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Kelud

Elevation 1,731 m (5,679 ft)
Location East Java, Indonesia
Coordinates 7°55′48″S 112°18′29″E / -7.93, 112.308Coordinates: 7°55′48″S 112°18′29″E / -7.93, 112.308
Type Stratovolcano
Volcanic arc/belt Pacific Ring of Fire
Last eruption 2008
Listing List of volcanoes in Indonesia

Kelud (Klut, Cloot, Kloet, Kloete or Kelut) is a volcano located on the eastern part of the island of Java in Indonesia. In topography a summit is a point on a surface which is higher in Elevation than all points immediately adjacent to East Java (Jawa Timur is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the eastern part of the island of Java and also includes neighboring Madura The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. Mountains can be characterized in several ways Some mountains are Volcanoes and can be characterized by the type of lava and eruptive history A stratovolcano, also called a composite volcano is a tall conical Volcano composed of many layers of hardened Lava, Tephra, and Volcanic A volcanic arc is a chain of volcanic islands or Mountains formed by Plate tectonics as an oceanic Tectonic plate subducts under A volcanic belt is a large volcanically active region Other terms are used for smaller areas of activity such as volcanic fields Volcanic belts are found above zones Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common There are many notable lists of mountains around the world Typically a list of mountains becomes notable by first being listed or defined by an author or group (e Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below --> The Geography of Indonesia Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the Java (Jawa is an Island of Indonesia and the site of its Capital city Jakarta. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Like many Indonesian volcanoes and others on the Pacific Ring of Fire, Kelud is known for large explosive eruptions throughout its history. More than 30 eruptions have occurred since 1000 A. D. [1]

On May 19, 1919, an eruption at Kelud killed an estimated 5,000 people, mostly through hot mudflows (also known as "lahar"). Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Mudslide redirects here it is also the name of a cocktail. A mudflow or mudslide is the most rapid (up to 80 km/h / 50 mph A lahar is a type of Mudflow / Landslide composed of Pyroclastic material and Water that flows down from a Volcano, typically More recent eruptions in 1951, 1966, and 1990 have altogether killed another 250 people. Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) [2] Following the 1966 eruption, the Ampera Tunnel was built on the southwestern side of the crater to drain the crater lake and thus reduce the lahar hazard. A volcanic crater is a circular depression in the ground caused by volcanic activity Crater Lake is a Caldera Lake located in the US state of Oregon.

A strong and explosive eruption on early February 1990 produced a 7 kilometres (4 mi) high column of tephra, heavy tephra falls and several pyroclastic flows. Tephra is air-fall material produced by a volcanic eruption regardless of composition or fragment size A pyroclastic flow (also known as a pyroclastic density current) is a common and devastating result of some volcanic eruptions. More than thirty people were killed. Workers continued to quarry the Ampera Tunnel despite the still-hot (90 - 400°C / 194 – 752°F) pyroclastic flow deposits which reached as high as 25 m (82 ft) and buried the tunnel's mouth.

Contents

2007 eruption

On October 16, 2007, Indonesian authorities ordered the evacuation of 30,000 residents living near Kelud, after scientists placed the volcano on the highest alert level, meaning that they expected an imminent eruption. Events 456 - Magister militum Ricimer defeats the Emperor Avitus at Piacenza and becomes master of the western Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. [3]

Kelud erupted at about 3 p. m. local time on Saturday, November 3, 2007. Events 644 - Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Muslim Caliph, is killed by a Persian slave in Medina. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The eruption was confirmed by the Indonesian government's Centre for Vulcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation. [4][5] Although no visual confirmation was possible when the eruption began because the volcano's peak was shrouded by clouds, Indonesian government volcanologists said seismic readings showed an eruption was under way. Volcanology (also spelled vulcanology) is the study of Volcanoes, Lava, Magma, and related geological and Geophysical phenomena Harmonic tremor describes a continuous rhythmic Earthquake in the Earth's upper Lithosphere that can be detected by a Seismograph and often precedes or [2][5] More than 350,000 people lived within 10 kilometres (6 miles) of the volcano. Surabaya, Indonesia's second-largest city and home to one of the country's busiest airports, is 90 kilometres (56 miles) to the northwest. Surabaya (formerly spelled as Soerabaja) is Indonesia 's second-largest city, and the capital of the province of East Java. [5] Although local inhabitants were ordered to leave their homes in mid-October, many either did not evacuate or returned in the interim. [2] Many villagers were reported fleeing the area in panic after reports of the eruption. [5] But by early Saturday evening, Indonesian officials said the eruption that day had not been very large at all. Seismological equipment near the volcano's crater was still operating, and scientists said that indicated a small eruption at best. Seismometers (from Greek Seism - "the shakes" - and Metro - "I measure" are instruments that measure and record motions of the ground including [6]

However, early Sunday morning, November 4, Mount Kelud spewed ash 500 metres into the air, indicating a full eruption was taking place. Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani [7] "The eruption isn't over," Saut Simatupang, head of Indonesian Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation Agency, said. Seismologists monitoring the crater said surface temperatures in Mount Kelud's crater lake rose on November 4 to 60. 7 degrees Celsius (141 degrees Fahrenheit) from 43. 9 degrees on November 3. At a depth of 15 meters (49 feet), the temperature jumped to 66. 1 degrees Celsius on November 4 from 45. 9 degrees Celsius on November 3. [8] The extreme heat created a cloud of steam and smoke 488 metres (1,600 feet) high. [9]

On November 5, new columns of smoke and steam erupted from the crater. Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany) Boiling water cascaded down the flanks of the mountain from the crater lake, and seismological equipment near the crater ceased working. Indonesian authorities said about 25,000 people remained in the danger zone, ignoring evacuation orders. [10]

The following day, a lava dome rose through the center of the crater lake atop the mountain. In Volcanology, a lava dome or plug dome is a roughly circular Mound -shaped protrusion resulting from the slow eruption of Felsic Lava Closed-circuit television cameras showed the 100-metre (327-foot) long oblong island had pushed about 20 metres (roughly 69 feet) above the surface of the lake. The volcano continued to emit smoke, with plumes reaching a kilometre (3,280 feet, or six-tenths of a mile) into the atmosphere. [11]

But after 48 hours of smoke and ash but no lava, Indonesian officials declared on November 8 that no eruption was immediate. Events 1519 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great a Celebration Officials said the volcano was experiencing a "slow eruption" and was unlikely to explode as it had done many times in the past century. [12]

By November 12, Mount Kelud began spewing lava into its crater lake. Events 764 - Tibetan troops occupy Chang'an, the capital of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, for fifteen days The lava dome, which had expanded to 250 metres (roughly 275 yards) long and 120 metres (131 yards high), cracked open and lava began oozing into the surrounding water. Smoke rose more than two kilometres (1. 2 miles) into the air, and ash dusted several villages around the volcano. [12] On November 14, smoke billowed 2. Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca 5 kilometres (1. 5 miles) into the air, and light ash covered villages 15 kilometres (9. 3 miles) away. [13]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Thouret, et al. Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below --> The Geography of Indonesia , "Origin, Characteristics, and Behavior of Lahars Following the 1990 Eruption of Kelud Volcano, Eastern Java (Indonesia)," Bulletin of Volcanology, June 1998.
  2. ^ a b c "Indonesia Volcano Starts to Erupt," Associated Press, November 3, 2007.
  3. ^ Karmini, "Indonesian Volcano Threatens to Erupt," Associated Press, October 16, 2007.
  4. ^ "Mt. Kelud Starts to Erupt," Jakarta Post, November 3, 2007.
  5. ^ a b c d Retnowati, "Indonesia's Volcano Mt. Kelud Erupts - Official," Reuters, November 3, 2007.
  6. ^ Indra Harsaputra, "Scientist: Indonesian Volcano's Erupting," Associated Press, November 3, 2007.
  7. ^ "Indonesian Volcano Kelud Spews Ash - Official," Reuters, November 4, 2007.
  8. ^ Karima Anjani, "Indonesian Volcano Kelud Spews Ash - Official," Bloomberg Business News, November 4, 2007.
  9. ^ Irwan Firdaus, "Thousands Defy Indonesia Volcano Warning," Associated Press, November 4, 2007.
  10. ^ Irwan Firdaus, "Crater Temperature at Indonesia Volcano Up," Associated Press, November 5, 2007.
  11. ^ "'Island' Emerges in Indonesian Volcano Crater," Agence France-Presse, November 6, 2007.
  12. ^ a b "Indonesia's Mount Kelut Spews Ash and Lava," Agence France-Presse, November 12, 2007.
  13. ^ "Volcano Spews Lava, Red-Hot Rocks," The Independent, November 14, 2007.

References

External links

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