| Kerch Керч Керчь Kerç |
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  Kerch
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| Coordinates: | |||
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| Country |  Ukraine |
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| Territory | Crimea | ||
| Region | Kerch city municipality | ||
| Area | |||
| - Total | 108 km² (41. Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This list of countries, arranged alphabetically Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Crimea (kraɪˈmiːə or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Крим Автономна Республіка Крим Avtonomna Respublika Krym; Крым Crimea (kraɪˈmiːə or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Крим Автономна Республіка Крим Avtonomna Respublika Krym; Крым Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of 7 sq mi) | ||
| Elevation | 10 m (33 ft) | ||
| Population | |||
| - Total | 158,165 | ||
| - Density | 1,464. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. The elevation of a Geographic location is its height above a fixed reference point often the mean sea level. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 49/km² (3,793/sq mi) | ||
| Time zone | EET (UTC+2) | ||
| - Summer (DST) | EEST (UTC+3) | ||
| Postal code | 98300 — 98399 | ||
| Area code(s) | +380-6561 | ||
| Former name(s) | Cerchio, Vosporo, Korchev, Bosporus, Panticapaeum | ||
| Website: www.kerchrada.gov.ua/ | |||
Kerch (Ukrainian: Керч, Russian: Керчь, Crimean Tatar: Kerç, Old East Slavic: Кърчевъ, Greek: Panticapaeon) is a city (2001 pop 157,000) on the Kerch Peninsula of eastern Crimea, is an important industrial, transport and tourist centre of Ukraine. Eastern European Time ( EET) is one of the names of UTC+2 Time zone, 2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. UTC+2 corresponds to the following Time zones Eastern European Time Egypt Standard Time Central Africa Time Daylight saving time ( DST Eastern European Summer Time ( EEST) is one of the names of UTC+3 Time zone, 3 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. UTC+3 is used in the following locations Moscow Time Eastern European Summer Time West Asian Summer Time A postal code (known in various countries as a post code, postcode, or ZIP code) is a series of letters and/or digits appended to a A telephone numbering plan is a plan for allocating Telephone number ranges to countries regions areas and exchanges and to non-fixed telephone networks The following is the list of cities in Ukraine that underwent a name change in the past Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages The Crimean Tatar language (Qırımtatar tili Qırımtatarca also known as Crimean (Qırım tili Qırımca and Crimean Turkish (Qırım Türkçesi is the language Old East Slavic, also known as Old Russian (древнерусский or Old Ruthenian, was a vernacular literary language used from the 10th to the 14th centuries Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Cimmerian Bosporus redirects here For the ancient state see Bosporan Kingdom; for its rulers see Kings of Cimmerian Bosporus. Crimea (kraɪˈmiːə or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Крим Автономна Республіка Крим Avtonomna Respublika Krym; Крым Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. The name comes from Old East Slavic ’къркъ’ which means throat, alluding to a narrow strait in front of the town (see Vasmer here). Old East Slavic, also known as Old Russian (древнерусский or Old Ruthenian, was a vernacular literary language used from the 10th to the 14th centuries Max Vasmer ( February 28, 1886 &mdash November 30, 1962) was a Russian born German linguist who studied problems
Contents |
History
Ancient times
Kerch is one of the most ancient cities of Ukraine, archeological digs at Mayak village near the city ascertained that the area had already been inhabited in 17th–15th centuries BC. The 17th century BC is a Century which lasted from 1700 BC to 1601 BC
Kerch as a city starts its history in 7th century BC, when Greek colonists from Miletus founded a city-state named Panticapaeum (which means fish road) on the shore of Kerch Strait. The 7th century BC started the first day of 700 BC and ended the last day of 601 BC. The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Miletus (mī lē' təs ( Ancient Greek: Μίλητος literally Transliterated Milētos, Latin Miletus) was an Ancient Panticapaeum ( Greek: Παντικάπαιον Pantikápaion) present-day Kerch: an important Greek city and port in Taurica (Tauric Cimmerian Bosporus redirects here For the ancient state see Bosporan Kingdom; for its rulers see Kings of Cimmerian Bosporus. Panticapaeum was a predecessor of present-day Kerch city, it subdued nearby cities and by 480 BC became a capital of the Kingdom of Bosporus. The Bosporan Kingdom or the Kingdom of the Cimmerian Bosporus was an ancient state located in eastern Crimea and the Taman Peninsula on the shores of the
The city located at the intersection of trade roads between Asia and Europe grew rapidly. The city's main exports were grain and salted fish, wine-making was also common. Panticapaeum minted its own coins. A large portion of the population was ethnically Scythian, later Sarmatian, as the large royal barrow at Kul-Oba testifies. The Scythians or Scyths (Σκύθες Σκύθοι were an Iranian speaking people of horse-riding Nomadic pastoralists who dominated the Pontic The Sarmatians, Sarmatae or Sauromatae ( Old Iranian Sarumatah 'archer' Σαρμάτες Kul-Oba (Куль-Оба Kül Oba meaning "hill of ash" in Crimean Tatar) is an ancient archaeological site a Scythian burial tumulus ( Kurgan
In 1st century AD Panticapaeum and the Kingdom of Bosporus suffered from Ostrogoth raids, then the city was devastated by the Huns in AD 375. The Ostrogoths (Ostrogothi or Austrogothi were a branch of the Goths, an East Germanic tribe that played a major role in the political events of the late The Huns were an early confederation of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomads with a Turkic core of aristocracy
Middle ages
From the 6th century AD the city was under Byzantine Empire control. By order of Emperor Justinian I a citadel named Bospor was built there. Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus ( Greek: Φλάβιος Πέτρος Σαββάτιος Ιουστινιανός; known in English as Justinian I or Bospor was the center of a diocese and developed under the influence of Greek Christianity. In many rites of the Roman Catholic Church and in Anglican churches, a diocese is an administrative territorial unit administered by a Bishop. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings In 576, it withstood a siege by the Göktürks under Bokhan, aided by Anagai, the last khan of the Uturgur Huns. Göktürks ( Turkish: Gök Türkler) were a Turkic people of ancient Central Asia. The Huns were an early confederation of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomads with a Turkic core of aristocracy
In the 7th century the Turkic Khazars took control of Bospor, and the city was named Karcha or Charsha. The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family "Kazar" redirects here for the Marvel Comics character see Ka-Zar; for the village in Azerbaijan see Xəzər. The main local government official during Khazar times was the tudun. A tudun was a governor resident in a town or other settlement in Ancient Bulgarian/Avar/Gokturk empires particularly those of the Bulgars and the Khazars. Christianity was a major religion in Kerch during the period of Khazar rule. Kerch's Church of St. John the Baptist was founded in 717, thus, it is the oldest church in Ukraine. The "Church of the Apostles" existed during the late 8th century and early 9th century, according to the "Life of the Apostle Andrew" by Epiphanus.
Following the fall of Khazaria to Kievan Rus' in the late 900s, Kerch became the center of a Khazar successor-state. Kievan Rus′ (Ки́евская Русь romanised: Kievskaya Rus', rusʲ also written as Kyivan Rus′ (Ки́ївська Русь or Kievan Succession of states is a theory in International relations regarding the recognition and acceptance of a newly created State by other states based on Its ruler, Georgius Tzul, was deposed by a Byzantine-Rus expedition in 1016. Georgius Tzul ( Georgeios or Georgios) was a Khazar warlord against whom the Byzantine Empire and Mstislav of Tmutarakan launched a Kievan Rus′ (Ки́евская Русь romanised: Kievskaya Rus', rusʲ also written as Kyivan Rus′ (Ки́ївська Русь or Kievan
From the 10th century the city was a Slavic settlement named Korchev, which belonged to the Tmutarakan principality. Tmutarakan (Тмутаракань is an ancient city that controlled the Cimmerian Bosporus, the passage from the Black Sea to the Sea of Azov. Korchev was a center of trade between Rus', Crimea, Caucasus, and the Orient. Crimea (kraɪˈmiːə or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Крим Автономна Республіка Крим Avtonomna Respublika Krym; Крым The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East The Orient is a term which simply means the " East " It originated in Western Asia to describe that part of the world
In the 13th century Crimea including Korchev was invaded by Mongols. The Mongol invasion of Rus' was heralded by the Battle of the Kalka River in 1223 between Subutai 's reconnaissance unit and the combined force After Mongols, the city became the Genoese colony of Cerco (Cherkio) in 1318 and served as a sea harbour, townspeople worked at salt-works and fishery. The Most Serene Republic of Genoa (Repubblica di Genova was an independent state in Liguria on the northwestern Italian coast from the 11th century
In 1475 city was passed to the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish During the Turkish rule Kerch fell into decay and served as a slave-market. The history of slavery uncovers many different forms of human exploitation across many cultures throughout history [1] It repeatedly suffered from raids of Zaporizhian Cossacks. Zaporizhian Sich (Запорізька Січ Zaporiz'ka Sich) original Slavonic name "Zaporizhska Sich'" was the center of the Dnieper Cossacks
Modern times
In response to strengthening of Russian military forces in Azov area, Turks built a fortress of Yenikale in 1706 near the city on the shore of Kerch Strait. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The Sea of Azov (Азо́вское мо́ре - Azovskoye more; Азо́вське мо́ре - Azovs'ke more, Azaq deñizi is the world's shallowest sea linked Yenikale (Yenikale Єнікале Еникале Yeñi Qale also spelled as Enikale and Eni-Kale) is a fortress built by Ottoman Turks in 1699–1706 In 1771 Russian Army invaded Crimea and by the Peace Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji in 1774, Kerch and Yenikale were ceded to Russia. The Russian Ground Forces (Сухопутные войска Российской Федерации tr Crimea (kraɪˈmiːə or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Крим Автономна Республіка Крим Avtonomna Respublika Krym; Крым The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (also spelled Kuchuk Kainarji) was signed on July 21, 1774, in Küçük Kaynarca Dobruja (today Kaynardzha As a result, the Turkish heritage has been almost completely wiped out. In 1790 Russian naval forces under the command of admiral Fyodor Ushakov defeated the Turkish fleet at the Battle of Kerch Strait. See also Admiral Ushakov (warship Fyodor Fyodorovich Ushakov (Фёдор Фёдорович Ушако́в (February 24 1744&ndash The naval Battle of Kerch Strait took place on July 19 1790 near Kerch, Crimea, and was a slight victory for Imperial Russia [2]
Because of its location, from 1821 Kerch developed into an important trade and fishing port. The state museum of ancient times and a number of educational institutions were opened in the city. The ironwork factory was built in 1846 based on a huge iron ore deposit found on Kerch Peninsula.
During the Crimean War the city was devastated by British forces in 1855. The Crimean War, also known in Russia as the Eastern War (Восточная война Vostochnaya Vojna) (March 1854–February 1856 was fought The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located
In the late 19th century, mechanical and cement factories were built, and tinned food and tobacco factories were established. By 1900, Kerch was connected to a railroad system, and the fairway of Kerch Strait was deepened and widened. At this time, the population had reached 33,000.
After suffering a decline during the First World War and the Russian Civil War, the city resumed its growth in the late 1920s, with the expansion of various industries, iron ore and metallurgy in particular, and by 1939 its population had reached 104,500. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Russian Civil War (1917–1923 was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed
Kerch in World War II
During the Great Patriotic War of 1941 to 1945, Kerch was the site of heavy fighting between Soviet Army and Nazi forces. The term Great Patriotic War (Великая Отечественная война Velikaya Otechestvennaya Vojna) is used in Russia and some other The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers After fierce fighting, the city was taken by the Germans in November 1941. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. On 30 December 1941 the Soviets recaptured the city in a naval landing operation. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St In 1942 the Germans occupied the city again. Red Army lost over 160,000 men killed or taken POW at the Battle of the Kerch Peninsula. Battle of the Kerch Peninsula (Unternehmen Trappenjagd was a World War II offensive by German and Romanian armies against the Soviet Crimean Front forces defending On 31 October 1943 another Soviet naval landing operation was launched. Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Kerch was finally liberated on 11 April 1944. Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
The German occupants killed about 15,000 citizens and deported another 14,000 during their reign. Evidence of German atrocities in Kerch was presented in the Nuremberg trials. The Nuremberg Trials were a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany after After the War the city was awarded the title Hero City. Hero City ( Russian: город-герой gorod-geroy, Ukrainian: Місто-герой Misto-heroy) is a Soviet Honorary
The Ajimushkay catacombs (mines) in the city's suburbs were the site of guerrilla warfare against the occupation. The first Burial galleries to be referred to as catacombs lie beneath San Sebastiano fuori le mura, in Rome. Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc Thousands of soldiers and refugees found shelter inside, and were involved in counterattacks. Many of them died underground, including those, who died of numerous poison gas attacks. Later a memorial was established on the site.
Modern Kerch
Recently there was a great storm that passed through the city, causing much damage and an ecological disaster as many ships are shipwrecked and block the Kerch Strait, while oil and sulfur pour out.
Industry
Today Kerch is considered as a city of metallurgists, shipbuilders and fishermen. The largest enterprises in the city are:
- Kerch Metallurgical Works Factory launched in 1900
- Kamysh-Burun Iron Ore Plant
- "Zaliv" ("Gulf") shipbuilding factory that produces supertankers and warships.
Construction-materials, food processing, and light industries play a significant role in the city's economy. Kerch is also a fishing fleet base and an important processing center for numerous fish products.
Transport
Kerch has a harbour on the Kerch Strait, which makes it a key to the Sea of Azov, a railroad terminal and a small airport. The Sea of Azov (Азо́вское мо́ре - Azovskoye more; Азо́вське мо́ре - Azovs'ke more, Azaq deñizi is the world's shallowest sea linked Ferry transportation across the Kerch Strait was established in 1953, connecting Crimea and the Krasnodar Krai (Port Krym - Port Kavkaz line). Cimmerian Bosporus redirects here For the ancient state see Bosporan Kingdom; for its rulers see Kings of Cimmerian Bosporus. Krasnodar Krai (Краснода́рский край Krasnodarsky kray) is a federal subject of Russia (a Krai) located in the Southern Port Krym (Порт Крим Порт Крым Qırım Limanı - literally Port Crimea) is a Port in Ukraine. Port Kavkaz (Порт Кавказ is a small harbour on the Kerch Strait in Krasnodar Krai, Russia. There are several ports in Kerch, including Kerch Maritime Trading Port, Kerch Maritime Fishing Port, Port Crimea (ferry crossing), Kamysh-Burun Port. Bus network connects Kerch to other cities in Crimea and Krasnodar Krai.
Education
Kerch hosts (2004):
- 28 schools,
- 9 institutes and branches of Ukrainian and Russian universities,
- shipbuilding and polytechnical colleges,
- medical school,
- 6 PTU schools,
- a number of pre-school child institutions
Archaeology
Archaeological digs in Kerch were launched in the middle of the 19th century. Vocational Technical School (профессиона́льно-техни́ческое учи́лище &ndash "Professionalno-tehnicheskoye uchilishche" (acronym PTU Since then the site of ancient Panticapaeum city on Mount Mithridates has been systematically excavated. Panticapaeum ( Greek: Παντικάπαιον Pantikápaion) present-day Kerch: an important Greek city and port in Taurica (Tauric Mithridates or Mithradates (in Greek, Mιθριδάτης or Mιθράδάτης) is the Hellenistic form of an Iranian Theophoric Located nearby are several ancient burial mounds (kurghans) and excavated cities. Kerch takes part in UNESCO's "Silk Road" programme. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 The Silk Road, or Silk Routes, are an extensive interconnected network of Trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East South and Western Asia with the
Tourism
Because of its location on shores of Azov and Black seas, Kerch became a popular summer resort among people of former USSR. The Sea of Azov (Азо́вское мо́ре - Azovskoye more; Азо́вське мо́ре - Azovs'ke more, Azaq deñizi is the world's shallowest sea linked The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Also, several mud-cure sources are located near the city. Despite the seaside location, the tourist appeal of Kerch today is limited because of the industrial character of the city and associated pollution. Despite the lack of beaches in town`s area, there are a lot of them at distance of 20 minute travel by bus, train or taxi.
Kerch has a number of impressive architectural and historical monuments. Ancient historical heritage of the city makes it attractive for scientific tourism. The most notable of Kerch's sights are:
- Site of ancient settlement Pantikapaeum (5th century BC–3rd century AD)
- Tsarskiy Kurghan (4th century BC) - burial mound for one of Bosporian kings
- Church of St. The 5th century BC started the first day of 500 BC and ended the last day of 401 BC. The 4th century BC started the first day of 400 BC and ended the last day of 301 BC. John the Baptist (AD 717)
- Fortress of Yenikale (18th century)
- Large Mithridates Staircase leading on top of the Mount Mithridates, contains 428 footsteps, built in 1833–1840 under the guidance of Italian architect A. Yenikale (Yenikale Єнікале Еникале Yeñi Qale also spelled as Enikale and Eni-Kale) is a fortress built by Ottoman Turks in 1699–1706 The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Digbi
- Obelisk of Glory on the Mount Mithridates, built after World War II
- Memorial of heroic guerilla warfare in Adzhimushkay mines
- Kerch Fortess, restricted area in soviet times, free to enter in present days. The Defense of the Adzhimushkay quarry (Russian Оборона Аджимушкайских каменоломен Oborona Adzhimushkajskih kamenolomen) was an episode Fortess was built by famous Russian military architector Totleben in the middle of 19 century.
- Sites of ancient settlements Mirmecium and Nimphei.
Honors
A minor planet 2216 Kerch discovered in 1971 by Soviet astronomer Tamara Mikhailovna Smirnova is named after the city. Minor planet is a term used since the 19th century to describe objects such as Asteroids that are in Orbit around the Sun but are not Planets 2216 Kerch (1971 LF is a Main-belt Asteroid discovered on June 12, 1971 by T The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Tamara Mikhailovna Smirnova (Тамара Михайловна Смирнова b [3]
References
- ^ Halil Inalcik. "Servile Labor in the Ottoman Empire"
- ^ Black Sea Fleet (BSF) Morskoyo Flota ( Naval Force)
- ^ Schmadel, Lutz D. (2003). Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, 5th, New York: Springer Verlag, p. 180. ISBN 3540002383.
External links
- Site of the city(Russian)Webcam
- Kerch theorized as possible location of Atlantis.(English)
- The Crimea(English)
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