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The Kempeitai (Japanese: 憲兵隊, "Corps of Law Soldiers") was the military police arm of the Imperial Japanese Army from 1881 to 1945. Military police ( MPs) are normally the Police of a Military Organization. The Imperial Japanese Army ( IJA) ( Kyūjitai: 大日本帝國陸軍 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国陸軍 Romaji: Dai-Nippon Teikoku It was not an English-style service police, but was a French-style gendarmerie. A gendarmerie or gendarmery (dʒɛnˈdɑrməriː or /ˌʒɑndɑrməˈriː/ after the French is a Military body charged with Police duties among civilian Therefore, while it was institutionally a part of the Imperial Japanese Army, it also discharged the functions of the military police for the Imperial Japanese Navy under the direction of the Admiralty Minister (although the IJN had its own Tokeitai), those of the executive police under the direction of the Interior Minister, and those of the judicial police under the direction of the Justice Minister. The Imperial Japanese Army ( IJA) ( Kyūjitai: 大日本帝國陸軍 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国陸軍 Romaji: Dai-Nippon Teikoku For Combined Fleet, please see that article For Carrier Striking Task Force, please see that article The was the Imperial Japanese Navy 's Military police, they were equivalent to the Imperial Japanese Army 's Kempeitai. A member of the corps was called a kempei [1]

Contents

History

Kenpei officers aboard a train in 1935
Kenpei officers aboard a train in 1935

The Kempeitai was established in 1881 by a decree called Kempei Jourei (Japanese: 憲兵条例）, literally "articles concerning gendarmes". [2] Its model was la Gendarmerie Nationale of France. The details of the Kempeitai's military, executive and judicial police functions were defined by the Kempei Rei of 1898[3] which was subsequently amended twenty-six times before Japan's defeat in August 1945.

The force initially consisted of 349 men. The enforcement of the new conscription legislation was an important part of their duty, due to resistance from peasant families. The Kempeitai's general affairs branch was in charge of the force's policy, personnel management, internal discipline, as well as communication with the Ministries of the Admiralty, the Interior, and Justice. The operation branch was in charge of the distribution of military police units within the army, general public security and intelligence.

In 1907, the Kempeitai was ordered to station in Korea. Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. [4] Its main duty in Korea was legally defined as preserving the (Japanese army's) peace in Korea, although it also functioned as a military police for the Japanese army stationed in Korea. Military police ( MPs) are normally the Police of a Military Organization. This status remained basically unchanged after Japan's annexation of Korea in 1910.

The Kempeitai maintained public order within Japan under the direction of the Interior Minister, and in the occupied territories under the direction of the Minister of War. A defence minister (or defense minister) is a Cabinet position which regulates the Armed forces in some sovereign nations Japan also had a civilian secret police force, Tokko, which was the Japanese acronym of Tokubetsu Koto Keisatsu ("special higher police"). often shortened to was a Police force established in 1911 in Japan, specifically to investigate and control political groups and ideologies deemed Tokko was a part of the Interior Ministry. However, the Kempeitai, too, had a Tokko branch of its own, and through it discharged the functions of a secret police. As such, the Kempeitai assumed the power to arrest, often without warrant of any kind whatsover, those whom it regarded as subversive to public order, such as communists, liberals and those against the war. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal The Kempeitai often did not hesitate to torture those whom they had arrested, especially during the 1930s and the early 1940s. Torture, according to the United Nations Convention Against Torture, is "any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental is intentionally

When the Kempeitai arrested a civilian under the direction of the Justice Minister, the arrested person was nominally subject to civilian judicial proceedings. In practice, it was very difficult to prove one's innocence once arrested as Japan had very few procedural safeguards against forced confessions before 1948.

The Kempeitai's brutality was particularly notorious in Korea and the other occupied territories. The Kempeitai were abhorred in Japan's mainland, too, especially during World War II when Prime Minister Hideki Tojo, the Commander of the Kempeitai of the Japanese Army in Manchuria from 1935 to 1937[5], used the Kempeitai extensively to make sure that everyone was loyal to the war. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation. Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast Under Tojo, the Kempeitai reduced Japan to a police state. The term police state describes a State in which the government exercises rigid and repressive controls over the social economic and political

According to United States Army TM-E 30-480, there were over 36,000 regular members of the Kempeitai at the end of the war; this did not include the many ethnic "auxiliaries". The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. The term auxiliaries comes from the Latin auxilia (help It is generally used to describe people employed in an organisation often pre-existing as a Reserve As many foreign territories fell under the Japanese military occupation during the 1930s and the early 1940s, the Kempeitai recruited a large number of locals in those territories. Taiwanese and Koreans were used extensively as auxiliaries to police the newly occupied territories in Southeast Asia, although the Kempeitai recruited French Indochinese (especially, from among the Cao Dai religious sect), Malaysians and others. First French interventions See also France-Vietnam relations France-Vietnam relations started as early as the 17th century with the mission of the Jesuit Cao Đài ( Vietnamese:) is a relatively new syncretist, Monotheistic Religion, officially established in Tây Ninh, The Kempeitai may have trained Trinh Minh The, a Vietnamese nationalist and military leader. Trình Minh Thế ( 1922 - May 3 1955) was a Vietnamese nationalist and Military leader during the end of the First Indochina War A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking Some sources report that the Kempeitai recruited criminals as law enforcers.

The Kempeitai was disarmed and disbanded after the Japanese surrender in August 1945.

Today, the post-war Self-Defence Forces' internal police is called Keimutai (See Japanese Self-Defence Forces). The, or JSDF, are the military forces in Japan that were established after the end of the post- World War II American occupation of Japan Each individual member is called Keimukan.

Japanese Secret Services and the Axis Powers

In the 1920's and 1930's, the Kempeitei forged various connections with certain pre-war European intelligence services. Later when Japan signed the Tripartite Pact, the Japanese Secret Services formed formal links with these intelligence units, now under German and Italian fascists, known as the Abwehr and the Italian SIM. The Tripartite Treaty (1906 also refers to a 1906 treaty concerning the Nile river (see Hydropolitics in the Nile Basin. The Abwehr was a German intelligence organization from 1921 to 1944 Along these lines, the Japanese Army and Navy, contacted their corresponding Wehrmacht intelligence units, Schutzstaffel (SS), or Kriegsmarine concerning information regarding Europe and vice versa. Wehrmacht (literally "defense force" was the name of the unified Armed forces of Germany from 1935 to 1945 The ( German for "Protective Squadron" abbreviated SS - or ( Runic)- was a major Nazi organization under Adolf Hitler and the The Kriegsmarine (English "War navy" was the name of the German Navy between 1935 and 1945 during the Nazi regime superseding the Europe and Japan realized the benefits of these exchanges (for example, the Japanese sent data about Soviet forces in the Far East and in Operation Barbarossa from the Japanese Embassy, and Admiral Canaris offered aid in respect to the Portuguese neutrality question in Timor). A soviet (сове́т, "council" originally was a workers' local council in late Imperial Russia. Operation Barbarossa ( Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the Codename for Nazi Germany 's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II Wilhelm Franz Canaris ( January 1, 1887 &ndash April 9, 1945) was a German Admiral and head of the Abwehr Timor is an Island at the south end of the Malay Archipelago, north of the Timor Sea.

One important contact point was at the Penang Submarine base, in Malaysia. Penang (pəˈnæŋ Malay: Pulau Pinang) is a state in Malaysia, located on the northwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and This base served Axis submarine forces: (Italian Regia Marina, German Kriegsmarine, and the Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun, or Imperial Japanese Navy). The Regia Marina ( Italian Royal Navy) dates from the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861 after Italian unification. The Kriegsmarine (English "War navy" was the name of the German Navy between 1935 and 1945 during the Nazi regime superseding the For Combined Fleet, please see that article For Carrier Striking Task Force, please see that article Here at regular intervals, technological and information exchanges occurred. Until the end of conflict, Axis forces used the bases in Italian occupied Ethiopia, the Vichy France territory of Madagascar and some "officially" neutral places like the Portuguese Colonies of Goa in India. NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page Vichy France, or the Vichy regime are the common terms used to describe the government of France from July 1940 to August 1944 Madagascar, or Republic of Madagascar (older name Malagasy Republic) is an Island nation in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern Goa ( Konkani: गोंय /ɡɔ̃j/ is India 's smallest state in terms of area and the fourth smallest in terms of population. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country

This intelligence collaboration was maintained until early 1945, and in a greatly reduced from then until circa August 1945.

Organization

The Kempeitai maintained a headquarters in each relevant army area, comprising two or three field offices, each with approximately 375 personnel.

The field office in turn was divided into 65-man sections called 'buntai', which were further divided into sub-sections called bunkentai, with approximately 25 personnel.

Each sub-section contained three squads: a police squad or keimu han, an administration squad or naikin han, and a special duties squad or Tokumu han.

Wartime mission

The Kempeitai was responsible for the following:

Uniform

Personnel wore either the standard M1938 field uniform or the cavalry uniform with high black leather boots. Civilian clothes were also authorized but badges of rank or the imperial chrysanthemum were worn under the jacket lapel. Chrysanthemums, often called 'mums' are a genus ( Chrysanthemum) of about 30 species of perennial Flowering plants in the family Asteraceae Uniformed personnel also wore a black chevron on their uniforms and a white armband on the left arm with the characters ken (憲, "law") and hei (兵, "soldier").

A full dress uniform comprising a red kepi, gold and red waist sash, dark blue tunic and trousers with black facings was authorised for officers of the Kempeitai to wear on ceremonial occasions until 1942. The kepi is a Cap with a flat circular top and a Visor ( American English) or peak ( British English) Rank insignia comprised gold Austrian knots and epaulettes. An Austrian Knot (or Tyrolean Knot) is an elaborate design of twisted cord or Lace worn as part of a dress Uniform, usually on the lower sleeve Epaulette (ˈɛpǝlɛt is a French word meaning "little shoulder" (from épaule, meaning "shoulder"

Personnel were armed with either a cavalry sabre and pistol for officers and a pistol and bayonet for enlisted men. Junior NCOs carried a shinai (竹刀, "bamboo kendo sword") especially when dealing with prisoners.

Officer ranks and strengths

Japanese Secret Services and Conquest Planning

Japanese Secret Services provided the Imperial High Command, the Army and the Navy with intelligence information which had some bearing on their strategy of conquering the "Southern Theatre".

The Japanese Army General Staff obtained such information through their channels in China and the Soviet Union under the Japanese strategic planning for mainland Asia (1905-1940). China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Army strategists saw detailed data in their Intelligence headquarters in Manchukuo and Kwantung. Manchukuo (ja [[wikt満州国 満州国]] Manshūkoku lit "State of Manchuria " was a Puppet state in Manchuria and eastern Kwantung ( is a coastal area of northeastern China which is remembered most for its connection to Japan 's Kwantung Army.

For the Japanese Navy Staff, the information came from western colonies in Southeast Asia, and the Pacific area. Navy experts analyzed all aspects of these countries in their Intelligence HQ at Taihoku, Formosa. Taipei ( Taiwanese Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tâi-pak-chhī Jhuyin Fuhao: ㄊㄞˊ ㄅㄟˇ ㄕˋ Hakka: Thòi-pet-sṳ has been the capital of Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia.

At the same time, another important point in planning was in relation to future confrontation with the United States linked to these conquest strategies. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the These details were studied at Imperial House and Central Government Intelligence organizations in Tokyo. officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū.

When all intelligence organizations analyzed the Japanese Army defeats in their strategy in the Russian-Japanese Incidents during 1929-39, the situation stayed in favour of the Japanese Navy ideologists in their proposed South Seas conquest strategy. This changed the political balance in favour of the Navy in 1941, using their proposals in the Southern Area.

The Japanese Secret Services provided important economic, industrial, and social data to help in the organization of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere economic conquest doctrine, with Japanese conquest planning. The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere ( Kyūjitai: 大東亞共榮圈 Shinjitai: ja 大東亜共栄圏 Dai-tō-a Kyōeiken) was a concept This recovery of information continued during the Japanese occupation period until August 1945.

After World War I, Japan sided with the Allies, and Japanese Intelligence then monitored the German colonies in the Pacific. In general allies are people groups or nations that have joined together in an association for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose This is a list of former German Empire colonies and Protectorates (Schutzgebiete the German colonial empire. Japan occupied Palau Island, the Marshall Islands, and the Caroline Islands. Palau, officially the Republic of Palau (Beluu er a Belau is an island nation in the Pacific Ocean, some 500 miles (800  km) east The Marshall Islands, officially the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI is a Micronesian nation of islands in the middle of the Pacific Ocean The Caroline Islands form a large Archipelago of widely scattered islands in the western Pacific Ocean, northeast of New Guinea. They used the islands as sea and air bases for their intelligence operations, spying on shipping lanes. Dutch New Guinea was a hotbed of Japanese espionage. Netherlands New Guinea was the official name of Western New Guinea while it was a colonial possession of the Netherlands.

Overseas services and collaborators

Japanese Secret Services used some "covers" to protect their activities. For example, The Molino Rojo (Red Mill) in Tijuana, Mexico as a brothel used by Japanese intelligence agents for conferences and as a meeting place. Tijuana (ˌtiːəˈwɑːnə Spanish, ti'xwana|ti'ʍana is the largest city of the Mexican state of Baja California, situated on the U The Molino Rojo is located in Tijuana's notorious Zona Norte, with its many bars and brothels. The interesting thing about Tijuana is that it is less than 15 miles from the U. S. Navy's San Diego Destroyer Base (now Naval Station San Diego) and the North Island Naval Air Station. An Imperial Navy Lieutenant Commander and subervsive agent, a former exchange student at California's Stanford University, had recruited an American spy, former Navy yeoman. Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University or simply Stanford, is a private Research university located in Starting with a $500 lure and $200 monthly payment, Japanese agents persuaded the American to board U. S. Navy ships dressed in a yeoman's uniform, to obtain intelligence from the crews. The Japanese recruited an American in San Pedro, two hours drive up the California coast, and also the location of U. S. shipping and naval units. This American was detected by the U. S. Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI) and was later sentenced to 15 years in prison. The Office of Naval Intelligence ( ONI) was established in the United States Navy in 1882

Japanese spies had assumed the cover of diplomats, businessmen, fisherman and other mundane occupations and frequently relied on the cooperation of, or the blind eyes of top officials of supposedly neutral governments. The Japanese attempted to subvert U. S. politics and foment unrest among minorities with overtures to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, usually abbreviated as NAACP, is one of the oldest and most influential Civil rights organizations This practice was repeated in Mexico and in South America and was patterned after Japan's subversive activities throughout Asia. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a

The Japanese, like their counterparts in China, developed espionage programs by linking secret societies with ultranationalist aims--such as Genyosha (Dark Ocean Society), Kokuryu-kai (Amur River Society), the Black Dragon Society--and organized criminal enterprises--such as Yakuza crime syndicates. The was an influential ultranationalist group and secret society active in Meiji, Taishō and early Shōwa period Japan. The was a prominent Paramilitary, ultra- Nationalist Right-wing group in Japan. The was a prominent Paramilitary, ultra- Nationalist Right-wing group in Japan. History Origins Despite their notoriety in modern Japan the precise origin of the Yakuza is still somewhat the subject of debate Indeed, Dark Ocean and the Black Dragons supplied espionage and subversion services to the Empire in Korea in 1895 and perhaps earlier. Dark Ocean founder and Black Dragon mentor Mitsuru Toyama, as well secret society links to the Japanese Kempei Tai, a functional equivalent to Hitler's Gestapo that relied upon the secret societies for manpower and support. was a right-wing political leader in early 20th century Japan and founder of the Genyosha Ultra-nationalist secret society

The Black Dragons were the Amur River Society (Kokuryu-kai) in 1930s and 1940s Japan. The Black Dragons were ultra-nationalists heavily involved in the conquest of China, and as spies and fifth columnists subverting nations targeted for conquest. The Black Dragons were active up and down the Pacific Coast of North and South America.

Black Dragons were a concern to Lieutenant Commander K. D. Ringle of U. S. Navy Intelligence and other security officials. They were a secret society with political aims. Many of its members served in industry and government including diplomatic posts and bureaucratic and military roles such as the Kempei Tai secret political police. The veiled relationship of secret societies such as Black Dragon to government and business exemplifies a Japanese social phenomena.

Secret Japanese documents titled "The Three Power Alliance and the American/Japanese War" were alleged to have been stolen from an intelligence officer of the Black Dragon Society by an anti-Japanese Korean patriot. The documents were purported to detail Japanese war plans for the simultaneous invasion of the Panama Canal Zone, Alaska, California and Washington State. The Panama Canal Zone (Zona del Canal de Panamá was a 553 square mile (1432 km² territory inside of Panama, consisting of the Panama Canal and an area generally Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. He was said to have obtained the documents by clandestine means in a Los Angeles hotel room in 1940.

In the Dutch East Indies and the Philippines, as in the U. S. and Mexican west coasts, throngs of Japanese fishermen pulled nets and took notes and pictures for the Empire. Japan's fishing fleets were augmented by farmers, mining engineers, industrialists and merchants, barbers, house-boys, maids and prostitutes, especially in those areas designated as part of Japan's Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. In this sea of ordinary Japanese was submerged a potent fifth column of spies, subversives and saboteurs. There is a story of a French writer travelling worldwide, observing Japanese spy rings operating in Malaya, India, Burma, Ceylon, Thailand and as far away as Middle East, Morocco, Port Said, Egypt and Italian-occupied Ethiopia.

In neutral Spain, spy masters operating under the aegis of Japan's Ambassador controlled TO spy rings worldwide and coordinated exchanges of intelligence with the other Axis powers through Germany's Abwehr general staff intelligence agency and Italy's Military Secret service. In neutral Portugal, the Japanese Ambassador provided a vital link and source of intelligence for the Axis. In Germany, the Japanese Ambassador outranked both the Japanese diplomat in Madrid and in Lisbon, and much of the TO intelligence was funneled through Japan's Embassy.

In Berlin, where the Japanese Ambassador enjoyed a close friendship with the chief of Germany's secret services, a diplomat relayed TO information to Tokyo along with messages coordinating policies and operations between the three Axis powers. Japan's diplomats in Afghanistan spied on Russia, Iran and India and fed information into the Japanese Madrid center. This pattern of diplomatic cover and use of neutral third countries and Japanese people of ordinary backgrounds was repeated around the world.

The TO network even operated in Great Britain, where an eyewitness said that he had run TO operations from England and stated that the "Spanish leader knew every detail of our activities with the Axis". Early on, the Japanese Ambassador in Spain established a successful spy ring in the U. S. aided by a Spanish operative introduced by Spain's Foreign Minister Suñer. In this net were some Japanese spies operating in a U. S. City in Pacific area.

In the period from about 1895 to 1941, Japan encouraged emigration of its citizens to nations bordering the Pacific Ocean, including the United States. These Japanese were often referred to as doho, or "compatriots". The position taken by Tokyo was that the doho held dual citizenship, with loyalty to Japan, and loyalty to the Emperor first and foremost. While unknown numbers of Japanese citizens rejected the demands of being doho, many did not. The doho created security problems for Asian nations, the Pacific islands and for the United States and Canada. Routinely denied by Japanese-Americans, doho performed espionage and subversive duties for Japan on U. S. soil. Japanese men returned to Japan to serve the Tenno. Thousands of Japanese-American men renounced their loyalty to the U. S. and demanded repatriation to Japan during World War II. Black Dragons disrupted U. S. internment camps. Declassification of U. S. security files including top secret intercepts of Japanese Code Machine and other ciphers has confirmed and added to the body of information on doho.

There were among the Japanese both alien and United States citizens certain individuals, either deliberately placed by the Japanese government or actuated by a fanatical loyalty to that country, who acted as saboteurs or agents. This number is estimated to be less than three percent of the total, or about 3500 in the entire United States.

The most dangerous of these people were either in custodial detention or members of such organizations as the Black Dragon Society, the Kaigun Kyokai (Navy League), or the Hoirusha Kai (Military Service Man's League), or affiliated groups. The membership of these groups was already fairly well known to the Naval Intelligence Service or the FBI and could be immediately placed in custodial detention, irrespective of whether they were alien or citizen. Another example, in the Southeast Asia area, were Japanese living in Malaya before World War II carrying out subversion and providing intelligence information, troops and war materiel. These Japanese immigrants, or first generation descendants of Japanese born in Malaya, were considered doho, or compatriots by Japanese traditions and law. Their allegiance to the Emperor and Japan was assumed by Japan's leaders. The doho in Malaya included the Japanese Editor of a local journal, a Japanese diplomat (arrested for espionage), thousands of Japanese prostitutes, businessmen, dentists, photographers and barbers. The policy of this editor was to oppose the pro-England, pro-Southeast Asia policies of local newspapers and soften public opinion in Japan's favor. The prostitutes, passed on pillow talk, and the businessmen, dentists, photographers and barbers were all well-placed to collect intelligence, take photos and glean intelligence while hearing the chatter of their customers and social contacts.

Political Department

The Political Department refers to the political and ideological section of the Kempei Tai military police of pre-Pacific War Japan. It was meant to counter hostile ideological or political influences, and to reinforce the ideology of military units.

It worked through political propaganda and as an ideological representative of the Imperial Japanese Army's Kodoha (Imperial way faction, or war party). The Imperial Japanese Army ( IJA) ( Kyūjitai: 大日本帝國陸軍 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国陸軍 Romaji: Dai-Nippon Teikoku The was a Political faction in the Imperial Japanese Army, active in the 1920s and 1930s largely supported by junior officers aiming to establish a military government and In the first phase this section drove against communist propaganda, but extended its responsibilities in other directions, at home and overseas.

It acted in Manchukuo and other areas on the Asian mainland. It was a rough equivalent to the NKVD political sections and or politruk (political commissar) units of the Soviets; or the German Nazi SS propaganda departments. The NKVD ( НКВД, ru Народный Комиссариат Внутренних Дел ''Narodnyy Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del'') or People's Commissariat A political commissar, or politruk, is an officer appointed by a government to oversee a unit of the military The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German They promoted racial superiority, racialist theories, counterespionage, intelligence, political sabotage and infiltration of enemy lines. They liaised with the Manchukuo military police, intelligence service, regular police, 'Residents' committees, local Nationalist Parties and the Japanese Secret Service detachment in Manchukuo. Manchukuo (ja [[wikt満州国 満州国]] Manshūkoku lit "State of Manchuria " was a Puppet state in Manchuria and eastern The section in Manchukuo used some agents from White Russian, Chinese, Manchu, Mongol and other foreign backgrounds for special services or covert actions at home and abroad.

Tokeitai, The Naval Secret Police

Main article: Tokeitai

The Imperial Japanese Navy also formed a smaller and more low key police and intelligence group, the Tokeitai (Naval Secret Police), to keep the Kempeitai and the Army from meddling in Navy affairs. The was the Imperial Japanese Navy 's Military police, they were equivalent to the Imperial Japanese Army 's Kempeitai. For Combined Fleet, please see that article For Carrier Striking Task Force, please see that article The was the Imperial Japanese Navy 's Military police, they were equivalent to the Imperial Japanese Army 's Kempeitai. They were no less brutal than their Kempeitai counterparts. The Tokeitai was especially active in the areas of the South Pacific, the Naval Control Area. In 2007, historians Yoshiaki Yoshimi and Hirofumi Hayashi discovered, in the archives of the Tokyo tribunal, documents suggesting that Tokeitai members coerced women into sexual slavery in Indonesia, Indochina and China [6]

Special equipment

In line with their particular functions, Japanese secret agents utilized specialized equipment:

Radios

Electronic devices

Special Code Handbooks

Cipher Machines

Weapons

Uniforms

Depending upon the secret mission, the Japanese Secret Services wore regular uniforms, special forces uniforms, police uniforms, captured enemy military or police uniforms, or simply civilian clothing. The Type 97 Sniper Rifle is a Japanese Bolt-action rifle based on the Type 38 Rifle. The Type 99 Rifle (From the Japanese 九九式小銃 or 九九式長小銃　 Kyuukyuu-shiki syoujyuu or Kyuukyuu-shiki tyousyoujyuu) was a Bolt-action Rifle

Transport

During special operations, the Japanese Secret Services used various local or captured types of transport:

Aircraft

Vessels and Submarines

Japanese Secret Services also used merchant vessels, transport cruisers, coastal or modern high sea fishing vessels, sea or river patrols, Surface Navy War Vessels, regular or modified light boats, and modified or regular Midget or larger Submarines between another vessels types. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout History The Ki-54 was developed in response to an Imperial Japanese Army requirement for a twin-engine advanced trainer principally for crew training WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

Land Transports

During land operations, the Japanese Secret Services used cars, trucks, jeeps, motorcycles/sidecars, bicycles, armed or unarmed armored troops transports, light or medium tanks or railway services.

Structure of Japanese Secret Services

(The author of this section is advised to provide the audience with sources and to transfer this section and any relevant section below to another article. )

Japanese Secret Services Supreme Commander and associated Operative Chiefs

Beneath the Supreme Commander was:

National Defense

Japanese national defense organization

Both perform similar work to German Military Intelligence units Abwehr im Oberkommando der Wehrmacht ("Abwehr"), the Brandenburg Unit and the German Naval Intelligence section. Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. History Japanese settlement on Sakhalin dates to at least the Edo period. Sakhalin (Сахали́н səxʌˈlʲin Japanese:nihongo|樺太|karafuto or; Chinese: 庫頁 Kùyè also Saghalien, is a large elongated The Kempeitai (Japanese 憲兵隊 "Corps of Law Soldiers" was the Military police arm of the Imperial Japanese Army from 1881 to 1945 The was the Imperial Japanese Navy 's Military police, they were equivalent to the Imperial Japanese Army 's Kempeitai. The Abwehr was a German intelligence organization from 1921 to 1944 The Brandenburgers were members of the Brandenburg German Commando unit during World War II.

The Japanese Intelligence Services also organized a spy network code named "TO" and others. The system collected any relevant intelligence data for future objetives or anything related to national defense and the Japanese Army or Navy military plans.

Other Complimentary Military Intelligence units:

Naval Intelligence Section

Kempeitai Intelligence Section

Security Doctrine

Headquarter Locations

The Japanese Navy Intelligence Center was located in Taiwan and the Japanese Army Intelligence Headquarters was in Manchukuo. For Combined Fleet, please see that article For Carrier Striking Task Force, please see that article Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. The Imperial Japanese Army ( IJA) ( Kyūjitai: 大日本帝國陸軍 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国陸軍 Romaji: Dai-Nippon Teikoku Manchukuo (ja [[wikt満州国 満州国]] Manshūkoku lit "State of Manchuria " was a Puppet state in Manchuria and eastern

Intelligence Departments by Region

Special Services

Such sections were under the command of Joho-Kikan (Japanese Army intelligence), Tokumu Kikan (Japanese Army Espionage service) and Kempei Tai Intelligence unit. The Japanese Navy has some similar intelligence units.

For tactics operations of Special Forces commandos look at the actions of the Giretsu special forces operations during the last stages of conflict in 1944-45 against the American bases in Marianas. The Mariana Islands (also the Marianas; up to the early 20th century sometimes called Ladrones Islands, from Spanish Islas de los Ladrones meaning

Central Government

Annex Intellligence units outside Japan

Korea (Chosen)

Manchukuo & Kwantung

Mengchiang

Reformed Chinese state

Formosa

South Pacific Mandate

Southeast Asia

organized by Japanese in occupied lands with native collaboration

Other Intelligence sections

and Tokeitai (Japanese Navy's own police force) had responsibilities similar to German

("SD") (German Security Service) or Soviet Russian NKVD, and Politruk unit, for watching exterior enemies or suspicious persons and watching inside of own unit for possible defectors or traitors; and used the security doctrine of "Kikosaku". The was a former Cabinet -level ministry established under the Meiji Constitution that managed the internal affairs of Empire of Japan from 1873-1947 was the National airline of the Empire of Japan before World War II, and was the forerunner of the modern Japan Airlines. Japan -based ( ( Japan Mail Shipping Line) or NYK Line, is one of the largest Shipping companies in the world or Japan Broadcasting Corporation, is Japan 's Public broadcaster. was the official News agency of the Empire of Japan History and Development Dōmei was the end result of years of efforts by Japanese journalists and business The was the smallest unit of the national mobilization program established by the Japanese government in World War II. The Central Academy (also known as the Old Central Academy High School) is a historic site in Palatka, Florida. The was the smallest unit of the national mobilization program established by the Japanese government in World War II. The was the Japanese League of Nations Mandate consisting of several groups of islands in the Pacific Ocean which came under the administration of Japan The was the smallest unit of the national mobilization program established by the Japanese government in World War II. The was the Imperial Japanese Navy 's Military police, they were equivalent to the Imperial Japanese Army 's Kempeitai. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The ( German for "Protective Squadron" abbreviated SS - or ( Runic)- was a major Nazi organization under Adolf Hitler and the The Sicherheitsdienst (SD Security Service was primarily the Intelligence service of the SS and the NSDAP. The NKVD ( НКВД, ru Народный Комиссариат Внутренних Дел ''Narodnyy Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del'') or People's Commissariat A political commissar, or politruk, is an officer appointed by a government to oversee a unit of the military

During the Second World War, the Kempeitai had units in:

Portrayals in Popular Culture

References

  1. ^ Masae Takahashi (editor and annotator), Zoku Gendaishi Shiryo ("Materials on Contemporary History, Second Series"), Volume 6, Gunji Keisatsu ("Military Police"), (Tokyo: Misuzu Shobo, 1982), pp. v-xxx.
  2. ^ Dajokan-Tatsu (Decree in Grand Council of the State) of 11 March 1881 (14th Year of Meiji), No. The, or Meiji era, denotes the 45-year reign of the Meiji Emperor, running in the Gregorian calendar, from 23 October 1868 to 30 July 11. This decree was subsequently amended by Chokurei (Order in Privy Council) of 28 March 1889 (22nd Year of Meiji), No. 43.
  3. ^ Order in Privy Council of 29 November 1898 (31st year of Meiji), No. 337.
  4. ^ Order in Privy Council of 1907 (40th Year of Meiji), No. 323.
  5. ^ Naohiro Asao, et al. ed. , Simpan Nihonshi Jiten ("Dictionary of Japanese History, New Edition", (Tokyo: Kadokawa Shoten, 1997) p. 742 ("Tojo Hideki"), and pp. 348-9 ("Kempei").
  6. ^ Evidence documenting sex-slave coercion revealed http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20070418a5.html

See also

External links

Japanese war crimes occurred during the period of Japanese imperialism. Baron was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army. He is regarded as one of the founders of the Japanese Secret Intelligence Services, also known as the Kempeitai was a covert biological and Chemical warfare research and development unit of the Imperial Japanese Army that undertook lethal human experimentation during The was a prominent Paramilitary, ultra- Nationalist Right-wing group in Japan. Unit 100 was a secret Imperial Japanese Army facility that focused on the development of Biological weapons during World War II. was a covert biological and Chemical warfare research and development unit of the Imperial Japanese Army that undertook lethal human experimentation during The was the Imperial Japanese Navy 's Military police, they were equivalent to the Imperial Japanese Army 's Kempeitai. The of the Empire of Japan, consisted of numerous Police services in many cases with overlapping jurisdictions Japanese nationalism refers to the Japanese version of Nationalism, and encompasses a broad range of ideas and sentiments entertained by the Japanese people The was a Political faction in the Imperial Japanese Army, active in the 1920s and 1930s largely supported by junior officers aiming to establish a military government and Japanese war crimes occurred during the period of Japanese imperialism. A gendarmerie or gendarmery (dʒɛnˈdɑrməriː or /ˌʒɑndɑrməˈriː/ after the French is a Military body charged with Police duties among civilian
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