| Kazakh Qazaq tili, Қазақ тілі, قازاق تىلى |
||
|---|---|---|
| Pronunciation: | [qɑzɑq tˈlə] | |
| Spoken in: | Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Russia, Iran | |
| Region: | Central Asia | |
| Total speakers: | 12 million | |
| Ranking: | 66 | |
| Language family: | Altaic[1] (controversial) Turkic Kypchak Kypchak-Nogay Kazakh |
|
| Writing system: | Cyrillic alphabet, Latin alphabet, Arabic alphabet | |
| Official status | ||
| Official language in: |  Kazakhstan |
|
| Regulated by: | no official regulation | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | kk | |
| ISO 639-2: | kaz | |
| ISO 639-3: | kaz | |
 |
||
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan ( Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, qɑzɑqˈstɑn Казахстан, Kazakhstán,) officially the China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Tajikistan (təˈdʒɪkɨstæn or /təˈdʒiːkɨstæn/ Тоҷикистон tɔʤikɪsˈtɔn or, Persian تاجیکستان taajikestaan officially the Republic of Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Turkmenistan ( Türkmenistan; also known as Turkmenia) is a Turkic country in Central Asia. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi or Ўзбекистон Республикаси is a doubly Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south This is a list of languages, ordered by the number of native-language speakers, with some data for second-language use List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family Altaic, according to its proponents is a language family that includes 66 Languages ref> Altaic languages spoken by about 348 million people mostly in and around Altaic, according to its proponents is a language family that includes 66 Languages ref> Altaic languages spoken by about 348 million people mostly in and around The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the The Kypchak languages (also known as the Kipchak Qypchaq or Northwestern Turkic languages are a major branch of the Turkic language family spoken by more than 12 million A writing system is a type of Symbolic system used to represent elements or statements expressible in Language. The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing several languages of Asia and Africa such as Arabic, Persian, and Urdu. Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan ( Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, qɑzɑqˈstɑn Казахстан, Kazakhstán,) officially the This is a list of bodies that regulate Standard languages Natural languages Auxiliary languages Interlingua The auxiliary language ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's | ||
Kazakh (also Qazaq and variants[2], natively Qazaq tili, Қазақ тілі, قازاق ٴتىلى; pronounced [qɑzɑq tˈlə]) is a Turkic language closely related to Nogai and Karakalpak. The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Nogai (also Nogay or Nogai Tatar) is a Turkic language spoken in southwestern Russia. Karakalpak is a Turkic language mainly spoken by Karakalpaks in Karakalpakstan ( Uzbekistan) as well as by Bashkirs and Nogay
Kazakh is an agglutinative language, and it employs vowel harmony. An agglutinative language is a Language that uses Agglutination extensively most Words are formed by joining Morphemes together Vowel harmony is a type of long-distance ( see below) assimilatory phonological process involving Vowels in some languages
Contents |
Geographic distribution
Kazakh language has its speakers (mainly Kazakhs) spread over a vast territory from the Tian Shan mountains to the Ural mountains. The Kazakhs (also spelled Kazaks, Qazaqs; Kazakh: Қазақтар qɑzɑqtɑr Russian: Казахи the English name is transliterated The Tian Shan (天山 Pinyin: Tiān Shān "celestial mountains" also commonly spelled Tien Shan, is a Mountain range located in Central Riphean redirects here For the time period see Riphean stage The Ural Mountains (Ура́льские го́ры Uralskiye Kazakh is the official state language of Kazakhstan, in which nearly 10 million speakers are reported to live (based on the CIA World Factbook's estimates for population and percentage of Kazakh speakers). Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan ( Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, qɑzɑqˈstɑn Казахстан, Kazakhstán,) officially the More than two million speakers reside in China. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Russian Census (2002) reported 560,000 Kazakh speakers in Russia. Russian Census of 2002 (Всеросси́йская пе́репись населе́ния 2002 го́да was the first Census of the Russian Federation carried Other sizable populations of Kazakh speakers live in Mongolia (fewer than 200,000). Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East Large numbers exist elsewhere in Central Asia (mostly in Uzbekistan) and the former Soviet Union, and in Afghanistan, Iran, Turkey, and other countries. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi or Ўзбекистон Республикаси is a doubly The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches There are also some Kazakh speakers in Germany, having immigrated from Turkey in the 1970s. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.
Writing system
Today, Kazakh is written in the Cyrillic alphabet in Kazakhstan and Mongolia, while the more than one million Kazakh-speakers in China use an Arabic-derived script similar to that used to write Uyghur. The Kazakh alphabets are the alphabets used to write the Kazakh language. The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing several languages of Asia and Africa such as Arabic, Persian, and Urdu. Uyghur (/ ug-Latn Uyƣurqə/ug-Cyrl Уйғурчә, or / ug-Latn Uyƣur tili/ug-Cyrl Уйғур
The oldest known written records of languages closely related to Kazakh were written in the Orkhon script. The Old Turkic script (also Göktürk script, Orkhon script, Orkhon-Yenisey script; Turkish: Orhun Yazıtları, 鄂爾渾文字 However, it is not believed that any of these varieties were direct predecessors of Kazakh. Modern Kazakh has historically been written using versions of the Latin, Cyrillic, and Arabic scripts. The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing several languages of Asia and Africa such as Arabic, Persian, and Urdu.
In October of 2006, Nursultan Nazarbayev, the president of Kazakhstan, brought up the topic of using the Latin alphabet instead of the Cyrillic alphabet as the official script for Kazakh in Kazakhstan. Nursultan Abishuly Nazarbayev ( Kazakh: Нұрсұлтан Әбішұлы Назарбаев æbəʃʊˈlɯ nɑzɑrˈbɑjəf Russian: Нурсултан President is a Title leaders of Organizations companies, Trade unions universities, and countries. [3][4] A Kazakh government study released in September 2007 said that Kazakhstan could feasibly switch to a Latin script over a 10 to 12 year period, for a cost of $300 million. [5] The shift to the Latin alphabet is seen both as a way of furthering Kazakhstan's decolonization project and more deeply integrating the country into the global information economy. [6]
Phonology
Kazakh exhibits front-back vowel harmony, with some words of recent foreign origin as exceptions. Vowel harmony is a type of long-distance ( see below) assimilatory phonological process involving Vowels in some languages There is also a system of rounding harmony which resembles that of Kyrgyz, but which doesn't apply as strongly and isn't reflected in the orthography.
Consonants
The following chart depicts the consonant inventory of standard Kazakh [7]; many of the sounds, however, are allophones of other sounds or appear only in recent loan-words. The 18 consonant phonemes listed by Vajda are in bold—since these are phonemes, their listed place and manner of articulation are very general, and will vary from what's shown. The borrowed phonemes /f/, /v/, /ɕ/, /ʨ/ and /x/, only occur in recent mostly Russian borrowings, and are shown in parentheses ( ) in the table below.
In the table, the elements left of a divide are voiceless, while those to the right are voiced. Voice or voicing is a term used in Phonetics and Phonology to characterize speech sounds, with sounds described as either voiceless
| Bilabial | Labio- dental |
Dental/ Alveolar |
Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||||||||||
| Plosive | p | b | t | d | q | ɣ | k | ɡ | ||||||||
| Fricative | (f) | (v) | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | (ɕ) | (x) | h | |||||||
| Affricate | (ʨ) | |||||||||||||||
| Tap | ɾ | |||||||||||||||
| Approximant | l | j | w | |||||||||||||
Vowels
Kazakh has a system of nine phonemic vowels, which are shown in the table below. In Phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a Consonant articulated with both Lips The bilabial consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet In Phonetics, labiodentals are Consonants articulated with the lower Lip and the upper Teeth. In Linguistics, a dental consonant or dental is a Consonant that is articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth such as /t/ /d/ /n/ and Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior Alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets Postalveolar consonants are Consonants articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the Alveolar ridge, placing them a bit further back in the Palatal consonants are Consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the Hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth Uvulars are Consonants articulated with the back of the Tongue against or near the uvula, that is further back in the mouth than Velar consonants Glottal consonants are Consonants articulated with the Glottis. A nasal consonant (also called nasal stop or nasal continuant) is produced with a lowered velum in the mouth allowing air to escape freely through the A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a Consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the Vocal tract. Fricatives are Consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together Affricate Consonants begin as stops (most often an alveolar, such as or) but release as a fricative (such as or or occasionally into In Phonetics, a flap or tap is a type of Consonantal sound which is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (such as the Approximants are speech sounds ( Phonemes) that could be regarded as intermediate between Vowels and typical Consonants In the articulation of approximants Three of these are phonetically diphthongs; however, Vajda argues that this has no phonemic bearing, and that they are in fact not phonemically composed of the elements which make them up, but are instead one phonemic element. The rounding contrast and /æ/ generally only occur as phonemes in the first syllable of a word, but do occur later allophonically; see the section on harmony below for more information.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | ɪ | ʉ | ʊ |
| Mid | ə | ||
| Open | æ | ɑ |
Kazakh also has three diphthongs: /i̯ɪ/, /y̯ʉ/, and /u̯ʊ/, corresponding to orthographic е, ө, and о. A front vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a front vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far forward A central vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a central vowel is that the tongue is positioned halfway between A back vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a back vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far back as A close vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in many spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a close vowel is that the tongue is positioned as close as A mid vowel is a Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a mid vowel is that the tongue is positioned mid-way between an An open vowel is a Vowel sound of a type used in most spoken Languages The defining characteristic of an open vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far as In Phonetics, a diphthong (also gliding vowel) (from Greek grc δίφθογγος "diphthongos" literally "with two sounds" or "with
Morphology and Syntax
Kazakh is generally verb-final, though various permutations on SOV word order can be used. Verbal and nominal morphology in Kazakh exists almost exclusively in the form of agglutinative suffixes. Morphology is the field of Linguistics that studies the internal structure of words In Linguistics, agglutination is the morphological process ofadding Affixes to the base of a Word.
Case
Kazakh has 7 cases. Case endings are applied only to the last element of a noun phrase—e. g. , a noun, an adject, or a nominalised verb phrase. The endings outlined in the chart below are applied to a word ending in a front vowel, a word ending in a back vowel, a word ending in each of those with a voiced consonant, and a word ending with each of this and an unvoiced consonant.
| Case | Morpheme | Possible forms | кеме "boat" | ауа "air" | шелек "bucket" | сәбіз "carrot" | бас "head" | тұз "salt" |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nom | — | — | кеме | ауа | шелек | сәбіз | бас | тұз |
| Acc | -NI | -ні, -ны, -ді, -ды, -ті, -ты | кемені | ауаны | шелекті | сәбізді | басты | тұзды |
| Gen | -NIŋ | -нің, -ның, -дің, -дың, -тің, -тың | кеменің | ауаның | шелектің | сәбіздің | бастың | тұздың |
| Dat | -GA | -ге, -ға, -ке, -қа | кемеге | ауаға | шелекке | сәбізге | басқа | тұзға |
| Loc | -DA | -де, -да, -те, -та | кемеде | ауада | шелекте | сәбізде | баста | тұзда |
| Abl | -DAn | -ден, -дан, -тен, -тан | кемеден | ауадан | шелектен | сәбізден | бастан | тұздан |
| Inst | -Men | -мен(ен) -бен(ен) -пен(ен) | кемемен | ауамен | шелекпен | сәбізбен | баспен | тұзбен |
Pronouns
Kazakh has eight personal pronouns:
| Singular | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakh (transliteration) | English | Kazakh (transliteration) | English |
| Мен (Men) | I | Біз (Biz) | We |
| Сен (Sen) | You (singular informal) | Сендер (Sender) | You (plural informal) |
| Сіз (Siz) | You (singular formal) | Сіздер (Sizder) | You (plural formal) |
| Ол (Ol) | He/She/It | Олар (Olar) | They |
The declension of the pronouns is outlined in the following chart. Singular pronouns (with the exception of сіз, which used to be plural) exhibit irregularities, while plural pronouns don't. Irregular forms are highlighted in bold.
| Nom | мен | сен | сіз | ол | біз | сендер | сіздер | олар |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acc | мені | сені | сізді | оны | бізді | сендерді | сіздерді | оларді |
| Gen | менің | сенің | сіздің | оның | біздің | сендердің | сіздердің | олардың |
| Dat | маған | саған | сізге | оған | бізге | сендерге | сіздерге | оларға |
| Loc | менде | сенде | сізде | онда | бізде | сендерде | сіздерде | оларда |
| Abl | менен | сенен | сізден | онан | бізден | сендерден | сіздерден | олардан |
| Inst | менімен | сенімен | сізбен | онымен | бізбен | сендермен | сіздермен | олармен |
In addition to the pronouns, there are several more sets of morphemes dealing with person.
| pronouns | copulas | possessive endings | past/conditional | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg | мен | -MIn | -(I)m | -(I)m |
| 2nd sg | сен | -sIŋ | -(I)ŋ | -(I)ŋ |
| 2nd formal sg | сіз | -sIz | -(I)ŋIz | -(I)ŋIz |
| 3rd sg | ол | — | -(s)I(n) | — |
| 1st pl | біз | -MIz | -(I)mIz | -(I)K |
| 2nd pl | сендер | -sIŋdAr | -(I)ŋ | -(I)ŋ |
| 2nd formal pl | сіздер | -sIzdAr | -(I)ŋIz | -(I)nIz |
| 3rd pl | олар | — | -(s)I(n) | — |
Tense/Aspect/Mood
Kazakh may express different combinations of tense, aspect, and mood through the use of various verbal morphology or through a system of auxiliary verbs, many of which might better be considered light verbs. Grammatical tense is a temporal linguistic quality expressing the time at during or over which a state or action denoted by a verb occurs In Linguistics, the grammatical aspect of a Verb defines the temporal flow (or lack thereof in the described event or state Grammatical mood is one of a set of distinctive Verb forms that are used to signal modality. In Linguistics, an auxiliary (also called helping verb, helper verb, auxiliary verb, or verbal auxiliary) is a Verb functioning For example, the (imperfect) present tense in Kazakh bears different aspectual information depending on whether basic present-tense morphology is used, or one of (commonly) four verbs is used:
| Kazakh | aspect | English translation |
|---|---|---|
| Жеймін | non-progressive | "I eat. " |
| Жеп жатырмын | progressive | "I am eating [right now]. " |
| Жеп отырмын | progressive/durative | "I am [sitting and] eating. " / "I have been eating. " |
| Жеп тұрмын | progressive/punctual | "I am [in the middle of] eating [this very minute]. " |
| Жеп жүрмін | habitual/frequentative | "I eat [e. g. , lunch at home every day]. " |
Evidentiality
Kazakh exhibits an evidentiality system which does not neatly align with morphological paradigms. In Linguistics, evidentiality is broadly the indication of the nature of evidence for a given statement that is whether Evidence exists for the statement and/or
- тазалап тастапты - he cleaned it, and I saw the result
- тазалап тастаған - he cleaned it, I saw the result, and verified it with him
- тазалап тастаған екен - he cleaned it, and told me, but I probably didn't see the results
- тазалап тастады - he cleaned it, and I saw him clean it
- тазалап тастаған ұқсас - he cleaned it, or so I infer from a result I saw which suggests this
- тазалап тастаған шығар - he cleaned it, or so I infer from a result I saw which suggests this
References
- ^ "Ethnologue report for Altaic"
- ^ The most common English spelling, Kazakh, is from the Russian name, Казах.
- ^ Kazakhstan switching to Latin alphabet
- ^ Kazakh President Revives Idea Of Switching To Latin Script
- ^ Kazakhstan: Moving Forward With Plan To Replace Cyrillic With Latin Alphabet
- ^ Neo-Cognoscenti: Kazakhs Eyeing the Latin Alphabet
- ^ Some variations occur in the different regions where Kazakh is spoken, including outside Kazakhstan; e. g. ж / ج (where the so-called “Uyghur” (Perso-Arabic) script is used) is read [ʒ] in standard Kazakh, but [d͡ʒ] in some places. Uyghur (/ ug-Latn Uyƣurqə/ug-Cyrl Уйғурчә, or / ug-Latn Uyƣur tili/ug-Cyrl Уйғур
- This language's entry in the Ethnologue. Ethnologue Languages of the World is a web and print publication of SIL International (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics a Christian
- Kazakhstan in the CIA World Factbook
See also
External links
- Kazakh Language Courseware from University of Arizona Critical Languages Series
- The Largest Portal in Kazakh language
- Kazak language, alphabet, and pronunciation
- Online Kazakh language course
- Course of Kazakh for Peace Corps Volunteers
- Another course of Kazakh for PCV
- Forum in Kazakh Language Suhbat.com
- Roman-Cyrillic characters converter for Kazakh alphabets
- Gaspirali Another converter
- Aliya S. Kuzhabekova, "Past, Present and Future of Language Policy in Kazakhstan" (M. The World Factbook ( ISSN; also known as the CIA World Factbook) is an annual publication of the Central Intelligence Agency of the The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the A. thesis, University of North Dakota, 2003)
- Tilashar online Kazakh language lessons & dictionary (Russian)
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