| Karuk | ||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Northwestern California, USA | |
| Total speakers: | 10 (1997), 335 (2000) | |
| Language family: | Language isolate. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family A language isolate, in the absolute sense is a Natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic" relationship with other living languages that is | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | nai | |
| ISO 639-3: | kyh | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's | ||
Karuk or Karok is a moribund language of northwestern California, USA. In Linguistics, language death (also language extinction, linguistic extinction, and sometimes pejoratively as linguicide) is a process California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the It was the traditional language of the Karuk people, most of whom now speak English. Karuk (also Karok) are an indigenous people of California in the United States. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States
William Bright worked to record the Karuk language, and this caused a revival. William Bright (born August 13, 1928, Oxnard California; died October 15, 2006, Louisville Colorado) was an American
According to Census 2000, there are 55 people between the ages of 5 and 17 who can speak Karuk, including 10 with limited English proficiency.
Contents |
Classification
There have been proposals to include Karuk into the hypothetical Hokan phylum. Karuk (also Karok) are an indigenous people of California in the United States. The Hokan language family is a hypothetical grouping of a dozen small language families spoken in California and Mexico.
"The Karok language is not closely or obviously related to any other (in the area), but has been classified as a member of the northern group of Hokan languages, in a subgroup which includes Chimariko and the Shasta languages, spoken in the same general part of California as Karok itself. " (Bright 1)
"The Karok, Yurok and Hupa formed the southern focus of the so-called North Pacific Coast Culture. While most of the information of this culture comes from studies of the Yuroks, there was a high degree of cultural uniformity among the three groups; neighbours on the same river highway, they visited each other's performances of the same festivals, intermarried and feuded over the same issues. " (Drucker 176) As concerns the Karok, Yurok and Hupa cultures, in spite of the sameness of culture, the languages are not. The Karok language is not closely or obviously related to any other language.
Phonology
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| Close | i | iː | u | uː | ||
| Mid | eː | oː | ||||
| Open | a | aː | ||||
Consonants
| Bilabial | Labio- dental |
Dental | Alveolar | Palatal or postalveolar |
Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | |||||
| Stop | p | t | tʃ | k | ʔ | ||
| Fricative | β | f | θ | s | (ʃ) | x | h |
| Flap | ɾ | ||||||
| Approximant | j |
Grammar
Karuk is a polysynthetic language known for its method of arranging old and new information: ". A front vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a front vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far forward A central vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a central vowel is that the tongue is positioned halfway between A back vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a back vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far back as A close vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in many spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a close vowel is that the tongue is positioned as close as A mid vowel is a Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a mid vowel is that the tongue is positioned mid-way between an An open vowel is a Vowel sound of a type used in most spoken Languages The defining characteristic of an open vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far as In Phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a Consonant articulated with both Lips The bilabial consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet In Phonetics, labiodentals are Consonants articulated with the lower Lip and the upper Teeth. In Linguistics, a dental consonant or dental is a Consonant that is articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth such as /t/ /d/ /n/ and Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior Alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets Palatal consonants are Consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the Hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth Postalveolar consonants are Consonants articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the Alveolar ridge, placing them a bit further back in the Glottal consonants are Consonants articulated with the Glottis. A nasal consonant (also called nasal stop or nasal continuant) is produced with a lowered velum in the mouth allowing air to escape freely through the A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a Consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the Vocal tract. Fricatives are Consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together In Phonetics, a flap or tap is a type of Consonantal sound which is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (such as the Approximants are speech sounds ( Phonemes) that could be regarded as intermediate between Vowels and typical Consonants In the articulation of approximants Polysynthetic languages are highly Synthetic languages ie languages in which words are composed of many Morphemes Definition The degree of . . skilled Karuk speakers use separate words to communicate new, salient detail, or to underscore known detail; and they use affixes for background details so that a listener's attention is not diverted. " [1]
References
- Bright, William. The Karok Language. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1957.
- Drucker, Philip. Cultures of the North Pacific Coast. San Francisco: Chandler, 1965.
- ^ Silver, Shirley & Miller, Wick R. , "American Indian Languages: Cultural and Social Contexts" (1997, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pg. 41).
External links
- Karuk Language Resources
- Karok Linguistic Lineage
- Efforts Under Way to Preserve Karuk Language
- Karuk Songs
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