of the main symbols on the keys, or they may be unmarked. This secondary shift key is marked Alt Gr or option on many systems. AltGr is a Modifier key on PC keyboards used to type many characters primarily ones that are unusual for the locale of the Keyboard layout, such

The common keyboard structure also includes the control and alternative (alt) keys. For a list of keyboard shortcuts see Table of keyboard shortcuts The Alt key on a computer keyboard is used to change (alternate the function These, along with shift, caps lock, option, command, and the like are called modifier keys. In Computing, a modifier key is a special key on a Computer keyboard that modifies the normal action of another key when the two are pressed in combination There are also function keys, with various functions as determined by software. A function key is a key on a Computer or terminal keyboard which can be programmed so as to cause an operating system command interpreter or application

Dead key

A dead key or key combination does not generate a character when struck, but modifies the character generated by the key struck immediately after. A dead key is a key on a Typewriter or a Computer keyboard that allows modification (such as by placement of Diacritic) on the following letter On some systems, there is no indication to the user that a dead key has been struck, but in some text-entry systems the diacritical mark is displayed along with an indication that the system is waiting for another keystroke: either the base character to be marked, an additional diacritical mark, or space to produce the diacritical mark in isolation.

Many languages use the Roman alphabet and have diacritically-marked letters for which unique keys do not exist on all keyboards. For example, on some keyboard layouts, the acute accent key is a dead key; in this case, striking acute accent then a results in á. Acute accent followed by space results in an acute accent in isolate form.

Most modern keyboards conform to the ISO 9995 layout. This layout was first defined by the user group at AFNOR in 1984 working under the direction of Alain Souloumiac (Alain Souloumiac, Les perspectives de l’informatique, La Documentation Francaise 1983, p. 72). Based on this work, a well known ergonomic expert wrote a report (Yves Neuville, Le clavier bureautique et informatique, Cedic-Natan 1985) which was adopted at the ISO Berlin meeting in 1985 and became the reference for the keyboards’ layout.

In Mac OS X, many keyboard layouts employ dead keys. Mac OS X (mæk oʊ ɛs tɛn is a line of computer Operating systems developed marketed and sold by Apple Inc, the latest of which is pre-loaded on all currently The U. S. Extended layout employs dead keys extensively (reached with option and option-shift) allowing a large inventory of characters to be easily typed. In the U. S. layout, the following smaller selection of dead keys appears (all reached with simply option):

´	option-e (á, é, í, ó, ú)
`	option-` (à, è, ì, ò, ù)
¨	option-u (ä, ë, ï, ö, ü, ÿ)
ˆ	option-i (â, ê, î, ô, û)
˜	option-n (ã, õ, ñ)

The simply types the base character after striking the dead key. For example, the key-strokes option-e and e result in the character é. In Mac OS X, pressing one of these key combinations creates the accent and highlights it, then the final character appears when the key for the base character is pressed. Mac OS X (mæk oʊ ɛs tɛn is a line of computer Operating systems developed marketed and sold by Apple Inc, the latest of which is pre-loaded on all currently Some diacritically-marked Latin letters, of course, such as ŵ (used in Welsh), cannot be typed with the U. Pitch The circumflex accent was first used in the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, where it occurred (subject to certain rules on the accented syllable Welsh ( cy Cymraeg or cy y Gymraeg, kəmˈrɑːɨɡ and {{IPA|[ə ɡəmˈrɑːɨɡ]}}, is a member of the Brythonic branch of Celtic S. layout. That layout, which predates Unicode, provides access only to characters found in the legacy Mac Roman character set and does not support other diacritics, such as ˇ (caron), that are not commonly found in Western European languages (but which are commonly used in many Eastern European languages). A diacritic ( also called a diacritic or diacritical mark, point, or sign, is a small sign added to a letter to alter pronunciation Names Usage differs as to the name of this diacritic In the field of typography the term "caron" seems to be more popular Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. However, the Mac OS X U. S. Extended keyboard layout, which was released after Unicode support became common, does provide access to many more diacritics.

Ubuntu, a Linux distribution, has an option for a user-chosen ‘compose’ key available through its keyboard settings, offering the user a wide variety of different diacritics based on what is typed. Ubuntu Kubuntu Edubuntu Xubuntu Gobuntu --> Ubuntu Linux (commonly pronounced ˈlɪnəks For instance, pressing Compose / l easily produces the ł character. The user can edit the text file to produce whatever diacritics they desire based on the key combination used.

Note on keyboard layouts

The following layouts assume that the physical locations of the keys are the same as on a US 102-key PC/AT keyboard. A personal computer ( PC) is any Computer whose original sales price size and capabilities make it useful for individuals and which is intended to be operated In practice, keyboards from other countries may have keys in different locations. However, on a US 102-key PC/AT keyboard with an operating system configured for a non-English language, the keys are placed differently; “Dead keys” (see above) appear in red, and characters accessed using the AltGr key appear at the bottom right of the corresponding key, or in some images in blue. An operating system (commonly abbreviated OS and O/S) is the software component of a Computer system that is responsible for the management and coordination QWERTY keyboardjpg|thumb|right|300px|QWERTY keyboard on a Laptop of 2007]]A keyboard layout is any specific mechanical, visual, or functional

Another situation takes place with “national” layouts. Keyboards designed for typing in Spanish have some characters shifted, to release the space for Ñ ñ; similarly, those for French and other European languages may have a special key for the character Ç ç . Keyboards designed for Japanese, may have special keys to switch between Japanese typing and the Roman alphabet and vice-versa; and the character ¥ instead of \. Using such keyboards for other languages leads to a conflict: the image on the key does not correspond to the character. In such cases, each new language may require an additional label on the keys, because the standard keyboard layouts do not share even similar characters of different languages (see the example in the figure above). However, in some special cases (For example, typing English at the English keyboard), the image at the physical key may correspond to the character it generates.

Most of the operating systems allow switching between keyboard layouts, usually those combinations involve register keys and are not used for normal operations or text entry (companies like Microsoft reserve Alt+Shift or Ctrl+Shift register control keys for sequential layout switching, those keys were inherited from old DOS keyboard drivers). Keyboard manufacturers usually print second alphabet on the empty part of the key for markets they sell computers or keyboards on. Keyboard layouts can also be added with extension products like keyboard stickers manufactured by different companies such as Latkey, or remapped with driver add-ins (such as phonetic keyboard drivers that make secondary letter placement match the sound of Roman letters).

Apple Keyboards have Command and Option keys instead of Alt and AltGr. The Command key, known as the open-Apple key (as well as just "Apple" in documentation prior to the Apple Macintosh family of computers is a Modifier The 'Option key' is a Modifier key present on Apple keyboards It is located between the Control key and Command key on a typical Mac keyboard For a list of keyboard shortcuts see Table of keyboard shortcuts The Alt key on a computer keyboard is used to change (alternate the function AltGr is a Modifier key on PC keyboards used to type many characters primarily ones that are unusual for the locale of the Keyboard layout, such

Many Unix workstation keyboards place the Control key to the left of the letter A, and the Caps Lock key in the bottom left. A workstation, such as a Unix workstation, RISC workstation or Engineering workstation, is a high-end Microcomputer The caps lock is a key on a Computer keyboard. Pressing it will set a keyboard mode in which typed letters are capitalized by default and (on some computers This layout is often preferred by programmers as it makes the Control key easier to reach. This position of the Control key is also used on the XO laptop, although the XO does not have a Caps Lock. The XO-1, previously known as the $100 Laptop or Children's Machine, is an inexpensive Laptop computer intended to be distributed to children in developing

QWERTY based layouts for Roman script

Although there are a large number of different keyboard layouts used for different languages written in Roman script, most of these layouts are quite similar. They can be divided into three main families according to where the Q, A, Z, M, and Y keys are placed on the keyboard. These are usually named after the first six letters.

While the core of the keyboard, the alphabetic section, remains fairly constant, and the numbers from 1-9 are almost invariably on the top row, keyboards differ vastly in:

• the placement of punctuation characters,
• which punctuation characters are included,
• whether numbers are accessible directly or in a shift-state,
• the presence and placement of accent deadkeys and accented characters.

QWERTY

Main article: QWERTY

By far the most widespread layout in use, and the only one that is not confined to a particular geographical area. QWERTY (ˈkwɜː(rti is the most common modern-day Keyboard layout on English-language computer and Typewriter keyboards It takes its Keys like “enter” and “caps lock” have not been translated to the language of the keyboard in question.

Canadian Multilingual Standard

This keyboard layout is used in Canada. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page English-speaking Canadians mostly use the same keyboard layout as in the United States, unless they are in a position where they have to write French on a regular basis. In addition, the Canadian Multilingual Standard layout can be found on portable computers (laptops) marketed in Canada. A laptop computer, also known as a notebook computer, is a small Personal computer designed for mobile use.

A remarkable characteristic of the Canadian Multilingual Standard keyboard is the number and variety of its shift states and dead keys, thanks to which it can be used to type many accented Latin characters, including such exotic letters as the ġ (dotted g) of Maltese or the ĵ (circumflexed j) of Esperanto. A dead key is a key on a Typewriter or a Computer keyboard that allows modification (such as by placement of Diacritic) on the following letter Maltese (Maltese Malti is the National language of Malta, and a co-official language of the country alongside English, is by far the most widely spoken constructed International auxiliary language in the world Though this keyboard seems to lack the caret (^) character, this is easily accomplished by typing the accent circumflex twice, and then backspacing once.

Canadian French

This keyboard layout is commonly used in Canada by French-speaking Canadians. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Although not as versatile as the Canadian Multilingual Standard keyboard, it can be used to type all accented French characters. Of course, it allows to write English as well. It remains popular mainly because of its close similarity to the basic US keyboard commonly used by English-speaking Canadians.

Danish

Dutch (Netherlands)

• The Dutch keyboard layout is barely used; the majority of the Dutch use the United States (International) layout instead. Danish ( d̥ænsɡ̊ is one of the North Germanic languages (also called Scandinavian languages a sub-group of the Germanic branch of the Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands QWERTY keyboardjpg|thumb|right|300px|QWERTY keyboard on a Laptop of 2007]]A keyboard layout is any specific mechanical, visual, or functional

Faroese

Italian

Note:

• braces (right above square brackets and shown in purple) are given with both AltGr and Shift pressed. Faroese ( føroyskt ˈføːɹɪst or) often also spelled Faeroese (cf Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy.

Norwegian

Polish

Most typewriters use a QWERTZ keyboard with Polish accentuated letters accessed directly, while practically all computers (except custom-made, e. Norwegian ( norsk) is a North Germanic Language spoken primarily in Norway, where it is an official language Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. g. , in public sector and some Apple computers) use standard US layout (commonly called Polish programmers layout, in Polish: polski programisty) with Polish letters accessed through AltGr (AltGr-Z giving “Ż” and AltGr-X giving “Ź”). Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. Also, on MS Windows, the tilde character (shift+`) acts as a dead key to type Polish diacritical marks; thus, to obtain an “ł”, one may press ~ followed by l. Microsoft Windows is a series of Software Operating systems and Graphical user interfaces produced by Microsoft. The tilde character is obtained with ~ and space.

Portuguese (Portugal)

Main article: Portuguese keyboard layout

Portuguese (Brazil)

Main article: Portuguese keyboard layout

Spanish (Spain)

• The Spanish (Spain) keyboard layout also includes characters required for typing the Catalan language: Ç, the grave accent and interpunct (punt volat, used in l·l) at Shift-3. Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The Portuguese alphabet consists of the following 23 Latin letters: Letter names and pronunciations Only the most frequent sounds are Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld The Portuguese alphabet consists of the following 23 Latin letters: Letter names and pronunciations Only the most frequent sounds are Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Catalan ˈkætəˌlæn ( català kətəˈla or) is a Romance language, the national and official language of Andorra, and a co-official Ç, ç ( C - Cedilla) is a letter of Albanian, Turkish, Azerbaijani, Turkmen, Tatar, Kurdish language Pitch The grave accent was first used in the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, where it occurred only on the last syllable of a word in cases where the An interpunct ( ·) is a small dot used for Interword separation in ancient Latin script, being perhaps the first consistent visual representation of word boundaries

Spanish (Latin America)

• The Spanish (Latin America) keyboard layout is barely used in South America; the majority of South American countries use the Spanish (Spain) layout instead. QWERTY keyboardjpg|thumb|right|300px|QWERTY keyboard on a Laptop of 2007]]A keyboard layout is any specific mechanical, visual, or functional

Swedish/Finnish

UK and Ireland

The United Kingdom and Ireland^[1] use a keyboard layout based on the 48-key version defined in British Standard BS 4822. Swedish ( is a North Germanic language spoken by more than nine million people predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, especially along the Finnish ( or suomen kieli) is the language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland (92% As of 2006) and by ethnic Finns outside The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. British Standards are produced by BSI British Standards, a division of BSI Group that is incorporated under a Royal Charter and is formally designated ^[2] It is very similar to that of the United States, but has an extra key, includes £ and € signs and some rarely used EBCDIC symbols (¬, ¦), and uses different positions for the characters @, ", #, ~, \, |. Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code ( EBCDIC) is an 8- Bit Character encoding ( Code page) used on IBM mainframe Operating See the article British and American keyboards for details. There are two major English language Keyboard layouts the United States layout and the United Kingdom layout defined in BS 4822 (48-key version

The default keyboard layout for Ireland on Microsoft Windows (called “Irish”) makes three minor deviations from the UK norm. Microsoft Windows is a series of Software Operating systems and Graphical user interfaces produced by Microsoft. The keyboards have the same keys with the same markings but (1) the default use for key left of “1”, is a grave dead key (this change is also made on UK-Extended); (2) when AltGr is pressed, the apostrophe key becomes an acute dead key; and (3) AltGr+vowel produces the acute-accent form of that vowel (e. g. , AltGr+a = á, AltGr+E = É).

The BS 4822:1994 standard does not make any use of the AltGr key and lacks support for any non-ASCII characters other than ¬ and £. It also assigns a key for the non-ASCII character broken bar (¦), but lacks one for the far more commonly used ASCII character vertical bar (|). It also lacks support for Welsh orthography. The modern Welsh alphabet ( yr wyddor) contains 28 letters of which eight are digraphs History The earliest samples of written Therefore, various manufacturers have modified or extended the BS 4822 standard:

• The B00 key (left of Z) shifted results in vertical bar (|) on some systems (e. g. , Microsoft Windows’ UK/Ireland keyboard layout and Linux/X11 UK/Ireland keyboard layout), rather than the broken bar (¦) assigned by BS 4822 and provided in some systems (e. Microsoft Windows is a series of Software Operating systems and Graphical user interfaces produced by Microsoft. Linux (commonly pronounced ˈlɪnəks g. , OS/2’s UK166 keyboard layout)

• The E00 key (left of 1) with AltGr provides either vertical bar (|) (OS/2’s UK166 keyboard layout, Linux/X11 UK keyboard layout) or broken bar (¦) (Microsoft Windows’ UK/Ireland keyboard layout)

(Hong Kong uses US and Chinese (Traditional) keyboards rather than UK and Ireland ones. OS/2 is a computer Operating system, initially created by Microsoft and IBM, then later developed by IBM exclusively OS/2 is a computer Operating system, initially created by Microsoft and IBM, then later developed by IBM exclusively Linux (commonly pronounced ˈlɪnəks Microsoft Windows is a series of Software Operating systems and Graphical user interfaces produced by Microsoft. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders See also Technical standards in colonial Hong Kong. This article gives readers an insight on how the British colonial rule affected the technical standards in Hong Kong. )

United Kingdom extended

• Windows XP SP2 and later also offer a “United Kingdom Extended” keyboard layout which allows input for many languages (including Welsh, a UK language) without changing any of the allocations of frequently-used keys (the rarely-used grave accent key becomes a dead key). In particular, the apostrophe key is not changed into a dead key modifying the character generated by the next key pressed, as used by the US International layout.

The grave accent becomes a dead key which adds a grave accent to a subsequent a,e,i,o,u,w,y,A,E,I,O,U,W,or Y, generating à, è, etc.

a,e,i,o,u,w,y,A,E,I,O,U,W,Y with acute accent (á, é, etc. ) are generated either by pressing AltGr and the relevant character key simultaneously, or AltGr and apostrophe (acting as a dead key combination) followed by the character. Some programs assign functions to the combination of AltGr and a letter, in which case the AltGr and apostrophe method must be used to generate acute accents.

AltGr and 6 acts as a dead key combination to add a circumflex to a subsequent a,e,i,o,u,w,y,A,E,I,O,U,W,Y (â, ê, etc. ). The shifted 6 key generates the caret (^), which looks like a circumflex (mnemonic). A mnemonic device (nəˈmɒnɪk is a Memory aid Commonly met mnemonics are often verbal something such as a very short poem or a special word used to help a person remember

AltGr and 2 acts as a dead key combination to add a diaeresis to a subsequent a,e,i,o,u,w,y,A,E,I,O,U,W,Y (ä, ë, etc. ). The shifted 2 key on a UK keyboard generates the double quote ("), which looks a bit like a diaeresis (mnemonic).

AltGr and hash (#) acts as a dead key combination to add a tilde (~) to a subsequent a,n,o,A,N,O (ã, ñ, etc. ). The shifted # key on a UK keyboard generates the tilde character (~) (mnemonic).

US

The US keyboard layout has a second Alt key instead of the AltGr key and does not use any dead keys, and thus offers no way of inputting any sort of diacritic or accent; this makes it unsuitable for all but a handful of languages. Phonology North American English regional phonology In many ways compared to English English, North American English is conservative in its Phonology. A dead key is a key on a Typewriter or a Computer keyboard that allows modification (such as by placement of Diacritic) on the following letter However, on some operating systems (including Windows), the layout can be set to US-International which allows for dead keys but still uses the standard US keyboard. The right Alt key then acts as an AltGr key. On the other hand, the US or UK keyboard layout is occasionally used by programmers in countries where the keys for []{} are located in less convenient positions on the locally customary layout. ^[3]

U.S. keyboards are used not only in the United States, but also in other English-speaking countries (e. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States g. , Canada, Australia, and New Zealand), except for the United Kingdom and Ireland, which use a British standard instead. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world

US-International

The US keyboard layout can be configured to type accents efficiently. This is known as the US-International layout. Using the same layout as the US keyboard, accented characters can be typed by pressing the appropriate accent key, then the letter on the keyboard in its unaccented form. Accent keys share the same key as ', `, ", ^ and ~.

Accent keys are activated by pressing it (without holding it), and next pressing the letter that requires an accent. After the two strokes, the single accented character would appear on the screen. Note that only vowels can have accents in this way. If one wishes to use the normal single quotation mark, caret and so on, one would press the accent key followed by the spacebar. Accented characters can be typed with the following combinations:

• ' the letter (é)
• ` the letter (è)
• " the letter (ë)
• ^ the letter (ê)
• ~ the letter (ñ)

Thus, in this sense, the keys ', `, ", ^ and ~ are dead keys when first depressed, then become normal keys functioning in the same way as keys on the US keyboard if the spacebar is pressed. A dead key is a key on a Typewriter or a Computer keyboard that allows modification (such as by placement of Diacritic) on the following letter

There are also alternative US-International formats, whereby modifier keys such as shift and alt are used, and the placement of the accented characters are different from the placement of their unaccented counterparts.

• The US-International keyboard layout is used in the Netherlands and in Brazil. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld
  • In The Netherlands often just a second Alt is shown instead of AltGr, but it has the same function. The standard Dutch layout is rarely used, excluding very few specialized industries.

QWERTZ

Main article: QWERTZ

The QWERTZ layout is fairly widely used in Germany and much of Central Europe. The QWERTZ or QWERTZU keyboard is a widely used Computer and Typewriter keyboard layout that is mostly used in German -speaking regions The main difference between it and QWERTY is that Y and Z are swapped, and most special characters such as brackets are replaced by diacritical characters.

Hungary

Germany and Austria (but not Switzerland)

The PC keyboard layout commonly used in Germany and Austria is based on one defined in an old (October 1988) version of the German standard DIN 2137-2. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Deutsches Institut für Normung eV ( DIN; in English, the German Institute for Standardization) is the German national organization for The characters ² ³ { [] } \ @ € | µ ~ are accessed by holding the Alt Gr key and tapping the other key. The Alt key on the left will not access these additional characters.

The accent keys ^ ` ´ are dead keys: press and release an accent key, then press a vowel key to produce accented characters (ô, á, ù, etc. ). One problem with German keyboards when used to type English text is that users frequently mistype a spacing accent instead of an apostrophe (e. g. , it´s or it`s instead of correctly it’s). ^[4]

Note that the semi-colon and colon are accessed by using the Shift (large arrow up) key.

Abbreviations on a German keyboard: Strg = Steuerung – control (Ctrl); Alt Gr = Alternate Graphics (Right Alt, or Strg+Alt (Ctrl+Alt) keys simultaneously); Einfg = Einfügen – insert (Ins)(“add in” – insert); Entf = Entfernen – delete (Del); Bild↑ = Bild auf – page up (PgUp); Bild↓ = Bild ab – page down (PgDn); Pos 1 = Position eins – Home (“position one”). Druck\S-Abf stands for Print Screen, Rollen (to roll) is Scroll Lock, and Pause\Untbr (Pausing, Unterbrechen = break, stop) is Break. The numeric keypad sometimes has the multiplication sign (×) instead of the asterisk (*).

Note too, that the DIN sets an uncommon behaviour of Caps Lock which is correctly described as Shift Lock. When pressed, all keys are shifted, including numbers and special characters. To release, you need to press the Shift key below Shift Lock (as on mechanical typewriters). The sign on the key is a large arrow down, on newer designs pointing to an uppercase A key. In IT, an alternative behavior is often preferred, usually described as “IBM”, which is the same as Caps Lock on English keyboards – only letters are shifted, and hitting Caps Lock again releases it.

Romanian in Romania and Moldova

The current Romanian National Standard SR 13392:2004 establishes two layouts for Romanian keyboards: a “primary” one and a “secondary” one. Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania

The “primary” layout is intended for more traditional users that learned long ago how to type with older, Microsoft-style implementations of the Romanian keyboard. The “secondary” layout is mainly used by programmers and it doesn’t contradict the physical arrangement of keys on a US-style keyboard. The „secondary” arrangement is used as the default one by the majority of GNU/Linux distributions. Linux (commonly pronounced ˈlɪnəks

There are four Romanian-specific characters that are incorrectly implemented in all Microsoft Windows versions before Vista:

- “S with comma below” (Unicode 0218) – incorrectly implemented as “S with cedilla below” (Unicode 015E)
- “s with comma below” (Unicode 0219) – incorrectly implemented as “s with cedilla below” (Unicode 015F)
- “T with comma below” (Unicode 021A) – incorrectly implemented as “T with cedilla below” (Unicode 0162)
- “t with comma below” (Unicode 021B) – incorrectly implemented as “t with cedilla below” (Unicode 0163)

The cedilla-versions of the characters don’t actually exist in Romanian language (it is purely a historic bug) – please see http://www.secarica.ro/html/s-uri_si_t-uri.html.

Since Romanian hardware keyboards are not widely available, Cristian Secară has created a driver that allows the Romanian characters to be generated with a US-style keyboard, in all Windows versions previous to Vista. It uses the right AltGr key modifier to generate the characters. The keyboard driver is available at http://www.secarica.ro/html/ro_keyboard.html (text is in Romanian).

Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian (Latin) and Slovene

The Bosnian, Croatian, Slovene and Serbian (latin) keyboard layout has five additional special characters Č, Ć, Ž, Š and Đ. Bosnian language (Bosnian bosanski jezik) sometimes referred as Bosniak language or Bosniac language is a South Slavic language native Croatian language ( hrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic language which is used primarily in Croatia, by Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina in neighbouring Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language, Slovene or Slovenian ( slovenski jezik or slovenščina, not to be confused with Slovenčina) is a South Slavic language Bosnian language (Bosnian bosanski jezik) sometimes referred as Bosniak language or Bosniac language is a South Slavic language native Croatian language ( hrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic language which is used primarily in Croatia, by Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina in neighbouring Slovene or Slovenian ( slovenski jezik or slovenščina, not to be confused with Slovenčina) is a South Slavic language Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language, This keyboard layout was standardized in the 1980s in Yugoslavia. The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian: Characters Ć and Đ are not part of the Slovene alphabet however they are used for historical reasons and for writing words in the closely-related Serbian, Croatian and Bosnian languages. The Slovene alphabet is an extension of the Latin alphabet and is used in the Slovene. The Ž is on the right side of the Ć key on keyboards which have a longer Backspace key, and the usual inverted L shaped Enter key.

Swiss German, Swiss French, Swiss Italian, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg

The layout of the Swiss keyboard is designed to allow easy access to frequently used accents of the French, German and Italian languages. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation The Principality of Liechtenstein (Fürstentum Liechtenstein) is a tiny doubly landlocked Alpine country in Western Europe, bordered by Switzerland Luxembourg (Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small Landlocked country in Western Europe, bordered by The difference between the Swiss German (sg) and the Swiss French (sf) layout is that the German variety has the German umlauts (ä, ö, ü) accessible without shift, while the French version has the French accented characters (é, à, è) accessible without shift. The actual keyboards have the keys engraved for both variations, the difference is only in the driver setting. There is no separate driver setting for Swiss Italian. Furthermore, Swiss German does not include the ß used in Germany and Austria. The letter ß ( Unicode U+00DF is a letter in the German alphabet. Whilst the German keyboard uses German-language abbreviations (e. g. Strg for German Steuerung instead of Ctrl for Control), Swiss keyboards use the English abbreviations as a neutral solution, as they are used for all the national languages of Switzerland.

Luxembourg does not have a keyboard layout of its own. Public education uses the Swiss-French keyboard, while the banking sector prefers the Belgian layout. Other places use either, or the US layout. Liechtenstein, which also has no keyboard layout of its own, is using the Swiss German keyboard.

AZERTY

Main article: AZERTY

The AZERTY layout is used in France, Belgium and some neighbouring countries. The AZERTY layout is a Keyboard layout used in several (at least partially French-speaking countries including France and Belgium. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those It differs from the QWERTY layout thus:

• A and Q are swapped,
• Z and W are swapped,
• M is moved from the right of N to the right of L (where colon/semicolon is on a US keyboard),
• The digits 0 to 9 are on the same keys, but to be typed the shift key must be pressed. The unshifted positions are used for accented characters.

The French AZERTY keyboard also has special characters used in the French language, such as ç, à, é and è, and other characters such as &, ", ' and §, all located under the numbers. Ç, ç ( C - Cedilla) is a letter of Albanian, Turkish, Azerbaijani, Turkmen, Tatar, Kurdish language

Some French people use the Canadian Multilingual standard keyboard. QWERTY keyboardjpg|thumb|right|300px|QWERTY keyboard on a Laptop of 2007]]A keyboard layout is any specific mechanical, visual, or functional The Portuguese (Portugal) keyboard layout may also be preferred, as it provides all French accents (aigu, grave, tréma, tilde, circumflex, cedilla, and also quotation marks «») and its dead-letter option for all the accent keys allow for easy input of all the possibilities in French and most other languages (áàäãâéèëêíìïîóòöõôúùüû). QWERTY keyboardjpg|thumb|right|300px|QWERTY keyboard on a Laptop of 2007]]A keyboard layout is any specific mechanical, visual, or functional Ç is, however, a separate key, as can be seen above.

French

Belgian

The Belgian AZERTY keyboard was developed from the French AZERTY keyboard, but some adaptations were made in the 1980s. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people The Kingdom of Belgium has three official languages which are in order from the greatest speaker population to the smallest Dutch (in a Belgian context often All letters remain in the same positions as on the French keyboard, but some signs (?, !, @, -, _, +, =, and §) are in different locations.

QZERTY

The QZERTY layout is used mostly, if not exclusively, in Italy, where it is very common on typewriters. A typewriter is a mechanical or Electromechanical device with a set of "keys" that when pressed cause characters to be printed on a medium Computer keyboards are usually QWERTY, although non-alphanumeric characters vary. Alphanumeric is a is Portmanteau of Alphabetic and Numeric and is used to describe the collection of Latin letters and Arabic digits

• Z and W are swapped
• M is moved from the right of N to the right of L, as in AZERTY

Non-QWERTY keyboards for Roman scripts

There are also keyboard layouts that do not resemble QWERTY very closely, if at all. These are designed to reduce finger movement and are claimed by some proponents to offer higher typing speed along with ergonomic benefits. Ergonomics is the Scientific discipline concerned with Designing according to the human needs and the profession that applies theory principles data and methods

Some languages use the Roman script but with non-QWERTY-based keyboard layouts, such as Latvian and Turkish (the majority of Turkish keyboards are QWERTY, though the “Turkish-F keyboard layout” is older and said to be better suited to the language).

Dvorak

This is the best known alternative to QWERTY, also known as the American Simplified Keyboard, ASK layout. (It was named after its inventor, Dr. August Dvorak, not the key order). There are also adaptations for languages other than English, and single handed variants. Dr. Dvorak's original layout had the numerals rearranged, but the present-day layout has them in numerical order.

An interesting historical note is that the Dvorak layout's home row contains the same letters (except for R) as the main row of the historic Blickensderfer typewriter, although in a different sequence ( D H I A T E N S O R ). Blickensderfer Typewriter was designed by George C Blickensderfer (1850-1917 in 1893

Turkish

The Turkish language uses the Roman alphabet, and a dedicated keyboard layout was designed in 1955 by Erim Tuna. During its design, the Turkish Language Academy (TDK) investigated letter frequencies in Turkish and used this statistical basis to design the Turkish-F keyboard. It provides a balanced distribution of typing effort between the hands – 49% for the left hand and 51% for the right.

Besides the Turkish-F keyboard, the QWERTY keyboard is used on most computers in Turkey. F keyboards are mostly used in official places like Registry of Births or municipalities.

Other original layouts

Several other alternative keyboard layouts exist, such as the Maltron, Colemak, Asset and Arensito layouts, designed with various principles in mind such as minimising finger movement, maximising hand alternation or inward rolls (where successive letters are typed moving towards the centre of the keyboard), minimising changes from QWERTY to ease the learning curve, and so on; however, none of them are in widespread use, and many of them are merely proofs of concept. The Maltron keyboard is an ergonomically designed Computer keyboard that was invented by Lilian Malt (thus the name and Stephen Hobday in the The designer of Colemak reports that his layout has been downloaded 1600 times:^[5]

The Maltron layout is designed specifically for use with the Maltron ergonomic keyboard:

Keyboard layout design software

Programs such as the Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator^[6] and KbdEdit^[7] make it very easy for users to create their own layouts or modify existing ones to suit their own typing patterns and needs. The Maltron keyboard is an ergonomically designed Computer keyboard that was invented by Lilian Malt (thus the name and Stephen Hobday in the ^[8] Kiwi is a program where user preferences can be applied to adjust which of the aforementioned principles are applied and to what extent to generate a custom keyboard layout. ^[9]

Some high end keyboards such as the Kinesis Advantage contoured keyboard allow users total flexibility to reprogram keyboard mappings at the hardware level. The Kinesis line of Ergonomic Computer keyboards are an alternative to the traditional keyboard design

Keyboard layouts for non-Roman alphabetic scripts

Some keyboard layouts for non-Roman alphabetic scripts, most notably the Greek layout, are based on the QWERTY layout, in that glyphs are assigned as far as possible to keys that bear similar-sounding or appearing glyphs in QWERTY. This saves learning time for those familiar with QWERTY.

This is not a general rule, and many non-Roman keyboard layouts have been invented from scratch.

All non-Roman computer keyboard layouts have the capacity to be used to input Roman letters as well as the script of the language, for example, when typing in URLs or names. Uniform Resource Locator is an URI which also specifies where the identified resource is available and the protocol for retrieving it This may be done through a special key on the keyboard devoted to this task, or through some special combination of keys, or through software programs that do not interact with the keyboard much.

Arabic

The keyboard above has an Arabic AZERTY layout commonly found in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia, Arabic countries in North Africa that were formerly French colonies. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's Tunisia (تونس Tūnis officially the Tunisian Republic ( is a country located in North Africa. France was a dominant empire in the world from the 1600s to the late 1960s possessing many colonies in various locations around the world

Armenian

Greek

As seen here, the Greek layout is merely a transliteration of the U. The Armenian language (hy հայերեն լեզու hajɛɹɛn lɛzu —, conventional short form) is an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenian Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly S. layout, with a few minor exceptions (the semicolon/colon key in Greek is where the Q key is in English; Greek has no active letter representing Q.

Hebrew

Main article: Hebrew keyboard

Russian

People outside of Russia who do not have a Cyrillic keyboard (used in Russia itself) often use a phonetic (transliterated, homophonic) layout where ‘А’ is obtained by pressing ‘A’, ‘Б’ by pressing ‘B’, ‘О’ by pressing ‘O’ etc. A Hebrew keyboard ( Hebrew: מקלדת עברית mikledet ivrit) comes in two different Keyboard layouts Most Hebrew keyboards contain both Hebrew Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages There are some readily available Phonetic layout files - to be used in "Layout/IME" list of Windows XP/2003/Vista - see ‘YaWert’ (in English)/‘ЯВЕРТ’ (in Russian), ‘ЧШЕРТЫ’). See also the details in ‘Typing Russian on any keyboard - standard and phonetic layout’.

Ukrainian

Bulgarian

The Bulgarian BDS layout. Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. Bulgarian (български език IPA: ɛzˈik is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group

Transliteration using Roman script is used only in informal electronic written communication, mainly because of a long history of compatibility issues with different encodings, history of lack of native OS support and user laziness.

Bulgarian Phonetic layout

This keyboard is phonetically based on a QWERTY keyboard as closely as possible. Where no phonetic equivalent exists, some keys are reused to resemble the physical appearance of a letter between the Latin and Cyrillic alphabets, e. g. q=ч, ш=w and ж=x. It is supported by Windows Vista, but is not included in Windows XP. Windows Vista (ˈvɪstə is a line of Operating systems developed by Microsoft for use on Personal computers including home and business desktops Windows XP is a family of 32-bit and 64-bit Operating systems produced by Microsoft for use on Personal computers including home and

Devanagari

Many different layouts exist for Devanāgarī. See Devanagari for additional configurations.

Thai

The more infrequently used characters are accessed by the Shift key. Thai (th ภาษาไทย, transcription: phasa thai, transliteration:; pʰāːsǎːtʰāj is the national and Despite their wide usage in Thai, western numbers are not present on the main setion of the keyboard. Instead they are accessed via the numeric keypad. A numeric keypad, or numpad for short is the small palm-sized seventeen key section of a Computer keyboard, usually on the very far right The backtick (`) key is blank, because this key is typically used to switch between input languages. Pitch The grave accent was first used in the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, where it occurred only on the last syllable of a word in cases where the

Khmer

East Asian languages

Chinese, Japanese, and Korean require special input methods, often abbreviated to CJK IMEs, due to the thousands of possible characters in these languages. Khmer (ភាសាខ្មែរ or Cambodian, is the language of the Khmer people and the official language of Cambodia. is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities This article is mainly about the spoken Korean language See Hangul for details on the native Korean writing system CJK is a collective term for Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, which constitute the main East Asian languages. Various methods have been invented to fit all these possibilities into a normal QWERTY keyboard, so East Asian keyboards are essentially the same as those in other countries. However, their input methods are considerably more complex, without one-to-one mappings between keys and characters.

In general, first the range of possibilities is narrowed down (most often by entering the desired character’s pronunciation), then, if there remains more than one possibility, selecting the desired ideogram either by typing the number before the character, or using a graphical menu to select it. An ideogram or ideograph (from Greek idea "idea" + grafo "to write" is a Graphic symbol that represents an Idea The computer assists the typist by using heuristics to guess which character is most likely desired. heuristic (hyu̇-ˈris-tik is a method to help solve a problem commonly an informal method Although this may sound clumsy, East Asian input methods are today sufficiently sophisticated that, for both beginners and experts, typing in these languages is only slightly slower than typing English.

In Japanese, the QWERTY-based JIS keyboard layout is used, and the pronunciation of each character is entered using Hepburn romanization or Kunrei-shiki romanization. This article is about Japanese Industrial Standards in general see JIS encoding for the character encoding used in representing the Japanese language for computer software The is named after James Curtis Hepburn, who used it to transcribe the sounds of the Japanese language into the Latin alphabet in the third edition of his Japanese–English is a Romanization system ie a system for transcribing the Japanese language into the Latin alphabet. There are several kana-based typing methods. Kana is a general term for the syllabic Japanese scripts Hiragana (ひらがな and Katakana (カタカナ as well as the old system See also Japanese language and computers. In relation to the Japanese language and computers many adaptation issues arise some unique to Japanese and others common to Languages which have a very large number

Chinese has the most complex and varied input methods. Characters can be entered by pronunciation (like Japanese and Hanja in Korean) or by structure. Most of the structural methods are the most difficult to learn, but they are extremely fast for experienced typists, as they do away with the need for selecting characters from a menu. For a detailed treatment, see Chinese input methods for computers. Since the Chinese language uses a logographic script — that is a script where one or more " characters " corresponds roughly to one "word" or

There exist a variety of other, slower ways a character may be entered. If the pronunciation of a character is not known, the selection can be narrowed down by giving its component shapes, radicals, and stroke count. This disambiguation page differentiates the various historical uses of the term radical in the context of Chinese characters The CJK strokes (also known as the CJK(V or CJKV strokes are the strokes needed to write the Chinese characters used in East Asia. Also, many input systems include a “drawing pad” permitting “handwriting” of a character using a mouse. In Computing, a mouse (plural mice, mouse devices, or mouses) Finally, if the computer does not have CJK software installed, it may be possible to enter a character directly through its encoding number (e. A character encoding consists of a code that pairs a sequence of characters from a given character set (sometimes incorrectly referred to as Code page g. Unicode). In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's

In contrast to Chinese and Japanese, Korean is typed the same way as Western languages. There are two major kinds of keyboard layouts: dubeolsik and sebeolsik. Dubeolsik, based on the QWERTY keyboard, is more commonly used. While Korean consonants and vowels (jamo) are grouped together into syllabic grids when written, the script is essentially alphabetical, and therefore typing in Korean is quite simple for someone who understands the Korean alphabet Hangul. Each jamo is assigned to a single key. As the user types letters, the computer automatically groups them into syllabic characters. Given a sequence of jamo, there is only one unambiguous way letters can be validly grouped into syllables, so this grouping is done seamlessly by the computer, with the result that Korean can be typed in the same way as English or any other alphabetical language.

Chinese

Chinese (traditional)

Computers in the Republic of China (Taiwan) often use Zhuyin (bopomofo) style keyboards (US keyboards with bopomofo labels), many also with Cangjie method key labels, as Changjie is the standard method for speed-typing in Traditional Chinese. REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The Cangjie input method (often erroneously spelt “Changjie” or “Cang Jei” is a system by which Chinese characters may be entered into a Computer by means The bopomofo style keyboards are in lexicographical order, top-to-bottom left-to-right. In Mathematics, the lexicographic or lexicographical order, (also known as dictionary order, alphabetic order or lexicographic(al product

The codes of three input methods are typically printed on the Chinese (traditional) keyboard: Zhuyin (upper right); Cangjie (lower left); and Dayi (lower right). The Cangjie input method (often erroneously spelt “Changjie” or “Cang Jei” is a system by which Chinese characters may be entered into a Computer by means Dayi (literally "big easy" uses a set of 46 character components laid out on a standard QWERTY keyboard

In Hong Kong, both Chinese (Traditional) and US keyboards are found. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Japanese keyboards are occasionally found, but UK keyboards are rare. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located

See also British and American keyboards, Technical standards in colonial Hong Kong

A Chinese (Traditional) keyboard has a US layout with Chinese input method labels printed on the keys. There are two major English language Keyboard layouts the United States layout and the United Kingdom layout defined in BS 4822 (48-key version This article gives readers an insight on how the British colonial rule affected the technical standards in Hong Kong. These keyboards can be used for Roman characters, provided that US keyboard layout is selected in the operating system. QWERTY keyboardjpg|thumb|right|300px|QWERTY keyboard on a Laptop of 2007]]A keyboard layout is any specific mechanical, visual, or functional An operating system (commonly abbreviated OS and O/S) is the software component of a Computer system that is responsible for the management and coordination

Chinese (simpified)

Keyboards used in the mainland of the People’s Republic of China typically use a US keyboard and input Chinese characters using Hanyu pinyin, which represents the sounds of Chinese characters using Latin letters. Mainland China, Continental China, the Chinese mainland or simply the mainland, is a geopolitical term synonymous with the area that is under the jurisdiction Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES QWERTY keyboardjpg|thumb|right|300px|QWERTY keyboard on a Laptop of 2007]]A keyboard layout is any specific mechanical, visual, or functional Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use

See the section on Chinese languages above, and also Chinese input methods for computers. Since the Chinese language uses a logographic script — that is a script where one or more " characters " corresponds roughly to one "word" or

Hangul (for Korean)

Dubeolshik

Dubeolshik (두벌식) is the most common Hangul keyboard layout in use in South Korea. This article is mainly about the spoken Korean language See Hangul for details on the native Korean writing system Pressing the Ha/En(한/영) key once switches between Hangul as shown, and English. There is another key to the left of the space bar for Hanja input(Not shown in picture). Hanja is the Korean name for Chinese characters. More specifically it refers to those Chinese characters borrowed from Chinese and incorporated If using a standard 104-key keyboard, the right Alt key will become the Ha/En key, and the right Ctrl key will become the Hanja key. Alternate keyboard styles exist, such as those used by IBM mainframes, but these are rarely used. Consonants occupy the left side of the layout, while vowels are on the right. In Articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a Speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the upper Vocal tract, the upper vocal In Phonetics, a vowel is a Sound in spoken Language, such as English ah! or oh!, pronounced with an open Vocal tract

Sebeolsik 390

Sebeolsik 390 (세벌식 390) was released in 1990, hence its name. It is based on Dr. Kong’s earlier work. This layout is notable for its compatibility with the QWERTY layout; almost all QWERTY symbols are available in Hangul mode. Numbers are placed in three rows. Syllable-initial consonants are on the right (shown green in the picture), and syllable-final consonants and consonant clusters are on the left (shown red). Some consonant clusters are not printed on the keyboard; the user has to press multiple consonant keys to input some consonant clusters, unlike Sebeolsik Final. It is more ergonomic than the dubeolsik, but is not in wide use.

Sebeolsik Final

Sebeolsik Final (세벌식 최종) is another Hangul keyboard layout in use in South Korea. Numbers are placed on two rows. Syllable-initial consonants are on the right, and syllable-final consonants and consonant clusters are on the left. Vowels are in the middle. All consonant clusters are available on the keyboard, unlike the Sebeolsik 390 which does not include all of them. It is more ergonomic than the dubeolsik, but is not in wide use.

Sebeolsik Noshift

Sebeolsik Noshift is a variant of sebeolsik which can be used without pressing the shift key. The shift key is a Modifier key on a keyboard, used to type capital letters and other alternate "upper" characters Its advantage is that people with disabilities who cannot press two keys at the same time will still be able to use it to type in Hangul.

Japanese

Usually the JIS keyboard is used. is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities Some people type Hiragana directly, but most people prefer typing Latin letters, which are automatically converted to Hiragana. is a Japanese Syllabary, one component of the Japanese writing system, along with Katakana and Kanji; the Latin alphabet In both cases, the Alt+Zen/Han key combination is used to switch on Japanese input methods. Japanese input methods are the methods used to input Japanese characters on a Computer. Some people prefer the US layout, in which case Alt+` does the role, or Cmd-Space for Macs. The Command key, known as the open-Apple key (as well as just "Apple" in documentation prior to the Apple Macintosh family of computers is a Modifier

See the section on East Asian languages above, also Japanese language and computers and Japanese input methods. QWERTY keyboardjpg|thumb|right|300px|QWERTY keyboard on a Laptop of 2007]]A keyboard layout is any specific mechanical, visual, or functional In relation to the Japanese language and computers many adaptation issues arise some unique to Japanese and others common to Languages which have a very large number

Tibetan

The Chinese National Standard on Tibetan Keyboard Layout standardises a layout for the Tibetan language. Tibetan refers to a group of languages spoken primarily by Tibetan peoples who live across a wide area of eastern Central Asia bordering South Asia as well as by overseas This article is about the National standards of the Republic of China based in Taiwan. ^[10]

The first version of Microsoft Windows to support the Tibetan keyboard layout is Windows Vista. The layout has been available in Linux since September 2007. September 2007 is the ninth month of that year It began on a Saturday

See also

• Alphanumeric keyboard
• British and American keyboards
• Chinese input methods for computers
• Computer keyboard
• FITALY Layout
• ISO/IEC 9995
• Japanese language and computers
• Language code
• QWERTY - includes description of history
• QWERTY and accents
• Technical standards in colonial Hong Kong
• Unicode
• Urdu keyboard

Layout Philosophy

Mechanical layouts only address tangible differences among keyboards. Alphanumeric keyboards include Typewriters and Computer keyboards. There are two major English language Keyboard layouts the United States layout and the United Kingdom layout defined in BS 4822 (48-key version Since the Chinese language uses a logographic script — that is a script where one or more " characters " corresponds roughly to one "word" or In Computing, a keyboard is an Input device partially modelled after the typewriter keyboard which uses an arrangement of buttons or keys FITALY is a Keyboard layout specifically optimized for Stylus or touch-based input ISO/IEC 9995 (less formally "ISO 9995" is an ISO standard defining layouts of computer keyboards In relation to the Japanese language and computers many adaptation issues arise some unique to Japanese and others common to Languages which have a very large number A language code is a Code that assigns letters or numbers as identifiers for Languages These codes are often used to organize library collections to choose the correct QWERTY (ˈkwɜː(rti is the most common modern-day Keyboard layout on English-language computer and Typewriter keyboards It takes its QWERTY (ˈkwɜː(rti is the most common modern-day Keyboard layout on English-language computer and Typewriter keyboards It takes its This article gives readers an insight on how the British colonial rule affected the technical standards in Hong Kong. In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's The Urdu keyboard is any Keyboard layout for an Urdu computer and Typewriter keyboards Since the first Urdu Typewriter was made available When a key is pressed, a keyboard sends a message such as The left-most main key of the home row is depressed, not a. The keyboard and the computer each have no information about what is marked on that key, and it could equally well be the letter A or the digit 9. A given keyboard typically falls into one of three broad categories, usually referred to as simply ISO, ANSI, or JIS, referring roughly to the organizations issuing the relevant world-wide, United States, and Japanese standards, respectively. Keyboard layout in this sense may refer either to this broad categorization or to finer distinctions within these categories. For example, as of May 2008 Apple Inc produces ISO, ANSI, and JIS desktop keyboards, each in both extended and compact forms. International holidays May 1 - Labour Day ( Pakistan) May 1 - Labour Day ( Singapore) Apple Inc, ( formerly Apple Computer Inc, is an American Multinational corporation with a focus on designing and manufacturing Consumer electronics The extended keyboards have 110, 109, and 112 keys (ISO, ANSI, and JIS, respectively), and the compact models have 79, 78, and 80.

Visual layouts vary by language, country, and user preference. A computer or operating system normally cannot discover the visual layout of an attached keyboard. Keyboards of the same mechanical layout can have various visual layouts. For example, ISO keyboard mechanisms are used throughout Europe, but typical French, German, and U. K. variants of mechanically-identical keyboards appear different because they bear different legends on their keys. To extend the example of Apple above, the extended keyboards sold in each of these three markets are all the same 110-key ISO mechanical layout, but with quite different legends on the keys. Even blank keyboards—with no legends—are sometimes used to learn typing skills or by user preference. The visual layout of any keyboard can be changed by simply replacing its keys or attaching labels to them, and in many cases the layout can even be changed by rearranging the existing keys, such as to change an English-language keyboard from the common-but-problematic QWERTY to the Dvorak layout, although for touch typists, the placement of the tactile bumps on the home keys is of more practical importance than that of the visual markings. The Dvorak Simplified Keyboard (ˈdvɔræk or) is a Keyboard layout patented in 1936 by Dr

Functional layouts are determined in software. When a keyboard sends a message such as The left-most main key of the home row is depressed, the functional layout specifies what that event means, like a. Most commonly, a functional layout is chosen to match the visual layout of an attached keyboard, so that pressing a key with a given legend produces the expected result. A computer operating system is usually aware of only the mechanical layout of each attached keyboard, but not of its visual layout, and any functional layout can be chosen by each user regardless of the markings (or lack of markings) on an attached keyboard. An operating system (commonly abbreviated OS and O/S) is the software component of a Computer system that is responsible for the management and coordination For example, a user of a Swedish keyboard who wishes to type more easily in German may switch to a functional layout intended for German—without regard to key markings—just as a Dvorak touch typist may choose a Dvorak layout regardless of the visual layout of the keyboard used.

Notes and references

External links

Custom Layouts

• Official for Microsoft Windows
• Unofficial for Mac OS X
• Unofficial for Linux/UNIX

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