| Ketosis Classification and external resources |
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| Ketone bodies | |
| ICD-9 | 276.2 |
| DiseasesDB | 29485 |
| MeSH | D007662 |
Ketosis (pronounced /kiːˈtoʊsɪs/) is a state in metabolism occurring when the liver excessively converts fat into fatty acids and ketone bodies which can be used by the body for energy. Ketone bodies are three water-soluble compounds that are produced as by-products when Fatty acids are broken down for energy in the Liver and The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. The Diseases Database is a free Website that provides information about the relationships between medical conditions Symptoms, and Medications. Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH) is a huge Controlled vocabulary (or metadata system for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books Metabolism is the set of Chemical reactions that occur in living Organisms in order to maintain Life. The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals (more properly known as, TAG or triacylglyceride) is Glyceride in which the Glycerol is Esterified with three Fatty acids It is the In Chemistry, especially Biochemistry, a fatty acid is a Carboxylic acid often with a long unbranched Aliphatic tail ( chain) which Ketone bodies are three water-soluble compounds that are produced as by-products when Fatty acids are broken down for energy in the Liver and
Adipose tissue consists of highly specialized cells which store energy in the form of a triglyceride and release it upon hydrolysis in a process known as lipolysis, yielding three fatty acids and one glycerol molecule. "Adipose" redirects here For the Doctor Who monster see " Partners in Crime " Hydrolysis is a Chemical reaction during which one or more water molecules are split into hydrogen and hydroxide ions which may go on to participate in further reactions Lipolysis is the breakdown of fat stored in fat cells During this process Free fatty acids are released into the bloodstream and circulate throughout the body In Chemistry, especially Biochemistry, a fatty acid is a Carboxylic acid often with a long unbranched Aliphatic tail ( chain) which [1] These ketone bodies are a by-product of the lipid metabolic pathway after the fat is converted to energy. Ketone bodies are three water-soluble compounds that are produced as by-products when Fatty acids are broken down for energy in the Liver and [2][3][4][5][6] Ketoacidosis, by contrast, is the accumulation of excessive keto acids in the blood stream (specifically acetoacetate and beta-hydroxy butyrate). Ketoacidosis is a type of metabolic Acidosis which is caused by high concentrations of Ketone bodies, formed by the Deamination of Amino acids Keto acids are organic Acids containing a Ketone Functional group and a Carboxylic acid group Acetoacetic acid is the Organic compound with the formula CH3C(OCH2CO2H
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Metabolic pathways
Most medical resources regard ketosis as a physiological state associated with chronic starvation. Human physiology is the science of the mechanical physical and biochemical functions of Humans in good health their organs and the cells of which they are composed Starvation (also called inanition) is a severe reduction in Vitamin, Nutrient, and Energy intake and is the most extreme form of Glucose is regarded as the preferred energy source for all cells in the body with ketosis being regarded as a crisis reaction of the body to a lack of carbohydrates in the diet. In recent years this viewpoint, both the body's preference for glucose and the dangers associated with ketosis, has been challenged by some doctors. [7][8][9]
Ketone bodies, from the breakdown of fatty acids to acetyl groups, are also produced during this state, and are burned throughout the body. Ketone bodies are three water-soluble compounds that are produced as by-products when Fatty acids are broken down for energy in the Liver and Excess ketone bodies will slowly decarboxylate into acetone. Acetone (also known as propanone, dimethyl ketone, 2-propanone, propan-2-one and β-ketopropane) is a colorless mobile flammable That molecule is excreted in the breath and urine. Breathing takes Oxygen in and Carbon dioxide out of the body Aerobic Organisms require oxygen to create energy via respiration, in Urine is a liquid waste product of the body secreted by the Kidneys by a process of filtration from Blood and Excreted through the Urethra. When glycogen stores are not available in the cells (glycogen is primarily created when carbohydrates such as starch and sugar are consumed in the diet), fat (triacylglycerol) is cleaved to give 3 fatty acid chains and 1 glycerol molecule in a process called lipolysis. Glycogen is a Polysaccharide of Glucose (Glc which functions as the secondary short term energy storage in Animal cells Carbohydrates (from ' Hydrates of Carbon ' or saccharides ( Greek σάκχαρον meaning " Sugar " are the most Starch, CAS # 9005-25-8 Chemical formula (C6H10O5n is a Polysaccharide Sugar is a class of edible Crystalline substances mainly Sucrose, Lactose, and Fructose. (more properly known as, TAG or triacylglyceride) is Glyceride in which the Glycerol is Esterified with three Fatty acids It is the Lipolysis is the breakdown of fat stored in fat cells During this process Free fatty acids are released into the bloodstream and circulate throughout the body Most of the body is able to utilize fatty acids as an alternative source of energy in a process where fatty acid chains are cleaved to form acetyl-CoA, which can then be fed into the Krebs Cycle. Acetyl-CoA is an important molecule in metabolism used in many biochemical reactions The citric acid cycle, also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle ( TCA cycle) or the Krebs cycle, (or rarely the Szent-Györgyi–Krebs cycle During this process a high concentration of glucagon is present in the serum and this inactivates hexokinase and phosphofructokinase-1 (regulators of glycolysis) indirectly, causing most cells in the body to use fatty acids as their primary energy source. Glucagon is an important Hormone involved in Carbohydrate metabolism. Variation across species Hexokinases have been found in every organism checked ranging from bacteria, Yeast, and Plants to humans and other Vertebrates Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1 is the most important regulatory Enzyme ( of Glycolysis. At the same time, glucose is synthesized in the liver from lactic acid, glucogenic amino acids, and glycerol, in a process called gluconeogenesis. Glucose (Glc a Monosaccharide (or simple Sugar) also known as grape sugar, is an important Carbohydrate in Biology. Lactic acid ( IUPAC Systematic name: 2-hydroxypropanoic acid) also known as milk acid, is a Chemical compound that plays a role In Chemistry, an amino acid is a Molecule containing both Amine and Carboxyl Functional groups In Biochemistry, this Gluconeogenesis (abreviated GNG) is a Metabolic pathway that results in the generation of Glucose from non- Carbohydrate carbon substrates such This glucose is used exclusively for energy by cells such as neurons and red blood cells. Neurons (ˈnjuːɹɒn also known as neurones and nerve cells) are responsive cells in the Nervous system that process and transmit information Red blood cells are the most common type of Blood cell and the Vertebrate body's principal means of delivering Oxygen to the body tissues via the Blood
Similar conditions
Ketosis should not be confused with ketoacidosis (diabetic ketoacidosis or the less common alcoholic ketoacidosis), which is severe ketosis causing the pH of the blood to drop below 7. Ketoacidosis is a type of metabolic Acidosis which is caused by high concentrations of Ketone bodies, formed by the Deamination of Amino acids 2. Ketoacidosis is a medical condition usually caused by diabetes and accompanied by dehydration, hyperglycemia, ketonuria and increased levels of glucagon. Diabetes mellitus (ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz or /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtəs/ /məˈlaɪtəs/ or /ˈmɛlətəs/ often referred to simply as diabetes ( Ancient Greek: grc Dehydration ( hypohydration) is the removal of Water ( hydro in ancient Greek) from an object Hyperglycemia, hyperglycaemia, or high blood sugar is a condition in which an excessive amount of Glucose circulates in the Blood plasma The high glucagon, low insulin serum levels signals the body to produce more glucose via gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, and ketone bodies via ketogenesis. Gluconeogenesis (abreviated GNG) is a Metabolic pathway that results in the generation of Glucose from non- Carbohydrate carbon substrates such Glycogenolysis (also known as "Glycogenlysis" is the Catabolism of Glycogen by removal of a Glucose monomer through cleavage with inorganic Ketogenesis is the process by which Ketone bodies are produced as a result of fatty acid breakdown. High levels of glucose causes the failure of tubular reabsorption in the kidneys, causing water to leak into the tubules in a process called osmotic diuresis, causing dehydration and further exacerbating the acidosis. Renal physiology is the study of the Physiology of the Kidneys Functions of the kidney The functions of the kidney can be divided into two groups Osmotic diuresis is increased Urination caused by the presence of certain substances in the small tubes of the Kidneys.
Diet
If the diet is changed from a highly glycemic diet to a diet that does not substantially contribute to blood glucose, the body goes through a set of stages to enter ketosis. The Glycemic index (also glycaemic index) or GI is a measure of the effects of Carbohydrates on Blood glucose levels Blood sugar, used in a physiological context is a misnomer and misleading During the initial stages of this process the adult brain does not burn ketones, however the brain makes immediate use of this important substrate for lipid synthesis in the brain. The brain is the center of the Nervous system in animals All Vertebrates and the majority of Invertebrates have a brain After about 48 hours of this process, the brain starts burning ketones in order to more directly utilize the energy from the fat stores that are being depended upon, and to reserve the glucose only for its absolute needs, thus avoiding the depletion of the body's protein store in the muscles.
Whether ketosis takes place can be checked by using special urine test strips such as Ketostix. Ketonuria is a medical condition in which Ketone bodies are present in the Urine.
Deliberately induced ketosis through a low-carbohydrate diet has been used to treat medical conditions although most such treatments remain controversial. Low-carbohydrate diets or low-carb diets are dietary programs that restrict Carbohydrate consumption usually for Weight control or for the treatment of [10] [11]
See also
External links
- Diabetic Ketoacidosis
- NHS Direct: Ketosis
- Breath acetone is a reliable indicator of ketosis in adults consuming ketogenic meals, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Ketoacidosis is a type of metabolic Acidosis which is caused by high concentrations of Ketone bodies, formed by the Deamination of Amino acids Ketonuria is a medical condition in which Ketone bodies are present in the Urine. Low-carbohydrate diets or low-carb diets are dietary programs that restrict Carbohydrate consumption usually for Weight control or for the treatment of
- The Merck Manual -
References
- ^ “DEVELOPING A MORE SENSITIVE ASSAY TO ANALYZE FATTY ACID RELEASE FROM HUMAN FAT CELLS: PRELIMINARY STUDIES.”, University of Maryland School of Medicine: 18, August 5 2005, <http://medschool.umaryland.edu/OSR/docs/ForumBooklet/2005.pdf>
- ^ “http://www.jhu.edu/~jhumag/495web/fat.html”, Johns Hopkins University, <http://www.jhu.edu/~jhumag/495web/fat.html>
- ^ “http://www.med.upenn.edu/nutrimed/MedNutandDisSampleCase.shtml”, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, <http://www.med.upenn.edu/nutrimed/MedNutandDisSampleCase.shtml>
- ^ “http://www.med.umich.edu/diabetes/patients/dictionary.htm”, University of Michigan Medical School, <http://www.med.umich.edu/diabetes/patients/dictionary.htm>
- ^ “http://www.orcbs.msu.edu/occupational/programs_guidelines/right_to_know/gloss/ketosis.htm”, Michigan State University, <http://www.orcbs.msu.edu/occupational/programs_guidelines/right_to_know/gloss/ketosis.htm>
- ^ “http://depts.washington.edu/chdd/outlook/outlook00_13.1.pdf”, University of Washington School of Medicine, <http://depts.washington.edu/chdd/outlook/outlook00_13.1.pdf>
- ^ Eaton, S. University of Maryland Baltimore, (also known as UMB) was founded in 1807 The University of Pennsylvania 's School of Medicine, presently located in the University City section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was The University of Michigan Health System (UMHS is the wholly-owned academic medical center of the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. Michigan State University ( MSU) is a co-educational public Research university in East Lansing, Michigan USA. The University of Washington School of Medicine (UWSOM is a public Medical school located in Seattle Washington. Boyd; Melvin Konner (1985). "Paleolithic nutrition: a consideration of its nature and current implications". New England Journal of Medicine 312: 283–89.
- ^ Eades, M. et al. Protein Power Lifeplan[1]
- ^ William S Yancy, Jr, Marjorie Foy, Allison M Chalecki, Mary C Vernon, and Eric C Westman (2005). "A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet to treat type 2 diabetes". Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 2. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ G. D Foster et al, NEJM2003;348:2082-90[2]
- ^ Bravata et al. , Journal of the American Medical Association, Apr, 2003; 289(14):1837-50[3]
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