Kendal
Auld Grey Town
View over the rooftops of Kendal
Kendal shown within Cumbria
Population	27,521 (2001 Census)
OS grid reference	SD515925
- London	223 miles (358. Boundaries and divisions Cumbria is neighboured by Northumberland, County Durham, North Yorkshire, Lancashire, and the Lieutenancy In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology A nationwide Census, commonly known as Census 2001, was conducted in the United Kingdom on Sunday 29 April 2001 The British national grid reference system is a system of geographic grid references commonly used in Great Britain, different from using Latitude and Longitude London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. 9 km) SSE
District	South Lakeland
Shire county	Cumbria
Region	North West
Constituent country	England
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Post town	KENDAL
Postcode district	LA9
Dialling code	01539
Police	Cumbria
Fire	Cumbria
Ambulance	North West
European Parliament	North West England
UK Parliament	Westmorland and Lonsdale
List of places: UK • England • Cumbria

Coordinates: 54°19′34″N 2°44′42″W / 54.326069, -2.745048

Kendal is a market town and civil parish within the South Lakeland district of Cumbria, England. The districts of England are a level of subnational division of England used for the purposes of local government South Lakeland is a local government district in Cumbria, England. Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties are one of the four levels of Subdivisions of England used for the purposes of Local government outside Greater London Boundaries and divisions Cumbria is neighboured by Northumberland, County Durham, North Yorkshire, Lancashire, and the Lieutenancy The region, also known as the government office region, is currently the highest tier of local government sub-national entity of England, with only one North West England is one of the nine official Regions of England. Constituent country is a phrase used often by official institutions in contexts in which a country makes up a part of a larger entity or grouping England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland This list of sovereign states, alphabetically arranged gives an overview of States around the world with information on the extent of their Sovereignty. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located A post town is a required part of all postal addresses in the United Kingdom, and a basic unit of the postal delivery system UK Postal codes are known as postcodes. UK postcodes are Alphanumeric. The LA postcode area, also known as the Lancaster postcode area, is a group of postal districts around Ambleside, Askam-in-Furness, Barrow-in-Furness The UK Telephone numbering plan, also known as the National Telephone Numbering Plan, is the system used for assigning Telephone numbers in the United There are a number of law enforcement agencies in the United Kingdom. Cumbria Constabulary is the Home Office Police force in England covering Cumbria. The fire service in the United Kingdom operates under separate legislative and administrative arrangements in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and The Cumbria Fire and Rescue Service is the county-wide statutory emergency fire and rescue service for the Shire county of Cumbria, The North West Ambulance Service NHS Trust was formed on 1 July 2006 as part of Health Minister Lord Warner's plans to reduce the number of NHS North West England is a Constituency of the European Parliament. This is a list of the 646 constituencies currently represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, as at the 2005 general election Westmorland and Lonsdale is a parliamentary constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. A Gazetteer of place names in the United Kingdom showing each place's County, Unitary authority or council area and its geographical coordinates List of places --> List of cities in the United Kingdom List of towns in England Lists of places This is a list of cities towns and villages in the county of Cumbria, England. A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. Market town or market right is a legal term originating in the Medieval period for a European settlement that has the right to hold Markets A civil parish in the United Kingdom is a unit of local government. South Lakeland is a local government district in Cumbria, England. Boundaries and divisions Cumbria is neighboured by Northumberland, County Durham, North Yorkshire, Lancashire, and the Lieutenancy England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland It is 39. 5 miles (63. A mile is a unit of Length, usually used to measure Distance, in a number of different systems including Imperial units United States 6 km) south of Carlisle, on the course of the River Kent, and has a total resident population of 27,521, making it the third largest settlement in Cumbria (behind Carlisle and Barrow). The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand Carlisle (pronounced CARLYLE(emphasis on the first syllable is a City in northern England the largest settlement in Cumbria. The River Kent is a short river in the county of Cumbria in England. Barrow-in-Furness is an industrial town and Seaport in Cumbria, England.

Historically a part of Westmorland, Kendal today is known largely as a centre for tourism, as the home of Kendal mint cake, and as a world-renowned producer of pipe tobacco and tobacco snuff. The historic counties of England are ancient subdivisions of England. Westmorland (formerly also spelt Westmoreland, an even older spelling is Westmerland) is an area of north-west England and one of the 39 Historic counties Tourism is Travel for Recreational or Leisure purposes The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel Kendal Mint Cake is a Glucose -based confectionery flavoured with Peppermint. Tobacco is an Agricultural product recognized as an addictive drug processed from the fresh Leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. Snuff is a type of smokeless Tobacco. There are several types used in different ways but traditionally it means Dry/European nasal snuff which is inhaled Its buildings, mostly constructed with the local grey limestone, have earned it the nickname the Auld Grey Town. Limestone is a Sedimentary rock composed largely of the Mineral Calcite ( Calcium carbonate: CaCO3

History

Kendal is listed in the Domesday Book as part of Yorkshire with the name Cherchbi. The Domesday Book (ˈduːmzdeɪ bʊk also known as Domesday, or Book of Winchester) was the record of the great survey Yorkshire is a historic county of Northern England and the largest in Great Britain. ^[1] For many centuries it was called Kirkbie Kendal, meaning "village with a church in the valley of the River Kent". The earliest castle was a Norman motte and bailey (now located on the west side of the town) when the settlement went under the name of Kirkbie Strickland

A chartered market town, the centre of Kendal is structured around a high street with fortified alleyways (known locally as yards) off to either side which allowed the local population to seek shelter from the Anglo-Scottish raiding parties known as the Border Reivers. nA motte-and-bailey is a form of Castle. Many were built in Britain, Ireland and France in the 11th and 12th centuries favored as a relatively Market town or market right is a legal term originating in the Medieval period for a European settlement that has the right to hold Markets Border Reivers were raiders along the Anglo - Scottish border ( Border country) for nearly three hundred years from the late 13th century The main industry in these times was the manufacture of woollen goods, the importance of which is reflected in the town's coat of arms and in its Latin motto "Pannus mihi panis", meaning wool (literally 'cloth') is my bread. Wool is the fiber derived from the specialized skin cells called follicles of animals in the Caprinae family principally sheep, but the hair of certain species Heraldry in its most general sense encompasses all matters relating to the duties and responsibilities of officers of arms. "Kendal Green" was hard-wearing wool-based fabric specific to the local manufacturing process, and was supposedly sported by the Kendalian archers who were instrumental in the English victory over the French at the Battle of Agincourt. The Battle of Agincourt was an English victory against a larger French army in the Hundred Years' War.

The site of several (ruined) castles, the most recent one constructed in the late 12th century, Kendal has a long history as a stronghold of one kind or another. This article is about ruins in Architecture; for other meanings see Ruins (disambiguation. Rumours still circulate that King Henry VIII's sixth wife Catherine Parr is believed to have been born at Kendal Castle, but these are unfounded. Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of Catherine Parr ( c 1512 &ndash 5 September 1548 also known as Katherine or Katharine Parr(e, was the last of the six wives of Henry

Kendal mint cake

Main article: Kendal mint cake

Kendal mint cake with chocolate coating

Kendal is known for Kendal mint cake, a glucose-based type of confectionery reputedly discovered accidentally by Joseph Wiper during his search for a clear glacier mint. Kendal Mint Cake is a Glucose -based confectionery flavoured with Peppermint. Glucose (Glc a Monosaccharide (or simple Sugar) also known as grape sugar, is an important Carbohydrate in Biology.

Used on numerous expeditions to mountaintops (including Mount Everest and K2) and both poles of the Earth, its popularity is mainly due to the very astute decision of the original manufacturer's great nephew to market it as an energy food, and to supply Ernest Shackleton's 1914-17 Transarctic Expedition. Mount Everest, also called Sagarmatha (सगरमाथा meaning Head of the Sky) or Chomolungma, Qomolangma or Zhumulangma (in K2 is the second- highest Mountain on Earth (after Mount Everest) Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton, CVO, OBE, (15 February 1874 – 5 January 1922 was an Anglo-Irish explorer who was one of the principal figures of the period The Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition (1914–17 also known as the Endurance Expedition, was the last major expedition of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration

By the time the business was sold to competitor Romney's in 1987 there were several rival mint cake producers, many of which are still in business. Romney's is one of three companies that make Kendal Mint Cake.

Tobacco and Snuff

Snuff production in Kendal dates from 1792, when Kendalian Thomas Harrison returned from Glasgow, Scotland, where he had learned the art of snuff manufacture. Snuff is a type of smokeless Tobacco. There are several types used in different ways but traditionally it means Dry/European nasal snuff which is inhaled He also brought with him 50 tons of second-hand equipment, all carried on horse back. Pipe tobacco and other tobacco products were subsequently added to the firm's production. Tobacco is an Agricultural product recognized as an addictive drug processed from the fresh Leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. Ownership of his firm passed eventually to his son-in-law, Samuel Gawith, whose eponymic firm, Samuel Gawith & Co. , continues in business to this day. Following Samuel Gawith's death in 1865, the firm passed into the hands of his two eldest sons. During this time the business was administered initially by trustees, including Henry Hoggarth, and John Thomas Illingworth.

Illingworth left the firm in 1867 to start his own firm, which remained in business until the 1980s. The youngest son of Samuel Gawith the First subsequently teamed with Henry Hoggarth to form Gawith Hoggarth TT, Ltd. Both Samuel Gawith & Company and Gawith Hoggarth TT continue in business today in Kendal, producing snuffs and tobacco products enjoyed around the world. Samuel Gawith and Company also hold the distinction of employing the oldest piece of industrial equipment still in production use in the world, a device manufactured in the 1750s.

Governance

Civic history

The municipal borough of Kendal was created in 1835 and until 1894 the town was also an urban sanitary district. Municipal boroughs were a type of Local government which existed in England and Wales between 1835 and 1974 in Northern Ireland from 1840 to Sanitary Districts were established in England and Wales in 1875 and in Ireland in 1878. The borough boundaries were altered in 1935 by gaining a small part of South Westmorland Rural District under a County Review Order. South Westmorland was a Rural district in Westmorland, England from 1894 to 1974. The Local Government Act 1929 (19 & 20 Geo V c 17 made changes to poor law and local government in England and Wales

The civil parishes of Kirkland and Nether Graveship were abolished in 1908 and became part of Kendal Civil Parish whose boundaries were after that the same as the borough. A civil parish in the United Kingdom is a unit of local government.

Kendal was, from 1888 to 1974, the administrative centre of the administrative county of Westmorland although Appleby is the traditional county town. Administrative counties were a level of subnational division of England used for the purposes of local government from 1889 to 1974 Westmorland (formerly also spelt Westmoreland, an even older spelling is Westmerland) is an area of north-west England and one of the 39 Historic counties Appleby-in-Westmorland is a town in Cumbria in North West England. A county town is the 'capital' of a County in the United Kingdom or Republic of Ireland.

The borough of Kendal was abolished in 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972 to become a part of South Lakeland district of Cumbria. The Local Government Act 1972 (1972 c 70 is an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom, that reformed local government in England and Wales South Lakeland is a local government district in Cumbria, England. Boundaries and divisions Cumbria is neighboured by Northumberland, County Durham, North Yorkshire, Lancashire, and the Lieutenancy The town was a successor parish, and thus kept its own town council. Successor parishes are Civil parishes created by the Local Government Act 1972 with the same boundaries as an Urban district or Municipal borough A town council is a democratically elected form of government for small municipalities or Parishes A council may serve as both the representative and executive branch

Parliamentary representation

Kendal is part of the Westmorland and Lonsdale parliamentary constituency of which Tim Farron is the current MP representing the Liberal Democrats. Westmorland and Lonsdale is a parliamentary constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Timothy James Farron (born 27 May 1970) is a British Politician who is the Liberal Democrat member The Liberal Democrats, often shortened to Lib Dems, are a liberal Political party in the United Kingdom, formed in 1988 by merging the ^[2]

Geography

Kendal stands on the River Kent, surrounded by low hills. The River Kent is a short river in the county of Cumbria in England. It is near (but not in) the Lake District National Park. When the National Park was formed in 1951 the boundary was deliberately shaped to exclude Kendal. Although a relatively small town, it is an important commercial centre for a wide area thanks to its rural location. Rural areas can be large and isolated (also referred to as "the country" and/or "the countryside over the course of time It is affectionately referred to as "The Gateway to The Lakes".

Economy

Kendal's early prosperity was based largely on cloth manufacture. Burneside is a small village in Cumbria, England. It is located to the north of Kendal and to the southeast of Staveley on the River Kent, just upstream Underbarrow is a small hamlet located in Cumbria, UK. It is a parish ward of Kendal. Sedbergh (pronounced Sedber or even by the locals Sebber) is a small town in Cumbria, England. Oxenholme is a village just south of the town of Kendal, with which it has begun to merge In the 19th century it became a centre for the manufacture of snuff and shoes; the K Shoes company remained a major employer in the town until its factory closed in 2003. Snuff is a type of smokeless Tobacco. There are several types used in different ways but traditionally it means Dry/European nasal snuff which is inhaled A shoe is an item of Footwear. Shoes may vary from a simple Flip-flop to a complex Boot. [1] There are still a number of light industries based in the town. Though tourism is now one of the main employers, there is a significant IT and design example sector in the town (this being non-geographic dependent) the increase of broadband availability has significantly increased this.

On February 26, 2003, Kendal was granted Fairtrade Town status. Events 747 BC - Epoch (origin of Ptolemy 's Nabonassar Era 364 - Valentinian I is proclaimed Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Fairtrade Town is a marketing tool in which this status is awarded by a recognized Fairtrade certification body (i

Transport

A bridge over the old course of the Lancaster Canal, now used as a footpath

Kendal railway station is situated on the Windermere Branch Line and gives connections to Windermere railway station to the north, and Oxenholme Lake District railway station (on the West Coast Main Line) and Lancaster railway station to the south. Kendal railway station is a Railway station serving Kendal in Cumbria. Windermere railway station is the Railway station that serves Windermere in Cumbria. Oxenholme Lake District railway station is a Railway station in Oxenholme, near Kendal in Cumbria. The West Coast Main Line (WCML is a busy mixed-traffic railway route in the United Kingdom. Lancaster railway station (formerly known as Lancaster Castle railway station) is a Railway station that serves the city of Lancaster in

Kendal is around 8 miles (12 km) from the M6 motorway, and is bypassed on the west by the A591 road, linking it to Windermere, Keswick and the A590 leading to Barrow, as well as being the terminus of the A65 road to Kirkby Lonsdale and a destination on the A6 road to Penrith. This article concerns the M6 motorway in England There are also M6 motorways in Russia (see Caspian Highway) Hungary (see M6 motorway The A591 is a major Road in Cumbria, in the north-west of England. Windermere is a Town in Cumbria, England. It lies about half a mile away from the lake of the same name. Keswick (pronounced "kez-ick" /ˈkɛzɪk/ is a Market town within the district of Allerdale, Cumbria, England. The A590 is a Trunk road in southern Cumbria, in the north-west of England. The A65 is a major Road in England. It runs north west from Leeds in Yorkshire via Kirkstall, Horsforth, Yeadon Kirkby Lonsdale is a small Town in Cumbria, England, on the River Lune. Kendal is signposted off the M6 at Junctions 36 (A65, A590), Junction 37 (A684 road), Junction 38 (A685 road and Junction 39 (A6). The A684 is an A road that runs through Cumbria and North Yorkshire, starting at Kendal Cumbria and ending at Ellerbeck and the The A685 is a road in Cumbria, England, that runs 28 miles (45 km from Kendal to Brough.

The Lancaster Canal was built as far as Kendal in 1819, but the northern section was rendered unnavigable by the construction of the M6. The Lancaster Canal is a Canal in the north of England, originally planned to run from Westhoughton in Lancashire to Kendal in south Part of this section was also drained and filled in to prevent leakage, and the course of the canal through Kendal has now been developed. The canal towpath, however, remains as a footpath through Kendal. A campaign is currently underway to restore the canal as far as Kendal.

Kendal is served by a long distance coach service from London (once per day) and local buses run from the bus station to destinations such as Ambleside and Barrow in Furness. Ambleside is a Town in Cumbria, in north-west England.It is situated at the head of Windermere, England's largest lake Barrow-in-Furness is an industrial town and Seaport in Cumbria, England.

Education

The Queen Katherine School, on Appleby Road, is a highly successful Foundation Secondary School, with Technology College status. The Queen Katherine School is a Technology College in Kendal, Cumbria, England. They pride themselves on offering a first class education for students in the town of Kendal and the surrounding area. Students are very successful: the school often rates very highly in a range of national examination league tables as well as in value added measures. Their sixth form is among the very best in the north of England.

Kirkbie Kendal School is a Secondary School Business and Enterprise College, that serves the area around the town and rural countryside. Kirkbie Kendal School is a Business and Enterprise College in Kendal, Cumbria, England, and serves the area around the town and rural countryside Business and Enterprise Colleges (BECs were introduced in 1995 as part of the Specialist Schools Programme in the UK. Kirkbie Kendal School operates as a Foundation school; its previous students include the historian David Starkey. In England and Wales, a foundation school is a type of school which has a degree of independence from the Local education authority. There are numerous Primary Schools in the area, including Castle Park, Stramongate School, Heron Hill, Ghyllside, Vicarage Park, and Dean Gibson. In the nearby village of Natland, there is St Marks School. Natland is village and Civil parish about two miles (3 km south of Kendal in the South Lakeland district of Cumbria, close to the village of

Places of interest

• Kendal Museum of Natural History and Archaeology (one of the oldest in the country, it includes an exhibition on the geology of the Lake District, and a stuffed polar bear)
• Abbot Hall Art Gallery (housed in a Georgian villa, it mounts nationally important exhibitions, such as David Bomberg: Spirit in the Mass (17 July - 28 October 2006). The Lake District, also known as The Lakes or Lakeland, is a rural area in North West England. Abbot Hall Art Gallery is a museum and gallery in Kendal, England David Garshen Bomberg ( December 5, 1890 – August 19, 1957) was an English painter, and one of the Whitechapel Boys Permanent collection includes George Romney, JMW Turner, John Ruskin, Ben Nicholson, Paula Rego, Lucian Freud, Stanley Spencer and Barbara Hepworth. George Romney ( December 26, 1734 – November 15, 1802) Public collections of works Abbot Hall Art Gallery (Kendal Joseph Mallord William Turner (23 April 1775 &ndash 19 December 1851 was an English Romantic landscape painter, Watercolourist and John Ruskin (8 February 1819 &ndash 20 January 1900 is best known for his work as an Art critic, sage writer, and Social critic, but is remembered Benjamin Lauder Nicholson OM, ( 10 April 1894 &ndash 6 February 1982) known as Ben Nicholson, was an English Paula Figueiroa Rego, GCSE, pron 'paulɐ 'ʁegu (born 1935) is a Portuguese painter, Illustrator Lucian Michael Freud, OM, CH (born 8 December 1922 is a British painter of German Origin Sir Stanley Spencer ( 30 June 1891 &ndash 14 December 1959) was an English painter. Dame Barbara Hepworth DBE (January 10 1903 &ndash May 20 1975 christened Jocelyn Barbara Hepworth) was a major British
• Museum of Lakeland Life
• Kendal Castle
• Friends' Meeting House, home of the Quaker Tapestry
• The Brewery Arts Centre (offering theatre, dance, exhibitions, cinemas, music, workshops, youth drama and dance)
• Staff of Life bakery with fresh tasty bread
• Kendal Leisure Centre

Notable people

The following is a list of people who either were born in Kendal or have significant contacts with Kendal:

• Jonathan Dodgson Carr, founder of Carrs Breadmakers and social reform campaigner
• John Cunliffe, creator of Postman Pat
• John Dalton, Chemist and Physicist
• Sir Arthur Eddington, Astrophysicist
• James Ellison, MotoGP rider
• George Romney, portrait painter
• Keith Stainton, politician and WW2 hero in France
• Alfred Wainwright, Guidebook author and walker
• Wild Beasts, New age pop band
• Keith Wilkinson, ITV television news reporter
• John Wilson, mathematician and astronomer
• Yan, Hamilton and Wood of the indie-rock band British Sea Power – raised in Natland, a nearby village. The Quaker Tapestry consists of 77 panels illustrating the history of Quakerism from the 17th century up to the present day John Arthur Cunliffe (born June 16, 1933 Postman Pat is a British Stop-motion animated Children's television series produced by Woodland Animations. John Dalton FRS (6 September 1766 &ndash 27 July 1844 was an English Chemist, Meteorologist and Physicist. Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington, OM (28 December 1882 – 22 November 1944 was an English Astrophysicist of the early 20th century James Ellison (born 19 September 1980 in Lancaster) is an English motorcycle racer George Romney ( December 26, 1734 – November 15, 1802) Public collections of works Abbot Hall Art Gallery (Kendal Keith Monin Stainton ( 8 November 1921 &ndash 3 November 2001) was a British Conservative politician and World War Alfred ("A" Wainwright MBE (17 January 1907 &ndash 20 January 1991 was a British hillwalker, guidebook Author and Illustrator Keith Wilkinson is a British Television Reporter. Born in Lancashire, England, he began his career in newspaper journalism as John Wilson (1741&ndash1793 was an English Mathematician, born in Applethwaite, Westmorland. Jan Scott Wilkinson, better known as Yan, is the Lead singer in English rock band British Sea Power and was the main Neil Hamilton Wilkinson (stage name Hamilton) is the bassist and second vocalist in British Sea Power. Matthew Wood (stage name Wood) is British Sea Power 's drummer British Sea Power are a four-man Indie rock band based in Brighton, England, although three of the band come originally from Kendal in
• Steve Hogarth, vocalist of rock band Marillion

Kendal dialect

The Kendal dialect known as Kendalian, is a diasystem of the Cumbrian dialect spoken around the Kendal area. Steve Hogarth (born Ronald Steven Hoggarth on May 14, 1959 in Kendal) also known as " h " is vocalist with the British Marillion are a British rock group Formed in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, England in 1979 their recorded studio output comprises In Linguistics, in the field of structural Dialectology, a diasystem is a single genetic Language which has two or more standard forms Not to be confused with the Celtic Cumbric language The Cumbrian dialect is a local Dialect spoken in the English county

Kendal Mountain Search & Mountain Rescue Team

Kendal has for many years maintained a voluntary Mountain Search & Rescue team based at Busher Walk. Mountain rescue refers to Search and rescue activities that occur in a mountainous environment although the term is sometimes also used to apply to search and rescue in They have performed numerous rescues around the Kendal area, and along with other local Mountain Rescue teams, helped at the Grayrigg derailment. The Grayrigg derailment was a fatal railway accident that occurred at approximately 2015 GMT on 23 February 2007 just to the south of Grayrigg,

Twin Towns

Kendal is twinned with:

• Rinteln, Lower Saxony, Germany
• Killarney, County Kerry, Republic of Ireland

See also

• Kendal Town F.C.

References

External links

• Kendal Town Council
• Brewery Arts Centre
• George Romneys of Kendal
• Kendal Online (Community Website)
• The Northern Reaches—Restoration of the canal to Kendal
• Kendal Museum
• History of Samuel Gawith and Company