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For other uses, see Kenning (disambiguation).

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"Kennings" redirects here. For the fictional girl, see Kodee Kennings. Jody Kennings was the name of a Fictional 8-year-old girl supposedly the daughter of a U

A kenning (Old Norse kenning [cʰɛnːiŋg], Modern Icelandic pronunciation [cʰɛnːiŋk]) is a circumlocution used instead of an ordinary noun in Old Norse and later Icelandic poetry. Old Norse is the North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the Viking Age Icelandic ( is a North Germanic language, the language of Iceland. Circumlocution (also called periphrasis, circumduction, circumvolution, periphrase, or ambage) is an ambiguous or roundabout Icelandic ( is a North Germanic language, the language of Iceland. For example, Old Norse poets might replace sverð, the regular word for “sword”, with a compound such as ben-grefill “wound-hoe” (Egill Skallagrímsson: Höfuðlausn 8), or a genitive phrase such as randa íss “ice of shields” (Einarr Skúlason: ‘Øxarflokkr’ 9). Old Norse poetry encompasses a range of verse forms written in Old Norse, during the period from the 8th century (see Eggjum stone) to as late as the far Egill Skallagrímsson (910-c990 was a Viking Skald and the great Anti-hero of Icelandic literature. Höfuðlausn or the " Head's Ransom " is a skaldic poem by Egill Skalla-Grímsson in praise of king Eirik Bloodaxe. In Grammar, the genitive case or possessive case (also called the second case) is the case that marks a Noun as modifying another In Grammar, a phrase is a group of Words that functions as a single unit in the Syntax of a sentence. Einarr Skúlason was an Icelandic priest and Skald. He was the most prominent Norse poet of the 12th century The term kenning has been applied by modern scholars to similar figures of speech in other languages too, especially Old English. A figure of speech, sometimes

Etymology

The word was adopted into English in the 19th century from medieval Icelandic treatises on poetics, in particular the Prose Edda of Snorri Sturluson, and derives ultimately from the Old Norse verb kenna “know, recognise; perceive, feel; show; teach; etc. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The Prose Edda, also known as the Younger Edda, Snorri's Edda ( Snorra Edda) or simply Edda, is an Snorri Sturluson (1178 – September 23, 1241) was an Icelandic historian poet and politician ”, as used in the expression kenna við “to name after; to express [one thing] in terms of [another]”,[1] “name after; refer to in terms of”, [2] and kenna til “qualify by, make into a kenning by adding”. [3]

The corresponding Modern English verb to ken survives only in northern British dialects including Scots, although a noun derivative exists in the standard language in the set expression beyond one’s ken “beyond the scope of one’s knowledge”. Scots ( The Scots leid) refers to Anglic varieties derived from early northern Middle English spoken in parts of Scotland and Northern Old Norse kenna (Modern Icelandic kenna, Swedish känna, Danish kende, Norwegian Bokmål and Nynorsk kjenne) is cognate with Old English cennan, Old Frisian kenna, kanna, Old Saxon (ant)kennian (Middle Dutch and Dutch kennen), Old High German (ir-, in-, pi-) chennan (Middle High German and German kennen), Gothic kannjan < Proto-Germanic *kannjanan, originally causative of *kunnanan “to know (how to)”, whence Modern English can “am, is, are able” (from the same Proto-Indo European root as Modern English know). Icelandic ( is a North Germanic language, the language of Iceland. Swedish ( is a North Germanic language spoken by more than nine million people predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, especially along the Danish ( d̥ænsɡ̊ is one of the North Germanic languages (also called Scandinavian languages a sub-group of the Germanic branch of the Bokmål (lit "book language" or Dano-Norwegian is the most commonly used of the two official Norwegian written Standard languages the other Nynorsk (literally "New Norwegian" is one of the two official Norwegian Standard languages the other being Bokmål. Cognates in Linguistics are words that have a common origin They may occur within a language such as shirt and skirt as two English words descended from Old Frisian was the West Germanic language spoken between the 8th and 16th centuries by the people who had settled in the area between the Rhine Old Saxon, also known as Old Low German ( ISO 639 -3 code osx) is the earliest recorded form of Low German, documented from the 9th century Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname Middle High German (MHG German Mittelhochdeutsch) is the term used for the period in the history of the German language between 1050 and 1350 The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Gothic is an extinct Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths. Proto-Germanic, or Common Germanic, is the hypothetical common ancestor ( Proto-language) of all the Germanic languages such as modern English A causative form in Linguistics, is an expression of an agent causing or forcing a patient to perform an action (or to be in a certain condition Modern English is the form of the English language spoken since the Great Vowel Shift, completed in roughly 1550 [4]

Structure

Old Norse kennings take the form of a genitive phrase (báru fákr "wave’s steed" = “ship” (Þorbjörn hornklofi: Glymdrápa 3)) or a compound word (gjálfr-marr "sea-steed" = “ship” (Anon. In Grammar, the genitive case or possessive case (also called the second case) is the case that marks a Noun as modifying another In Grammar, a phrase is a group of Words that functions as a single unit in the Syntax of a sentence. Þorbjörn Hornklofi was a 9th century Norwegian Poet. He was the court poet of King Harald Fairhair. Glymdrápa (" Drápa of din" is a skaldic poem composed by Þorbjörn hornklofi toward the end of the 9th century In Linguistics, a compound is a Lexeme (less precisely a Word) that consists of more than one stem. : Hervararkviða 27)). The simplest kennings consist of a base-word (Modern Icelandic stofnorð, German Grundwort) and a determinant (Modern Icelandic kenniorð, German Bestimmung) which qualifies, or modifies, the meaning of the base-word. The determinant may be a noun used uninflected as the first element in a compound word, with the base-word constituting the second element of the compound word. Alternatively the determinant may be a noun in the genitive case, placed before or after the base-word, either directly or separated from the base-word by intervening words. In Grammar, the genitive case or possessive case (also called the second case) is the case that marks a Noun as modifying another [5]

Thus the base-words in these examples are fákr and marr “steed”, the determinants báru “wave’s” and gjálfr “sea”. The unstated noun the kenning refers to is called its referent, in this case: skip “ship”.

In Old Norse poetry, either component of a kenning (base-word or determinant or both) could consist of an ordinary noun or else a heiti “poetic synonym”. A heiti ( Old Norse heiti, Modern Icelandic pronunciation, pl In the above examples, fákr and marr are distinctively poetic lexemes; the normal word for “horse” in Old Norse prose is hestr. For its use in the context of Computer Science see Lexical analysis. For the Wikipedia guideline regarding editing articles see WikipediaManual of Style.

Complex kennings

The skalds also employed complex kennings in which the determinant, or sometimes the base-word, is itself made up of a further kenning: grennir gunn-más “feeder of war-gull” = “feeder of raven” = “warrior” (Þorbjörn hornklofi: Glymdrápa 6); eyðendr arnar hungrs “destroyers of eagle’s hunger” = “feeders of eagle” = “warrior” (Þorbjörn Þakkaskáld: Erlingsdrápa 1). The skald was a member of a group of Poets whose courtly poetry (Icelandic dróttkvæði) is associated with the courts of Scandinavian and Icelandic Raven is the common name given to the largest species of Passerine Birds in the Genus Corvus. Þorbjörn Hornklofi was a 9th century Norwegian Poet. He was the court poet of King Harald Fairhair. Glymdrápa (" Drápa of din" is a skaldic poem composed by Þorbjörn hornklofi toward the end of the 9th century Where one kenning is embedded in another like this, the whole figure is said to be tvíkent “doubly determined, twice modified”. [6]

Frequently, where the determinant is itself a kenning, the base-word of the kenning that makes up the determinant is attached uninflected to the front of the base-word of the whole kenning to form a compound word: mög-fellandi mellu “son-slayer of giantess” = “slayer of sons of giantess” = “slayer of giants” = “the god Thor” (Steinunn Refsdóttir: Lausavísa 2). Thor ( Old Norse: Þórr) is the red-haired and bearded God of Thunder in Germanic paganism and its subset Norse paganism Steinunn Refsdóttir was an Icelandic skaldic poetic active at the end of the 10th century In Old Norse poetry and later Icelandic poetry, a lausavísa (pl

If the figure comprises more than three elements, it is said to be rekit “extended”. [7] Kennings of up to seven elements are recorded in skaldic verse. [8] Snorri himself characterises six-element kennings as an acceptable license but cautions against more extreme constructions: Níunda er þat at reka til hinnar fimtu kenningar, er ór ættum er ef lengra er rekit; en þótt þat finnisk í fornskálda verka, þá látum vér þat nú ónýtt. “The ninth [license] is extending a kenning to the fifth determinant, but it is out of proportion if it is extended further. Even if it can be found in the works of ancient poets, we no longer tolerate it. ” [9]

Word order and comprehension

Word order in Old Norse is generally freer than in Modern English. In Linguistics, word order typology refers to the study of the different ways in which languages arrange the constituents of their sentences relative to each other and the systematic This freedom is exploited to the full in skaldic verse and taken to extremes far beyond what would be natural in prose. Other words can intervene between a base-word and its genitive determinant, and occasionally between the elements of a compound word (tmesis). Tmesis (from Ancient Greek grc τμῆσις tmēsis, "a cutting" temnō, "I cut" is a linguistic phenomenon or Kennings, and even whole clauses, can be interwoven. Ambiguity is usually less than it would be if an English text was subjected to the same contortions, thanks to the more elaborate morphology of Old Norse. Morphology is the field of Linguistics that studies the internal structure of words

Another factor aiding comprehension is that Old Norse kennings tend to be highly conventional. Most refer to the same small set of topics, and do so using a relatively small set of traditional metaphors. Thus a leader or important man will be characterised as generous, according to one common convention, and called an enemy of gold, attacker of treasure, destroyer of arm-rings, etc. and a friend of his people. Nevertheless there are many instances of ambiguity in the corpus, some of which may be intentional,[10] and some evidence that, rather than merely accepting it from expediency, skalds actually favoured contorted word order for its own sake. [11]

Definitions

Some scholars take the term kenning broadly to include any noun-substitute consisting of two or more elements, including merely descriptive epithets (such as Old Norse grand viðar “bane of wood” = “fire” (Snorri Sturluson: Skáldskaparmál 36)),[12] while others would restrict it to metaphorical instances (such as Old Norse sól húsanna “sun of the houses” = “fire” (Snorri Sturluson: Skáldskaparmál 36)),[13] specifically those where “[t]he base-word identifies the referent with something which it is not, except in a specially conceived relation which the poet imagines between it and the sense of the limiting element'” (Brodeur (1959) pp. The second part of Snorri Sturluson 's Prose Edda the Skáldskaparmál or "language of poetry" (c Metaphor (from the Greek: μεταφορά - metaphora, meaning "transfer" is language that directly compares seemingly unrelated subjects 248-253). Some even exclude naturalistic metaphors such as Old English forstes bend “bond of frost” = “ice” or winter-ġewǣde “winter-raiment” = “snow”: “A metaphor is a kenning only if it contains an incongruity between the referent and the meaning of the base-word; in the kenning the limiting word is essential to the figure because without it the incongruity would make any identification impossible” (Brodeur (1959) pp. 248-253). Descriptive epithets are a common literary device in many parts of the world, whereas kennings in this restricted sense are a distinctive feature of Old Norse and, to a lesser extent, Old English poetry. [14]

Snorri’s own usage, however, seems to fit the looser sense: “Snorri uses the term "kenning" to refer to a structural device, whereby a person of object is indicated by a periphrastic description containing two or more terms (which can be a noun with one or more dependent genitives or a compound noun or a combination of these two structures)” (Faulkes (1998 a), p. In Grammar, the genitive case or possessive case (also called the second case) is the case that marks a Noun as modifying another xxxiv). The term is certainly applied to non-metaphorical phrases in Skáldskaparmál: En sú kenning er áðr var ritat, at kalla Krist konung manna, þá kenning má eiga hverr konungr. The second part of Snorri Sturluson 's Prose Edda the Skáldskaparmál or "language of poetry" (c “And that kenning which was written before, calling Christ the king of men, any king can have that kenning. [15] Likewise in Háttatal: Þat er kenning at kalla fleinbrak orrostu [. The Háttatal (c 20000 words is the last section of the Prose Edda composed by the Icelandic Poet, politician and historian Snorri Sturluson . . ] “It is a kenning to call battle ‘spear-crash’ [. . . ]”. [16]

Snorri’s expression kend heiti "qualified terms" appears to be synonymous with kenningar,[17][18] although Brodeur applies this more specifically to those periphrastic epithets which don’t come under his strict definition of kenning. A heiti ( Old Norse heiti, Modern Icelandic pronunciation, pl [19]

Sverdlov approaches the question from a morphological standpoint. Noting that the modifying component in Germanic compound words can take the form of a genitive or a bare root, he points to behavioural similarities between genitive determinants and the modifying element in regular Old Norse compound words, such as the fact that neither can be modified by a free-standing (declined) adjective. [20] According to this view, all kennings are formally compounds, notwithstanding widespread tmesis.

Semantics

Kennings could be developed into extended, and sometimes vivid, metaphors: tröddusk törgur fyr [. . . ] hjalta harðfótum “shields were trodden under the hard feet of the hilt (sword blades)” (Eyvindr Skáldaspillir: Hákonarmál 6); svarraði sárgymir á sverða nesi “wound-sea (=blood) sprayed on headland of swords (=shield)” (Eyvindr Skáldaspillir: Hákonarmál 7). Eyvindr Finnsson skáldaspillir was a 10th century Norwegian Skald. Hákonarmál is a skaldic poem which the Skald Eyvindr skáldaspillir composed about the fall of the Norwegian king Hákon the [21] Snorri calls such examples nýgervingar and exemplifies them in verse 6 of his Háttatal. The effect here seems to depend on an interplay of more or less naturalistic imagery and jarring artifice. But the skalds weren’t averse either to arbitrary, purely decorative, use of kennings: “That is, a ruler will be a distributor of gold even when he is fighting a battle and gold will be called the fire of the sea even when it is in the form of a man’s arm-ring on his arm. If the man wearing a gold ring is fighting a battle on land the mention of the sea will have no relevance to his situation at all and does not contribute to the picture of the battle being described” (Faulkes (1997), pp. 8-9).

Snorri draws the line at mixed metaphor, which he terms nykrat “made monstrous” (Snorri Sturluson: Háttatal 6), and his nephew called the practice löstr “a fault” (Óláfr hvítaskáld: Third Grammatical Treatise 80). Óláfr Þórðarson was an Icelandic Skald and Scholar who was born about 1210 and died in 1259 [22] In spite of this, it seems that “many poets did not object to and some must have preferred baroque juxtapositions of unlike kennings and neutral or incongruous verbs in their verses” (Foote & Wilson (1970), p. 332). E. g. heyr jarl Kvasis dreyra “listen, earl, to Kvasir’s blood (=poetry)” (Einarr skálaglamm: Vellekla 1). Kvasir is a god in Norse mythology. Kvasir was created from the saliva of all the gods making him the wisest of the Vanir, but was quickly murdered Einarr Helgason or Einarr skálaglamm was a 10th century Icelandic Skald.

Sometimes there is a kind of redundancy whereby the referent of the whole kenning, or a kenning for it, is embedded: barmi dólg-svölu “brother of hostility-swallow” = “brother of raven” = “raven” (Oddr breiðfirðingr: Illugadrápa 1); blik-meiðendr bauga láðs “gleam-harmers of the land of rings” = “harmers of gleam of arm” = “harmers of ring” = “leaders, nobles, men of social standing (conceived of as generously destroying gold, i. e. giving it away freely)” (Anon. : Líknarbraut 42).

While some Old Norse kennings are relatively transparent, many depend on a knowledge of specific myths or legends. Norse mythology comprises the indigenous pre-Christian religion, beliefs and Legends of the Scandinavian peoples including those who settled on Iceland Thus the sky might be called naturalistically él-ker “squall-vat” (Markús Skeggjason: Eiríksdrápa 3) or described in mythical terms as Ymis haus “Ymir’s skull” (Arnórr jarlaskáld: Magnúsdrápa 19), referring to the idea that the sky was made out of the skull of the primeval giant Ymir. In Norse mythology, Ymir, also named Aurgelmir ( Old Norse gravel-yeller) among the giants themselves was the founder of the race of Arnórr Þórðarson jarlaskáld ( Poet of Earls) (ca 1012 - 1070s was an Icelandic Skald, son of Þórðr Kolbeinsson. Still others name mythical entities according to certain conventions without reference to a specific story: rimmu Yggr “Odin of battle” = “warrior” (Arnórr jarlaskáld: Magnúsdrápa 5). Odin (ˈoʊdɪn from Old Norse Óðinn) is considered the chief god in Norse paganism.

Poets in medieval Iceland even treated Christian themes using the traditional repertoire of kennings complete with allusions to heathen myths and aristocratic epithets for saints: Þrúðr falda “goddess of headdresses” = “Saint Catherine” (Kálfr Hallsson: Kátrínardrápa 4). A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Norse mythology comprises the indigenous pre-Christian religion, beliefs and Legends of the Scandinavian peoples including those who settled on Iceland Saint Catherine of Alexandria, also known as Saint Catherine of the Wheel and The Great Martyr Saint Catherine ( Greek) is a Christian [23]

Ellipsis

A term may be omitted from a well-known kenning: val-teigs Hildr “hawk-ground’s valkyrie/goddess” (Haraldr Harðráði: Lausavísa 19). In Norse mythology the valkyries ( Old Norse Valkyrja "Choosers of the Slain" are Dísir, minor female deities Harald Sigurdsson (1015 &ndash September 25, 1066) later given the epithet Hardraada ( Old Norse: Haraldr harðráði, roughly translated The full expression implied here is “goddess of gleam/fire/adornment of ground/land/seat/perch of hawk” = “goddess of gleam of arm” = “goddess of gold” = “lady” (characterised according to convention as wearing golden jewellery, the arm-kenning being a reference to falconry). Falconry or hawking is an Art or Sport which involves the use of trained raptors (birds of prey to hunt or pursue game for humans The poet relies on listeners’ familiarity with such conventions to carry the meaning. [24]

Old Norse kennings in context

In the following dróttkvætt stanza, the Norwegian skald Eyvind Finnson skáldaspillir (d. In prosody, alliterative verse is a form of verse that uses Alliteration as the principal structuring device to unify lines of poetry as opposed to The skald was a member of a group of Poets whose courtly poetry (Icelandic dróttkvæði) is associated with the courts of Scandinavian and Icelandic Eyvindr Finnsson skáldaspillir was a 10th century Norwegian Skald. ca 990) compares the greed of king Harald Gråfell to the generosity of his predecessor Haakon the Good:

Bárum, Ullr, of alla,
ímunlauks, á HAUKA
FJÖLLUM Fýrisvalla
fræ Hákonar ævi;
nú hefr fólkstríðir Fróða
fáglýjaðra þýja
meldr í móður holdi
mellu dolgs of folginn

(Eyvindr skáldaspillir: Lausavísa 8). Events By Place Africa Construction of the Al-Hakim Mosque begins in Cairo. Harald II Greycloak ( Old Norse: Haraldr gráfeldr, Norwegian: Harald Gråfell, Danish: Harald Gråfeld) (died 976 Haakon I ( Old Norse: Hákon Aðalsteinsfóstri, Norwegian: Håkon Adalsteinsfostre) (c In Old Norse poetry and later Icelandic poetry, a lausavísa (pl

"Ullr of war-leek! We carried the seed of Fýrisvellir on the mountains of hawks during all of Hakon's life; now the enemy of the people has hidden the flour of Fróði's hapless slaves in the flesh of the mother of the enemy of the giantess. In Germanic paganism, Ullr appears to have been a major god in prehistoric times or even an epitheton (* wulþuz, Old English wuldor, meaning Fyrisvellir, Fyris Wolds or Fyrisvallarna was the marshy plain ( vellir) south of Gamla Uppsala where travellers had to leave the ships and walk Fróði (from Old Norse Fróðr) or Froda ( Old English) is the name of a number of legendary Danish kings in various texts including "

This might be paraphrased: "O warrior, we carried gold on our arms during all of Hakon's life; now the enemy of the people has hidden gold in the earth. "

ímun-laukr "war-leek" = "sword".

Ullr is the name of a god, Ullr. In Germanic paganism, Ullr appears to have been a major god in prehistoric times or even an epitheton (* wulþuz, Old English wuldor, meaning Ullr [. . . ] ímunlauks "god of sword" = "warrior", perhaps addressing King Harald. This kenning follows a convention whereby the name of any god is combined with some male attribute (e. g. war or weaponry) to produce a kenning for "man".

HAUKA FJÖLL "mountains of hawks" are "arms", a reference to the sport of falconry. Falconry or hawking is an Art or Sport which involves the use of trained raptors (birds of prey to hunt or pursue game for humans This follows a convention in which arms are called the land (or any sort of surface) of the hawk.

Fýrisvalla fræ "seed of Fýrisvellir" = "gold". Fyrisvellir, Fyris Wolds or Fyrisvallarna was the marshy plain ( vellir) south of Gamla Uppsala where travellers had to leave the ships and walk This is an allusion to a legend retold in Skáldskaparmál and Hrólf Kraki's saga in which King Hrolf and his men scattered gold on the plains (vellir) of the river Fýri south of Gamla Uppsala to delay their pusuers. The second part of Snorri Sturluson 's Prose Edda the Skáldskaparmál or "language of poetry" (c Hrólfr Kraki, Hroðulf, Rolfo, Roluo, Rolf Krage (early 6th century) was a Legendary Danish king who appears both in Gamla Uppsala ("Old Uppsala" is a parish and a village outside Uppsala in Sweden.

Fróða fáglýjaðra þýja meldr "flour of Fróði's hapless slaves" alludes to the Grottasöng legend and is another kenning for "gold".

móður hold mellu dolgs "flesh of mother of enemy of giantess" is the Earth (Jörd), personified as a goddess who was the mother of Thor, the enemy of the Jotuns. In Norse mythology, Jörð ( Old Norse "earth" jɔrð Jarð jɑrð in Old East Norse --> sometimes Anglicized as Jord Thor ( Old Norse: Þórr) is the red-haired and bearded God of Thunder in Germanic paganism and its subset Norse paganism A jötunn, sometimes anglicized as jotun (pronounced yotun is a giant in Norse mythology, a member of a race of nature spirits with superhuman strength

Old English and other kennings

The practice of forming kennings has traditionally been seen as a common Germanic inheritance, but this has been disputed since, among the early Germanic languages, their use is largely restricted to Old Norse and Old English poetry. [25][26] A possible early kenning for "gold" (walha-kurna "Roman/Gallic grain") is attested in the Ancient Nordic runic inscription on the Tjurkö (I)-C bracteate. Proto-Norse (also Proto-Scandinavian, Primitive Norse, Proto-Nordic, Ancient Nordic, Old Scandinavian and Proto-North Germanic [27][28] Kennings are virtually absent from the surviving corpus of continental West Germanic verse; the Old Saxon Heliand contains only one example: lîk-hamo “body-raiment” = “body” (Heliand 3453 b),[29] a compound which, in any case, is normal in West Germanic and North Germanic prose (Old English līchama, Old High German lîchamo, lîchinamo, Old Icelandic líkamr, líkami, Old Swedish līkhamber, Swedish lekamen, Danish legeme). Old Saxon, also known as Old Low German ( ISO 639 -3 code osx) is the earliest recorded form of Low German, documented from the 9th century The Heliand (ˈhɛliənd or at the time ˈheliand is an epic poem in Old Saxon, written about 825 The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three traditional branches of the Germanic family of Languages and include languages such as English The North Germanic languages or Scandinavian languages make up one of the three branches of the Germanic languages, a sub-family of the Indo-European languages Old Norse is the North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the Viking Age Old Norse is the North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the Viking Age Swedish ( is a North Germanic language spoken by more than nine million people predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, especially along the Danish ( d̥ænsɡ̊ is one of the North Germanic languages (also called Scandinavian languages a sub-group of the Germanic branch of the

Old English kennings are all of the simple type, possessing just two elements, e. g. for “sea”: seġl-rād “sail-road” (Beowulf 1429 b), swan-rād “swan-road” (Beowulf 200 a), bæð-weġ “bath-way” (Andreas 513 a), hron-rād “whale-road” (Beowulf 10), hwæl-weġ “whale-way” (The Seafarer 63 a). Beowulf is an Old English Heroic epic poem of anonymous authorship dating as recorded in the Nowell Codex manuscript from between The Seafarer is an Old English poem recorded in the Exeter Book, one of the four surviving manuscripts of Old English poetry. Most Old English examples take the form of compound words in which the first element is uninflected: "heofon-candel" “sky-candle” = “the sun” (Exodus 115 b). Kennings consisting of a genitive phrase occur too, but rarely: heofones ġim “sky’s jewel” = “the sun” (The Phoenix 183).

Old English poets often place a series of synonyms in apposition, and these may include kennings (loosely or strictly defined) as well as the literal referent: Hrōðgar maþelode, helm Scyldinga [. . . ] “Hrothgar, helm (=protector, lord) of the Scyldings, said [. Hroðgar, Hrothgar, Hróarr, Hroar, Roar, Roas or Ro was a Legendary Danish king, living in the early 6th century Old English Scylding (plural Scyldingas) and Old Norse Skjöldung (plural Skjöldungar) meaning in both languages Shielding . . ]” (Beowulf 456).

Notes

  1. ^ OED Online
  2. ^ Faulkes, Anthony (1998 b).
  3. ^ Faulkes, Anthony (1998 b).
  4. ^ OED Online
  5. ^ Verse-forms and Diction of Christian Skaldic Verse.
  6. ^ Faulkes (1999), p. 5/12.
  7. ^ Faulkes (1999), p. 5/12.
  8. ^ Fjórkennt
  9. ^ Faulkes 1991, 8:29–31; Faulkes 1987, 172.
  10. ^ Faulkes (1997), pp. 11-17,
  11. ^ Faulkes (1997), p. 15.
  12. ^ Meissner (1921), p. 2.
  13. ^ Heusler (1941), p. 137.
  14. ^ Gardner (1969), p. 109-110.
  15. ^ Faulkes (1998 a), p. 78/17, 22.
  16. ^ Faulkes (1999), p. 5/12.
  17. ^ Faulkes (1998 a), p. xxxiv.
  18. ^ Faulkes (1999), p. 5/9.
  19. ^ Brodeur (1959) pp. 248-253.
  20. ^ Sverdlov (2006).
  21. ^ Faulkes (1997), p. 24.
  22. ^ Faulkes (1997), pp. 24-25.
  23. ^ Verse-forms and Diction of Christian Skaldic Verse.
  24. ^ Gordon (1956), p. Eric Valentine Gordon (1896 – 1938 was a Philologist who is known for his compiling of many Germanic texts in their original language into book format 250.
  25. ^ Heusler (1941), p. 137.
  26. ^ Gardner (1969), p. 109-117.
  27. ^ Krause (1971), p. 63. Cited by Hultin (1974), p. 864.
  28. ^ Looijenga (1997), pp. 24, 60, 205; Looijenga (2003), p. 42, 109, 218.
  29. ^ Gardner (1969), pp. 110-111.

References

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Yaer 6b In stcadocs school are look at this and they thing it could be the best ever but 1 thing. A kenning ( Old Norse kenning, Modern Icelandic pronunciation) is a Circumlocution used instead of an ordinary Noun in Old Norse Synecdoche is taken from Greek sinekdohi (συνεκδοχή meaning "simultaneous understanding" (si-nek-duh-kee (pronounced /sɪˈnɛkdoˌki/ In Rhetoric, metonymy (mɨˈtɒnɨmi is the use of a word for a concept or object associated with the concept/object originally denoted by the word A heiti ( Old Norse heiti, Modern Icelandic pronunciation, pl do yu no who he is n how do yu no him have yu seen him befor have yu tlk 2 him befor can yu tell us howww and why and when thxs yu stcadocs school yaer6b.

Dictionary

kenning

-noun

  1. A metaphorical phrase used in Germanic poetry (especially Old English or Old Norse) whereby a simple thing is described in an allusive way, such as ‘whale road’ for ‘sea’, or ‘enemy of the mast’ for ‘wind’.

-verb

  1. Present participle of ken.
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