The Babylonian Empire under the Kassites
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||
|
The Kassites were an ancient Near Eastern tribe who gained control of Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire after ca. Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding The Euphrates ( ( Arabic: ar نهر الفرات; Turkish: tr Fırat Syriac: syr ܦܪܬ; Hebrew: he פרת The Tigris is the eastern member of the two great Rivers that define Mesopotamia, along with the Euphrates, which flows from the mountains of southeastern Sumer ( Sumerian: sux-Latn [[Ki (earth ki]]-[[EN (cuneiform en]]-'''ĝir15''', Akkadian: Šumeru; possibly Biblical Shinar Eridu (URUNUNKI; Sumerian:eridug Akkadian: ?) from the Sumerian for 'mighty place' is modern Tell Abu Shahrain, Iraq Uruk ( URU UNUG, Sumerian: unug Akkadian: uruk) from the Akkadian rendering of the Sumerian Toponym 'unug' is modern Ur ( Sumerian:urim; Akkadian: ?) is modern Tell el-Mukayyar, Iraq, and was a city in ancient Sumer. Lagash ( is modern Tell al-Hiba, Iraq. Located northwest of the junction of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers and east of Uruk Nippur (URUENLIL; Sumerian: Nibru Akkadian: Nibbur) from the Sumerian for 'lord wind' (Enlil is modern ? in Afak Al Qadisyah Ngirsu (cuneiform? Sumerian:Ĝirsu Akkadian: ?) is modern Tell Telloh, Dhi Qar Governorate, Iraq, and it was a city of Elam is the name of an ancient civilization located in what is now southwest Iran. Susa ( Biblical שושן ( Shushan) also Greek: Σοῦσα Transliterated as Sousa; Latin Susa) Mari (modern Tell Hariri, Syria) was an ancient Sumerian and Amorite city located 11 kilometers north-west of the modern town of Amorite ( Sumerian MARTU, Akkadian Tidnum or Amurrūm, Egyptian Amar, Hebrew ’emōrî Isin (modern Ishan al-Bahriyat was a city of lower Mesopotamia, which flourished during the 20th century BC. Larsa (also Larag or Larak, modern Tell as-Senkereh, Iraq, possibly the Biblical Ellasar) was an important city of Babylonia was an Amorite state in lower Mesopotamia (modern southern Iraq) with Babylon as its capital Babylon was a City-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq Chaldea (from Greek grc Χαλδαία Chaldaia; Akkadian akk māt Kaldu Hebrew כשדים Kaśdim, "the Chaldees" of the The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established The Hurrians (also Khurrites; cuneiform Ḫu-ur-ri 𒄷𒌨𒊑 were a people of the Ancient Near East, who lived in northern Mesopotamia Mitanni ( Hittite cuneiform, also Mittani) or Hanigalbat ( Assyrian Hanigalbat Khanigalbat cuneiform) Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture Assur also spelled Ashur, from Assyrian Aššur, was one of the capitals of ancient Assyria. Nimrud is an ancient Assyrian city located south of Nineveh on the river Tigris. Dur-Sharrukin ("Fortress of Sargon" present day Khorsabad, was the Assyrian capital in the time of Sargon II of Assyria. Nineveh ( Akkadian: Ninua; Aramaic: ܢܝܢܘܐ Hebrew נינוה Nīnewē; Arabic نينوى Naīnuwa) See Short chronology for a timeline in absolute dates The Chronology of the Ancient Near East is a framework of dates for Ancient Mesopotamia was settled and conquered by numerous ancient Civilizations. The history of Sumer, taken to include the prehistoric Ubaid and Uruk periods spans the 5th to 3rd millennia BC ending with the downfall of the Third The Sumerian king list is an ancient text in the Sumerian language that lists kings of Sumer from Sumerian and foreign dynasties The following is a list of the kings of Babylonia, a major city and empire in ancient lower Mesopotamia, compiled from the traditional Babylonian king lists and modern Mesopotamian mythology is the collective name given to Sumerian Akkadian Assyrian and Babylonian mythologies from the land between the Tigris The akk Enûma Eliš is the Babylonian Creation myth (named for its Incipit) Gilgamesh was the son of Lugalbanda and the fifth king of Uruk (Early Dynastic II first dynasty of Uruk ruling circa 2600 BC according to the Sumerian king The pre- Christian religions of Babylonia and Assyria are the earliest attestation of Ancient Semitic religion, in particular Mesopotamian mythology Assyriology (from Greek grc Ἀσσυρίᾱ Assyriā; and grc -λογία -logia) is the archaeological historical and linguistic study Sumerian ( " native tongue " was the language of ancient Sumer, spoken in Southern Mesopotamia since at least the 4th millennium BC Elamite is an Extinct language, which was spoken by the ancient Elamites. Aramaic is a Semitic language with Hurrian is a conventional name for the language of the Hurrians (Khurrites a people who entered northern Mesopotamia around 2300 BC and had mostly Hittite or Nesili is the Extinct language once spoken by the Hittites, a people who created an empire centered on ancient Hattusas (modern The Ancient Near East refers to early Civilizations within a region roughly corresponding to the modern Middle East: Mesopotamia (modern Iraq Babylonia was an Amorite state in lower Mesopotamia (modern southern Iraq) with Babylon as its capital Babylonia was an Amorite state in lower Mesopotamia (modern southern Iraq) with Babylon as its capital 1531 BC to ca. 1155 BC (short chronology). The short chronology is one chronology of the Near Eastern Bronze and Early Iron Age, which fixes the reign of Hammurabi to 1728 BC – 1686 BC and the Sack of Their language is classified as an isolate. A language isolate, in the absolute sense is a Natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic" relationship with other living languages that is
Contents |
History
The original homeland of the Kassites is obscure, but appears to have been located in the Zagros Mountains in Lorestan in Iran. The Zagros Mountains (جبال زاجروس (رشته كوههاى زاگرس ( Sorani Kurdish: Zagros - زاگرۆس make up Iran 's and Iraq 's Lorestān ( Persian and Luri لرستان also Luristan) comprises a province and a historic territory of western Iran amidst the [1][2] Their first historical appearance occurred in the 18th century BC when they attacked Babylonia in the 9th year of the reign of Samsu-Iluna (reigned ca. The 18th century BC was the Century which lasted from 1800 BC to 1701 BC Babylonia was an Amorite state in lower Mesopotamia (modern southern Iraq) with Babylon as its capital Samsu-Iluna ( Samsuiluna) was the King of Babylon, who reigned from 1749 BC to 1712 BC. 1686 – 1648 BC (short)), the son of Hammurabi. The short chronology is one chronology of the Near Eastern Bronze and Early Iron Age, which fixes the reign of Hammurabi to 1728 BC – 1686 BC and the Sack of Hammurabi ( Akkadian from Amorite ˤAmmurāpi, "the kinsman is a healer" from ˤAmmu, "paternal kinsman" and Rāpi Samsu-Iluna repelled them, but they subsequently gained control of northern Babylonia sometime after the fall of Babylon to the Hittites in [[ca. Babylon was a City-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established 1531 BC (short), and conquered the southern part of the kingdom by ca. The short chronology is one chronology of the Near Eastern Bronze and Early Iron Age, which fixes the reign of Hammurabi to 1728 BC – 1686 BC and the Sack of 1475 BC. The Hittites had carried off the idol of the god Marduk, but the Kassite rulers regained possession, returned Marduk to Babylon, and made him the equal of the Kassite Shuqamuna. Marduk ( Sumerian spelling in Akkadian: AMARUTU 𒀫 𒌓 "solar calf" perhaps from MERI The circumstances of their rise to power are unknown, due to a lack of documentation from this so-called "Dark Age" period of widespread dislocation. No inscription or document in the Kassite language has been preserved, an absence that cannot be purely accidental, suggesting a severe regression of literacy in official circles. Babylon under Kassite rulers, who renamed the city Karanduniash, re-emerged as a political and military power in the ancient Near East. A newly built capital city Dur-Kurigalzu was named in honour of Kurigalzu I (ca. Dur-Kurigalzu (modern Aqar-Quf, Iraq) was a city in southern Mesopotamia near the confluence of the Tigris and Diyala rivers about Kurigalzu is the name of at least two kings in the Kassite Dynasty of Babylonia. early 14th century BC). His successors Kadashman-Enlil I (ca. Kadashman-Enlil I was a Kassite King of Babylon from ca 1374 BC to 1360 BC ( Short chronology) 1374 – 1360 BC (short)) and Burnaburiash II (ca. The short chronology is one chronology of the Near Eastern Bronze and Early Iron Age, which fixes the reign of Hammurabi to 1728 BC – 1686 BC and the Sack of Burna-Buriash I and II were two kings in the Kassite dynasty of Babylon. 1359 – 1333 BC (short)) were in correspondence with the Egyptian rulers Amenhotep III and Akhenaton (Amenhotep IV) (see Amarna letters). The short chronology is one chronology of the Near Eastern Bronze and Early Iron Age, which fixes the reign of Hammurabi to 1728 BC – 1686 BC and the Sack of Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now Amenhotep III (sometimes read as Amenophis III meaning Amun is Satisfied was the ninth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty. Akhenaten (often alt: Akhnaten, or rarely Ikhnaton) (In English ˌɑkəˡnɑtən or approximately "AHK-en-AHT-en" his royal name Amenhotep The Amarna letters (sometimes "Amarna correspondence" or "Amarna tablets" are an archive of correspondence on Clay tablets mostly diplomatic Their success was built upon the relative political stability that the Kassite monarchs achieved. They ruled Babylonia practically without interruption for over four hundred years— the longest rule by any dynasty in Babylonian history. Even after a minor revolt ca. 1333 BC and a seven-year hiatus of Assyrian rule (ca. Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture 1224 - 1217 BC (short)), the ruling Kassite family managed to regain the throne. The short chronology is one chronology of the Near Eastern Bronze and Early Iron Age, which fixes the reign of Hammurabi to 1728 BC – 1686 BC and the Sack of
The transformation of southern Mesopotamia into a territorial state, rather than a network of allied or combatative temple-cities, made Babylonia an international power. Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding Kassite kings established trade and diplomacy with Assyria, Egypt, Elam, and the Hittites, and the Kassite royal house intermarried with their royal families. Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now Elam is the name of an ancient civilization located in what is now southwest Iran. The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established There were foreign merchants in Babylon and other cities, and Babylonian merchants were active from Egypt (a major source of Nubian gold) to Assyria and Anatolia. This article is about the region in Africa for other uses see Nubia (disambiguation. Kassite weights and seals, the packet-identifying and measuring tools of commerce, have been found in as far afield as Thebes in Greece, in southern Armenia, and even in a shipwreck off the southern coast of Turkey. Thebes ( Classic Greek Θῆβαι, Mod Θήβα) is a city in Greece, situated to the north of the Cithaeron range which divides Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani
The Kassite kings maintained control of their realm through a network of provinces administered by governors. Almost equal with the royal cities of Babylon and Dur-Kurigalzu, the revived city of Nippur was the most important provincial center. Nippur (URUENLIL; Sumerian: Nibru Akkadian: Nibbur) from the Sumerian for 'lord wind' (Enlil is modern ? in Afak Al Qadisyah Nippur, the formerly great city, which had been virtually abandoned ca. 1730 BC, was rebuilt in the Kassite period, with temples meticulously re-built on their old foundations. In fact, under the Kassite government, the governor of Nippur, who took the Sumerian-derived title of Guennakku, ruled as a sort of secondary and lesser king. The prestige of Nippur was enough for a series of 13th century BC Kassite kings to reassume the title 'governor of Nippur' for themselves.
Other important centers during the Kassite period were Larsa, Sippar and Susa. Larsa (also Larag or Larak, modern Tell as-Senkereh, Iraq, possibly the Biblical Ellasar) was an important city of Sippar ( Sumerian Zimbir "bird city" modern Tell Abu Habbah, Iraq) was an ancient Sumerian and later Babylonian Susa ( Biblical שושן ( Shushan) also Greek: Σοῦσα Transliterated as Sousa; Latin Susa) After the Kassite dynasty was overthrown in 1155 BC, the system of provincial administration continued and the country remained united under the succeeding rule, the Second Dynasty of Isin.
Documentation of the Kassite period depends heavily on the scattered and disarticulated tablets from Nippur, where thousands of tablets and fragments have been excavated. They include administrative and legal texts, letters, seal inscriptions, kudurrus (comparable to land grants and administrative prerogatives), private votive inscriptions, and even a literary text (usually identified as a fragment of a historical epic). Kudurru was a type of stone document used as boundary stones and as records of Land grants to Vassals by the Kassites in ancient Mesopotamia
"Kassite rulers in Babylon were also scrupulous to follow existing forms of expression, and the public and private patterns of behavior "and even went beyond that — as zealous neophytes do, or outsiders, who take up a superior civilization — by favoring an extremely conservative attitude, at least in palace circles. " (Oppenheim 1964, p. A(dolph Leo Oppenheim ( 7 June 1904 - 21 July 1974) one of the most distinguished Assyriologists of his generation was editor-in-charge 62). Over the centuries, however, the Kassites were absorbed into the Babylonian population. Eight among the last kings of the Kassite dynasty have Akkadian names, Kudur-Enlil's name is part Elamite and part Sumerian and Kassite princesses married into the royal family of Assyria. Elamite is an Extinct language, which was spoken by the ancient Elamites. Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture
The Elamites conquered Babylonia in the 12th century BC, thus ending four hundred years of Kassite rule. Elam is the name of an ancient civilization located in what is now southwest Iran. The last Kassite king, Enlil-nadin-ahi, was taken to Susa and imprisoned there, where he also died. Susa ( Biblical שושן ( Shushan) also Greek: Σοῦσα Transliterated as Sousa; Latin Susa)
The Kassite tribe of Khabira seems to have settled in the Babylonian plain. Remnants of Kassite tribes were living in the mountains northwest of Elam, immediately south of Holwan, when Sennacherib attacked them in 702 BC. Sennacherib ( Akkadian Sîn-ahhe-eriba "(moon god Sîn has replaced (lost brothers for me" was the son of Sargon II, whom he They are doubtless the "Kossaeans" of Ptolemy, who divides Susiana between them and the "Elymaeans". Claudius Ptolemaeus ( Greek: Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; after 83 &ndash ca Elam is the name of an ancient civilization located in what is now southwest Iran. Alexander the Great battled Kossaeans in the winter of 323 BC on his way from Ecbatana to Babylon; according to Strabo (xi. Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' Ecbatana ( Old Persian: Haŋgmatana, written Agbatana in Aeschylus and Herodotus, Agámtanu by Nabonidos Strabo ( Greek: Στράβων 63/64 BC – ca AD 24 was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher. 13,3,6) the Kossaeans were the neighbours of the Medes. The Medes were an ancient Iranian people who lived in the northwestern portions of present-day Iran. Theodor Nöldeke (Gott. Theodor Nöldeke ( March 2, 1836 - December 25 1930 German Semitic scholar was born at Harburg, and studied at Göttingen G. G. , 1874, pp. 173 seq. ) has shown that they are the Kissians of the older Greek authors who are identified with the Susians by Aeschylus (Choephorae 424, Persians 17, 120) and by Herodotus (v. Aeschylus (ˈɛskɨləs or /ˈiːskɨləs/ Greek: Ασχύλος, Aischylos, 525 BC/524 BC 456 BC/455 BC was an ancient Greek Playwright Herodotus of Halicarnassus ( Greek: Hēródotos Halikarnāsseús) was a Greek Historian who lived in the 5th century BC ( 484 BC&ndash 49, 52).
Kassite Dynasty of Babylon
| Ruler | Reigned | Comments |
|---|---|---|
| Agum II or Agum-Kakrime | ||
| Burnaburiash I | Treaty with Puzur-Ashur III of Assyria | |
| Kashtiliash III | ||
| Ulamburiash | Conquers the first Sealand dynasty | |
| Agum III | ||
| Karaindash | Contemporary of Amenophis III of Egypt | |
| Kadashman-harbe I | ||
| Kurigalzu I | ||
| Kadashman-Enlil I | ca. The short chronology is one chronology of the Near Eastern Bronze and Early Iron Age, which fixes the reign of Hammurabi to 1728 BC – 1686 BC and the Sack of Puzur-Ashur III was the king of Assyria from 1503 BC to 1479 BC Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture Agum III was a Kassite king of Babylon ca mid 14th century BC Amenhotep III (sometimes read as Amenophis III meaning Amun is Satisfied was the ninth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty. Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now Kadashman-Enlil I was a Kassite King of Babylon from ca 1374 BC to 1360 BC ( Short chronology) 1374—1360 BC (short) | Contemporary of Amenophis III of the Egyptian Amarna letters |
| Burnaburiash II | ca. The short chronology is one chronology of the Near Eastern Bronze and Early Iron Age, which fixes the reign of Hammurabi to 1728 BC – 1686 BC and the Sack of Amenhotep III (sometimes read as Amenophis III meaning Amun is Satisfied was the ninth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty. Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now The Amarna letters (sometimes "Amarna correspondence" or "Amarna tablets" are an archive of correspondence on Clay tablets mostly diplomatic Burna-Buriash I and II were two kings in the Kassite dynasty of Babylon. 1359—1333 BC (short) | Contemporary of Akhenaten and Ashur-uballit I |
| Kara-hardash | ca. The short chronology is one chronology of the Near Eastern Bronze and Early Iron Age, which fixes the reign of Hammurabi to 1728 BC – 1686 BC and the Sack of Akhenaten (often alt: Akhnaten, or rarely Ikhnaton) (In English ˌɑkəˡnɑtən or approximately "AHK-en-AHT-en" his royal name Amenhotep Ashur-uballit I (Aššur-uballiṭ I, was king of the Assyrian empire (1365 BC-1330 BC or 1353 BC – 1318 BC 1333 BC (short) | Grandson of Ashur-uballit I of Assyria |
| Nazi-Bugash or Shuzigash | ca. The short chronology is one chronology of the Near Eastern Bronze and Early Iron Age, which fixes the reign of Hammurabi to 1728 BC – 1686 BC and the Sack of Ashur-uballit I (Aššur-uballiṭ I, was king of the Assyrian empire (1365 BC-1330 BC or 1353 BC – 1318 BC Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture 1333 BC (short) | |
| Kurigalzu II | ca. The short chronology is one chronology of the Near Eastern Bronze and Early Iron Age, which fixes the reign of Hammurabi to 1728 BC – 1686 BC and the Sack of 1332—1308 BC (short) | Son of Burnaburiash II, Fought Battle of Sugagi with Enlil-nirari of Assyria |
| Nazi-Maruttash | ca. The short chronology is one chronology of the Near Eastern Bronze and Early Iron Age, which fixes the reign of Hammurabi to 1728 BC – 1686 BC and the Sack of Enlil-nirari was an Assyrian king(1330 BC - 1319 BC or 1317 BC - 1308 BC Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture 1307—1282 BC (short) | Contemporary of Adad-nirari I of Assyria |
| Kadashman-Turgu | ca. The short chronology is one chronology of the Near Eastern Bronze and Early Iron Age, which fixes the reign of Hammurabi to 1728 BC – 1686 BC and the Sack of Adad-nirari I (1307 BC – 1275 BC or 1295 BC - 1263 BC was a king of Assyria. Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture 1281—1264 BC (short) | Contemporary of Hattusili III of the Hittites |
| Kadashman-Enlil II | ca. The short chronology is one chronology of the Near Eastern Bronze and Early Iron Age, which fixes the reign of Hammurabi to 1728 BC – 1686 BC and the Sack of Hattusili III ( Hittite: "from Hattusa" was a king of the Hittite empire (New Kingdom or Late Empire ca The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established 1263—1255 BC (short) | Contemporary of Hattusili III of the Hittites |
| Kudur-Enlil | ca. The short chronology is one chronology of the Near Eastern Bronze and Early Iron Age, which fixes the reign of Hammurabi to 1728 BC – 1686 BC and the Sack of Hattusili III ( Hittite: "from Hattusa" was a king of the Hittite empire (New Kingdom or Late Empire ca The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established 1254—1246 BC (short) | |
| Shagarakti-Shuriash | ca. The short chronology is one chronology of the Near Eastern Bronze and Early Iron Age, which fixes the reign of Hammurabi to 1728 BC – 1686 BC and the Sack of 1245—1233 BC (short) | Son of Kudur-Enlil |
| Kashtiliashu IV | ca. The short chronology is one chronology of the Near Eastern Bronze and Early Iron Age, which fixes the reign of Hammurabi to 1728 BC – 1686 BC and the Sack of 1232—1225 BC (short) | Contemporary of Tukulti-Ninurta I of Assyria |
| Enlil-nadin-shumi | ca. The short chronology is one chronology of the Near Eastern Bronze and Early Iron Age, which fixes the reign of Hammurabi to 1728 BC – 1686 BC and the Sack of Tukulti-Ninurta I was a king of Assyria. (reigned 1243 BC – 1207 BC He succeeded Shalmaneser I, his father as king and won a major victory against the Hittites Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture 1224 BC (short) | Assyria installed governor |
| Kadashman-Harbe II | ca. The short chronology is one chronology of the Near Eastern Bronze and Early Iron Age, which fixes the reign of Hammurabi to 1728 BC – 1686 BC and the Sack of Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture 1223 BC (short) | Assyria installed governor |
| Adad-shuma-iddina | ca. The short chronology is one chronology of the Near Eastern Bronze and Early Iron Age, which fixes the reign of Hammurabi to 1728 BC – 1686 BC and the Sack of Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture 1222—1217 BC (short) | Assyria installed governor |
| Adad-shuma-usur | ca. The short chronology is one chronology of the Near Eastern Bronze and Early Iron Age, which fixes the reign of Hammurabi to 1728 BC – 1686 BC and the Sack of Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture 1216—1187 BC (short) | Contemporary of Ashur-nirari III of Assyria |
| Meli-Shipak II | ca. The short chronology is one chronology of the Near Eastern Bronze and Early Iron Age, which fixes the reign of Hammurabi to 1728 BC – 1686 BC and the Sack of Ashur-nirari III was king of Assyria. (1203 BC – 1198 BC or 1193 BC - 1187 BC Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture 1186—1172 BC (short) | |
| Marduk-apla-iddina I | ca. The short chronology is one chronology of the Near Eastern Bronze and Early Iron Age, which fixes the reign of Hammurabi to 1728 BC – 1686 BC and the Sack of 1171—1159 BC (short) | |
| Zababa-shuma-iddin | ca. The short chronology is one chronology of the Near Eastern Bronze and Early Iron Age, which fixes the reign of Hammurabi to 1728 BC – 1686 BC and the Sack of 1158 BC (short) | |
| Enlil-nadin-ahi | ca. The short chronology is one chronology of the Near Eastern Bronze and Early Iron Age, which fixes the reign of Hammurabi to 1728 BC – 1686 BC and the Sack of 1157—1155 BC (short) | Defeated by Shutruk-Nahhunte of Elam |
Social life
In spite of the fact that some of them took Babylonian names, the Kassites retained their traditional clan and tribal structure, in contrast to the smaller family unit of the Babylonians. The short chronology is one chronology of the Near Eastern Bronze and Early Iron Age, which fixes the reign of Hammurabi to 1728 BC – 1686 BC and the Sack of Elam is the name of an ancient civilization located in what is now southwest Iran. They were proud of their affiliation with their tribal houses, rather than their own fathers, and preserved their customs of fratriarchal property ownership and inheritance. [3]
Language
According to Encyclopedia Iranica[4]:
| “ | There is not a single connected text in the Kassite language. The number of Kassite appellatives is restricted (slightly more than 60 vocables, mostly referring to colors, parts of the chariot, irrigation terms, plants, and titles). About 200 additional lexical elements can be gained by the analysis of the more numerous anthroponyms, toponyms, theonyms, and horse names used by the Kassites (see Balkan, 1954, passim; Jaritz, 1957 is to be used with caution). As is clear from this material, the Kassites spoke a language without a genetic relationship to any other known tongue | ” |
Culture
The most notable Kassite artifacts are their Kudurru steles. Kudurru was a type of stone document used as boundary stones and as records of Land grants to Vassals by the Kassites in ancient Mesopotamia A stele (from Greek:, stēlē, ˈstiːli plural stelae,, stēlai, ˈstiːlaɪ also found Latinised singular stela Used for marking boundaries and making proclamations, they were also carved with a high degree of artistic skill.
References
- ^ Lorestan - Facts from the Encyclopedia - Yahoo! Education
- ^ History of Iran: Iranologie.com
- ^ J. Boardman et al (eds) Cambridge Ancient History Vol III Pt 1 (2nd Ed) 1982
- ^ Kassites in Encyclopedia Iranica by Ran Zadok
- Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc
- A. Leo Oppenheim, Ancient Mesopotamia: portrait of a dead civilization, 1964.
- K. Balkan, Die Sprache der Kassiten, (The Language of the Kassites, in German), American Oriental Series, vol. 37, New Haven, Conn. , 1954.
External links
- Daniel A. Nevez, 'Provincial administration at Kassite Nippur' abstract of a dissertation gives details of Kassite Nippur and Babylonia.
- Christopher Edens, "Structure, Power and Legitimation in Kassite Babylonia"
- Richard Hooker, "The Kassites: 1530-1170 The Kassite Interregnum"
- David W. Koeller, "Kassite rule in Mesopotamia"
- Kassites in Encyclopedia Iranica by Ran Zadok
- Livius.org: Kassites/Cossaeans
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic