The Keeley Institute, known for its Keeley Cure, was a commercial medical operation that offered treatment to alcoholics from 1879 to 1965. Alcoholism is a term with multiple and sometimes conflicting definitions Though at one time there were more than 200 branches in the United States and Europe, the original institute was founded by Leslie Keeley in Dwight, Illinois, United States. Leslie Keeley (1836-1900 was an American physician originator of the Keeley Cure. Dwight is a village in located mainly in Livingston County, Illinois. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the After Keeley's death the institute began a slow decline but remained in operation under John R. Oughton, and, later, his son. The Keeley Institute offered the internationally famous Keeley Cure, which drew sharp criticism from those within the mainstream medical profession. The Keeley Institute's location in Dwight, Illinois had a major influence on the development of Dwight as a village. There are only a few remaining indications in Dwight that the Keeley Institute was once a major force.
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History
In 1879 Dr. Leslie Keeley announced the result of a collaboration with John R. Leslie Keeley (1836-1900 was an American physician originator of the Keeley Cure. Oughton, an Irish chemist, which was heralded as a "major discovery" by Keeley. A chemist is a Scientist trained in the Science of Chemistry. [1] The discovery, a new treatment for alcoholism, resulted in the founding of the Keeley Institute. Alcoholism is a term with multiple and sometimes conflicting definitions [1] The Keeley Company and its Keeley Institute were founded as a collaboration between Keeley, Oughton and a successful merchant named Curtis Judd. [2] The institute's work was pioneering in its field; Keeley aimed to treat alcoholism as a disease rather than as a vice. His work foreshadowed later work that would attribute a physiological nature to alcoholism. Physiology (from Greek grc φύσις physis, "nature origin" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the mechanical physical [2] He managed to amass a fortune, becoming a millionaire through the institute and its famous slogan, "Drunkenness is a disease and I can cure it. "[3]
The Keeley Institute eventually had over 200 branches throughout the United States and Europe, and by 1900 the so-called Keeley Cure, injections of gold chloride, had been administered to more than 300,000 people. [2] The reputation of the Keeley Cure was largely enhanced by positive coverage from the Chicago Tribune. The Chicago Tribune is a major daily Newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois, United States, and owned by the Tribune Company [2] The New York Times also featured coverage on the Keeley Institute as early as 1891, and in 1893 a Brooklyn man's drunken rabble-rousing received coverage which noted he was a Keeley Institute graduate. Brooklyn (named after the Dutch town Breukelen) is one of the five boroughs of New York City. The Times said "it is not everyday that a man from the Keeley Institute for the cure of drunkenness comes to New-York and gets into such a predicament. "[4][5]
After Keeley died in 1900, the patient numbers lowered, 100,000 additional people took the cure between 1900 and 1939. [3] Oughton and Judd took over the company following Keeley's death, and continued to operate the institute. The organization, which had always drawn some criticism, faded into national oblivion with Keeley, its primary spokesman and defender, gone. By the late 1930s most physicians believed that "drunkards are neurotics [sic] and cannot be cured by injections. A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health Sic is a Latin word meaning "thus" "so" "as such" or "just as that" "[3] Keeley Institute director Oughton, Jr. said in a 1939 Time magazine article that the treatment program had cured "17,000 drunken doctors". For other uses see Time (disambiguation Time is a component of a measuring system used to sequence events to compare the durations of [3]
When John R. Oughton died in 1925 his son took over the declining institute. In 1939 the institute celebrated its 60th anniversary. [3] A ceremony which unveiled a commemorative plaque bearing the likenesses of Keeley, Oughton and Judd attracted 10,000 people. [2] The plaque, designed by Florence Gray, a student of Lorado Taft, is still on the grounds, complete with a time capsule. Lorado Zadoc Taft ( April 29, 1860 – October 30, 1936) was an American sculptor writer and educator born in Elmwood Illinois in A time capsule is a historic cache of goods and/or information usually intended as a method of Communication with people in the future [2] The Keeley Institute continued to operate until it definitively shut down in 1965. [2]
Treatment
Treatment at the Keeley Institute has been referred to as pioneering and humane. The institute maintained a philosophy of open, homelike care throughout its history. Little is known of what exactly went on in the many branches or franchises of the Keeley Institute around the world but it is thought that many were modeled after the Dwight institute. Franchising refers to the methods of practicing and using another person's Philosophy of business. [6]
New patients who arrived at the Dwight institute were introduced into an open, informal environment where they were first offered as much alcohol as they could imbibe. In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon [6] Initially, patients were boarded in nearby hotels, such as the Dwight Livingston Hotel, or the homes of private residents. Later patients stayed in the converted John R. Oughton House. The John R Oughton House commonly known as The Lodge or the Keeley Estate, is a Victorian mansion located in the village of Dwight, [2] Regardless of their rooming situation, all patients were required to line up for shots of the Keeley Cure, "bichloride of gold," four times daily. The injections were dissolved in red, white and blue liquids and the amounts varied. In addition, patients would receive individually prescribed tonics every two hours throughout the day. [6] Treatments lasted for a period of four weeks. [1]
Patients at Dwight were free to stroll the grounds of the institute as well as the streets of the village. It has been called an early therapeutic community. Therapeutic community is a term applied to a participative group-based approach to long-term Mental illness and/or Drug addiction that includes group psychotherapy [6]
Reaction
The Keeley Institute offered a "scientific" treatment for alcoholism, something that until then was treated by various "miraculous" cures and other types of quackery. The Keeley Cure became popular, with hundreds of thousands eventually receiving it. From the beginning, Keeley's decision to keep his formula a secret drew sharp criticism from his peers. [1] The Keeley Institute's popularity with the public never translated to popularity with the medical profession. Medical professionals generally approached commercial cures, such as the Keeley Cure, with skepticism. [6] A promotional brochure for one hospital specifically singled out the Keeley Cure in its language.
| “ | Walnut Lodge Hospital has no specific Gold cures, or new mysterious drugs, to produce permanent restoration in a few weeks. Inebriety is a disease of the brain and nervous system, and there are no shortcuts to health. [6] | ” |
Many individuals and groups, especially those within the mainstream medical profession, attempted to analyze the Keeley Cure for its ingredients and reports varied widely as to their identity. Strychnine, alcohol, apomorphine, willow bark, ammonia, and atropine were among the many suggested chemicals. Strychnine (ˈstrɪkniːn (British US /-naɪn/ or /-nɪn/ (US Ammonia is a compound with the formula N[[hydrogen H3]] It is normally encountered as a Gas with a characteristic pungent Odor Atropine is a Tropane Alkaloid extracted from Deadly nightshade ( Atropa belladonna) Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium and other plants [6]
Legacy
The Keeley Institute had a profound influence on Dwight's development as a village. Dwight is a village in located mainly in Livingston County, Illinois. As the Institute gained national and international acclaim, Dwight began to develop into a "model" village. Eight hundred passengers per week were arriving in Dwight at the height of the Keeley Institute. Other developments followed the influx of people: modern paved roads replaced older dirt roads, electric lighting was installed in place of older gas lamps and water and sewage systems were replaced and improved. " Electric Light " is a song by Infernal, scheduled to be their next single after " Whenever You Need Me " off their album Electric Gas lighting refers to a technology used to produce light from gas usually methane but also including hydrogen and ethylene New homes, businesses, and a railroad depot were all constructed and Dwight became the "most famous village of its size in America. "[2]
There are few examples of structures associated with the Keeley Institute still extant in Dwight, and only one is open to the public. [2] The Livingston Hotel once provided housing for hundreds of Keeley patients and a Keeley office building, known as the Keeley Building was first used by the institute in 1920, and now houses private commercial offices. [2] The John R. Oughton House and its two outbuildings remain; the house operates as a restaurant, the carriage house is a public library and the windmill has been restored and is owned by the Village of Dwight. A restaurant is a retail establishment that serves prepared Food to Customers. A carriage house, also called remise or coach house, is an outbuilding which was originally built to house Horse -drawn Carriages and A public library (also called circulating library) is a Library which is accessible by the Public and is generally funded from public sources (such A windmill is a machine that is powered by the energy of the wind [2][7][8] The Keeley Institute solidified its place in American culture throughout its period of prominence as several generations of Americans joked about people, especially the rich and famous, who were "taking the Keeley Cure" or had "gone to Dwight. "[2]
Notes
- ^ a b c d Lion, Jean Pierre. Bix: The Definitive Biography of a Jazz Legend, (Google Books), Continuum International Publishing Group: 2005, p. 231, (ISBN 0-8264-1699-3). Retrieved 30 September 2007. Events 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England. 1744 - France and Spain defeat the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Lehman, John M. "John R. Oughton House," (PDF), National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, 25 April 1980, HAARGIS Database, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, pp. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) 1–9. Retrieved 30 September 2007. Events 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England. 1744 - France and Spain defeat the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b c d e "Keeley Cure," Time Magazine, 25 September 1939. Events 303 - On a voyage preaching the Gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens, France Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved 30 September 2007. Events 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England. 1744 - France and Spain defeat the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Anonymous. "The Parent Institute; Experiences of the drunkards who go to Dwight to be cured," The New York Times, 18 October 1891. Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid Year 1891 ( MDCCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Retrieved 30 September 2007. Events 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England. 1744 - France and Spain defeat the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Anonymous. "The gold cure lost its hold," The New York Times, 14 May 1893. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the Year 1893 ( MDCCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Retrieved 30 September 2007. Events 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England. 1744 - France and Spain defeat the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b c d e f g Tracy, Sarah W. Alcoholism in America: From Reconstruction to Prohibition, (Google Books), Johns Hopkins University Press: 2005, pp. 114–118, (ISBN 0-8018-8119-6). Retrieved 30 September 2007. Events 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England. 1744 - France and Spain defeat the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Historic sites," Village of Dwight, official site. Retrieved 30 September 2007. Events 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England. 1744 - France and Spain defeat the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Welcome to Our Historic Windmill", (Brochure), Village of Dwight. A brochure or Pamphlet is a leaflet Advertisement. Brochures may advertise locations events hotels products services etc
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