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For other uses, see Kashmiri (disambiguation)
Kashmiri
कॉशुर کٲشُر kạ̄šur
Spoken in: India (Jammu and Kashmir; Pakistan (Azad Kashmir)[1] 
Region: Kashmir
Total speakers: 4. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country ( Dogri: जम्मू और कश्मीर Urdu: جموں و کشمیر is the northernmost state of India. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and The Azad State of Jammu and Kashmir, usually shortened to Azad Jammu and Kashmir ( AJK) or simply Azad Kashmir (literally "free This article is about the geographical region of greater Kashmir 6 million[1]
Language family: Indo-European
 Indo-Iranian
  Dardic
   Kashmiri 
Writing system: Perso-Arabic script, Devanagari script 
Official status
Official language in: Flag of India India,[1]
Regulated by: no official regulation
Language codes
ISO 639-1: ks
ISO 639-2: kas
ISO 639-3: kas
Indic script
 This page contains Indic text. List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family The Indo-Iranian language group constitutes the easternmost extant branch of the Indo-European family of languages The Dardic languages are a group of Indo-Iranian languages spoken in eastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, and in India in the region of Jammu A writing system is a type of Symbolic system used to represent elements or statements expressible in Language. The Perso-Arabic script is a Writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country This is a list of bodies that regulate Standard languages Natural languages Auxiliary languages Interlingua The auxiliary language ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages The Brahmic family is a family of syllabaries (writing systems used in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts of Central Asia and East Asia, Without rendering support you may see irregular vowel positioning and a lack of conjuncts. More...

Kashmiri (कॉशुर, کٲشُر Koshur) is a Dardic language spoken primarily in the valley of Kashmir, a region situated in the Jammu and Kashmir state of India. The Dards are an ethnic group predominantly found in Afghanistan, Kashmir Valley, Kargil, and Northern Areas of Pakistan Controlled Kashmir This article is about the geographical region of greater Kashmir ( Dogri: जम्मू और कश्मीर Urdu: جموں و کشمیر is the northernmost state of India. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country [2][3][4] It has about 4,391,000 speakers in India. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The 105,000 or so speakers in Pakistan are mostly Immigrants from the Kashmir Valley to Pakistan and include only a few speakers residing in border villages in the Neelum District of Azad Kashmir. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Neelum District is one of the eight districts of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. [1] Kashmiri belongs to the geographical linguistic sub-grouping called Dardic part of the Indo-European Language Family . The Dardic languages are a group of Indo-Iranian languages spoken in eastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, and in India in the region of Jammu [5] It is one of the 23 scheduled languages of India. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country [6]

Kashmiri is the state official language of Jammu and Kashmir and also one of the national languages of India. Some Kashmiri speakers use English or Urdu as a second language. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised [1] In the past few decades, Kashmiri was introduced as a subject at the university and the colleges of the valley. At present, attempts are on for inclusion of Kashmiri in school curriculum.

Contents

Literature

In 1919 George Abraham Grierson wrote that “Kashmiri is the only one of the Dardic languages that has a literature”. George Abraham Grierson ( 7 January 1851, Glenageary, County Dublin, Ireland - 9 March 1941, Camberley Kashmiri literature dates back to over 750 years, this is, more-or-less, the age of many a modern literature including English.

Writing system

Kashmiri has remained a spoken language up to the present times, though some manuscripts were written in the past in the Sharada script, and then in Perso-Arabic script. The Śāradā, or Sharada, script (sa शारदा is an Abugida writing system of the Brahmic family of scripts developed from ca The Perso-Arabic script is a Writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet. Currently, Kashmiri is written in either the Perso-Arabic script (with some modifications) or the Devanagari script. The Perso-Arabic script is a Writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet. Among languages written in the Perso-Arabic script, Kashmiri is practically unique, in that it regularly indicates all vowel sounds [7]

Grammar

Kashmiri, like English, follows Subject Verb Object word order. In Linguistic typology, subject-verb-object ( SVO) is a sentence structure where the subject comes first the Verb second and the object In Linguistics, word order typology refers to the study of the different ways in which languages arrange the constituents of their sentences relative to each other and the systematic [8]

There are four cases in Kashmiri: nominative, genitive, and two oblique cases. The nominative case is a Grammatical case for a Noun, which generally marks the subject of a Verb, as opposed to its object or other In Grammar, the genitive case or possessive case (also called the second case) is the case that marks a Noun as modifying another An oblique case (casus generalis in Linguistics is a Noun case of Synthetic languages that is used generally when a Noun is the object [9]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Kashmiri: A language of India. Ethnologue. Retrieved on 2007-06-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks
  2. ^ Koshur: An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri. Kashmir News Network: Language Section (koshur. org). Retrieved on 2007-06-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks
  3. ^ Kashmiri Literature. Kashmir Sabha, Kolkata. Retrieved on 2007-06-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks
  4. ^ Kashmiri Language: Roots, Evolution and Affinity. Kashmiri Overseas Association, Inc. (KOA). Retrieved on 2007-06-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks
  5. ^ Kashmiri language. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved on 2007-06-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks
  6. ^ Scheduled Languages of India. Central Institute of Indian Languages. Retrieved on 2007-06-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks
  7. ^ Daniels & Bright (1996). The World's Writing Systems, 753-754.  
  8. ^ V-2 and the Verb Complex in Kashmiri. University of Michigan and Central Institute of Indian Languages. Retrieved on 2008-06-04. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China.
  9. ^ Edelman (1983). The Dardic and Nuristani Languages.  

See also

External links

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