| Translations of karuṇā |
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|---|---|
| Pali : | karuṇā |
| Sanskrit : | karuṇā |
| Tibetan : | snying-rje |
| English : | compassion, pity |
Karuṇā (Sanskrit; Pāli) is generally translated as "compassion" or "pity. Pali ( ISO 15919 / ALA-LC: Pāḷi is a Middle Indo-Aryan language or Prakrit of India. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Tibetan refers to a group of languages spoken primarily by Tibetan peoples who live across a wide area of eastern Central Asia bordering South Asia as well as by overseas English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Pali ( ISO 15919 / ALA-LC: Pāḷi is a Middle Indo-Aryan language or Prakrit of India. Compassion is a profound human Emotion prompted by the pain of others "[1] It is part of the spiritual path of both Buddhism and Jainism. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Jainism, traditionally known as Jain Dharma / Shraman Dharma (जैन धर्म is an ancient religion of India.
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Karuṇā is important in all schools of Buddhism. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices The History of Buddhism spans the 6th century BCE to the present starting with the birth of the Buddha Siddhartha Gautama. Several Buddhist terms and concepts lack direct translations into English that cover the breadth of the original term Several Buddhist terms and concepts lack direct translations into English that cover the breadth of the original term A number of noted individuals have been Buddhists. Historical Buddhist thinkers and founders of schools Individuals are grouped by nationality except in cases where the The Schools of Buddhism. Buddhism is classified in various ways Buddhist texts can be categorized in a number of ways The Western terms "scripture" and "canonical" are applied to Buddhism in inconsistent ways by Western scholars For Theravāda Buddhists, dwelling in karuṇā is a means for attaining a happy present life and heavenly rebirth. History Origin of the school The Theravāda school is ultimately derived from the Vibhajjavāda (or 'doctrine of analysis' grouping which was a continuation For Mahāyāna Buddhists, karuṇā is a co-requisite for becoming a bodhisattva. Mahayana ( Sanskrit: mahāyāna, Devanagari: महायान 'Great Vehicle' is one of the two main existing schools of Buddhism and a term for
Theravada Buddhism
In Theravāda Buddhism, karuṇā is one of the four "divine abodes" (brahmavihāra), along with lovingkindness (Pāli: mettā), sympathetic joy (mudita) and equanimity (upekkha). The four Brahmavihāras are a series of virtues and Buddhist meditation practices designed to cultivate those virtues Pali ( ISO 15919 / ALA-LC: Pāḷi is a Middle Indo-Aryan language or Prakrit of India. Mettā meditation the practice of loving-kindness Mettā signifies Friendship and Non-violence as well as "a strong wish for the happiness of others" Mudita is a Buddhist ( Pali and Sanskrit) word meaning rejoicing in others' good fortune Upekṣā ( Sanskrit / Devanāgarī script: उपेक्षा Pali: Upekkhā) is the Buddhist concept of Equanimity. [2] In the Pali canon, the Buddha recommends cultivating these four virtuous mental states to both householders and monastics. Siddhārtha Gautama ( Sanskrit; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual Teacher from Ancient India and the founder In English translations of Buddhist literature, householder denotes a variety of terms A Bhikkhu ( Pāli) or Bhiksu ( Sanskrit) is a fully ordained male Buddhist Monastic. [3] When one develops these four states, the Buddha counsels radiating them in all directions, as in the following stock canonical phrase regarding karuṇā:
- "He keeps pervading the first direction — as well as the second direction, the third, & the fourth — with an awareness imbued with compassion. Thus he keeps pervading above, below, & all around, everywhere & in every respect the all-encompassing cosmos with an awareness imbued with compassion: abundant, expansive, immeasurable, free from hostility, free from ill will. "[4]
Such a practice purifies one's mind, avoids evil-induced consequences, leads to happiness in one's present life and, if there is a future karmic rebirth, rebirth in a heavenly realm. Karma ( Sanskrit: कर्मन karman, Pāli: कमा Kamma) means "action" or "doing" whatever Rebirth in Buddhism is the doctrine that the consciousness of a person (as conventionally regarded upon the death or dissolution of the aggregates ( Skandhas Buddhist cosmology is the description of the shape and evolution of the universe according to the canonical Buddhist scriptures and commentaries [5]
The Pali commentaries distinguish between karuṇā and mettā in the following complementary manner: Karuna is the desire to remove harm and suffering (ahita-dukkha-apanaya-kāmatā) from others; while mettā is the desire to bring about the well-being and happiness (hita-sukha-upanaya-kāmatā) of others. Atthakatha ( Pali for explanation commentary refers to Pali-language Theravadin Buddhist commentaries to the canonical Theravadin Tipitaka. Dukkha ( Pāli दुक्ख Sanskrit दुःख duḥkha; according to grammatical tradition derived from dus-kha "uneasy" Sukha is a Sanskrit and Pāli word that is often translated as “happiness" or "ease" or "pleasure" or "bliss [6]
Mahayana Buddhism
In Mahāyāna Buddhism, karuṇā is one of the two qualities, along with enlightened wisdom (Sanskrit: prajña), to be cultivated on the bodhisattva path. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical In the Pali Canon In the Pali Canon, paññā is defined in a variety of overlapping ways frequently centering on concentrated insight In the Buddhist context a bodhisattva (बोधिसत्त्व bodhisattva;; Vietnamese Bồ Tát; बोधिसत्त bodhisatta According to scholar Rupert Gethin, this elevation of karuṇā to the status of prajña is one of the distinguishing factors between the Theravāda arahant ideal and the Mahāyāna bodhisattva ideal:
- For the Mahāyāna . Dr Rupert Mark Lovell Gethin ( b 1957 Edinburgh is a Lecturer in Indian Religions in the Department of Theology and Religious Studies and co-director of the Centre for Buddhist In the sramanic traditions of ancient India (most notably those of Mahavira and Gautama Buddha) arhat ( Sanskrit) or arahant . . the path to arhatship appears tainted with a residual selfishess since it lacks the motivation of the great compassion (mahākaruṇā) of the bodhisattva, and ultimately the only legitimate way of Buddhist practice is the bodhisattva path. [7]
Throughout the Mahāyāna world, Avalokiteśvara (Sanskrit; Chinese: Guan Yin; Japanese: Kanzeon; Tibetan: Chenrezig) is a bodhisattva who embodies karuṇā. Avalokiteśvara ( Nepali: अवलोकितेश्वर, lit Guanyin (觀音 pinyin guānyīn, Wade-Giles kuan-yin) is the Bodhisattva of compassion as venerated by East Asian Buddhists
Jainism
Karuṇā is associated with the Jain practice of compassion. For instance, karuṇā is one of the four reflections of universal friendship — along with amity (Sanskrit: maitri), appreciation (pramoda) and equanimity (madhyastha) — used to stop (samvara) the influx of karma. Karma in Jainism ( Sanskrit: कर्म kär'mə kär'mən Prakrit: कम्म kä'mmə refers not only to the actions and deeds that are part of the [8]
See also
Notes
- ^ Regarding the Sanskrit word, see Monier-Williams (1899), p. In the Buddhist context a bodhisattva (बोधिसत्त्व bodhisattva;; Vietnamese Bồ Tát; बोधिसत्त bodhisatta The four Brahmavihāras are a series of virtues and Buddhist meditation practices designed to cultivate those virtues 255, entry for "karuṇā" (retrieved at http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/MWScanpdf/mw0255-karaTa.pdf), where the nounal form of the word is defined as "pity, compassion". For the Pali word, see Rhys Davids & Stede (1921-5), p. 197, entry for "Karuṇā" (retrieved at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.1:1:356.pali), where it is defined as "pity, compassion. "
- ^ Gethin (1998), pp. 186-187; and, Rhys Davids & Stede, op. cit.
- ^ For instance, in the Kālāmā Sutta (AN 3. The Anguttara Nikaya (aṅguttaranikāya "Gradual Collection" or "Numerical Discourses" is a Buddhist scripture the fourth of the five Nikayas or 65), the Buddha speaks of all Noble Disciples (ariya-savaka) developing the brahmaviharas (Thanissaro, 1994).
- ^ Kālāmā Sutta (AN 3. Buddhist references In Nikaya Buddhism, sāvaka ( m) or sāvikā ( f The Anguttara Nikaya (aṅguttaranikāya "Gradual Collection" or "Numerical Discourses" is a Buddhist scripture the fourth of the five Nikayas or 65), trans. Thanissaro (1994). The "four directions" refer to east, south, west and north.
- ^ AN 3. The Anguttara Nikaya (aṅguttaranikāya "Gradual Collection" or "Numerical Discourses" is a Buddhist scripture the fourth of the five Nikayas or 65 (Thanissaro, 1994). In regards to in which heavenly realm a frequent karuṇā dweller will be reborn, AN 4. The Anguttara Nikaya (aṅguttaranikāya "Gradual Collection" or "Numerical Discourses" is a Buddhist scripture the fourth of the five Nikayas or 125 (Thanissaro, 2006) identifies it as the realm of radiant (abhassara) devas, whose lifespans last two eons.
- ^ SN-A 128 (Rhys Davids & Stede, 1921-5, op. The Sutta Nipata is a Buddhist scripture a Sutta collection in the Khuddaka Nikaya, part of the Pali Canon of Theravada Buddhism Atthakatha ( Pali for explanation commentary refers to Pali-language Theravadin Buddhist commentaries to the canonical Theravadin Tipitaka. cit. ); see also, BDEA & BuddhaNet (n.d.).
- ^ Gethin (1999), p. 228.
- ^ Shah (n.d.). Regarding samvara, see "Release from karmas". Karma in Jainism ( Sanskrit: कर्म kär'mə kär'mən Prakrit: कम्म kä'mmə refers not only to the actions and deeds that are part of the From a comparative religion perspective, cf. Buddhism's four brahmavihara; for instance, maitri is often identified as a Sanskrit correlate of the Pali mettā (Rhys Davids & Stede, 1921-5, p. The four Brahmavihāras are a series of virtues and Buddhist meditation practices designed to cultivate those virtues 540, entry for "Mettā," retrieved at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.3:1:177.pali).
Sources
- Buddha Dharma Education Association & BuddhaNet (n. d. ). Buddhist Studies for Secondary Students, Unit 6: The Four Immeasurables. Retrieved from "BuddhaNet" at http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhism/bs-s15.htm.
- Gethin, Rupert (1998). Dr Rupert Mark Lovell Gethin ( b 1957 Edinburgh is a Lecturer in Indian Religions in the Department of Theology and Religious Studies and co-director of the Centre for Buddhist The Foundations of Buddhism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Monier-Williams, Monier (1899, 1964). Sir Monier Monier-Williams (1819&ndash1899 studied documented and taught Asian languages in England, and compiled one of the most widely-used Sanskrit A Sanskrit-English Dictionary. London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-864308-X. Retrieved 2008-05-09 from "Cologne University" at http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/index.php?sfx=pdf.
- Rhys Davids, T.W. & William Stede (eds. Thomas William Rhys Davids ( May 12, 1843 - December 27, 1922) was a British scholar of the Pāli language and founder of ) (1921-5). The Pali Text Society’s Pali–English Dictionary. Chipstead: Pali Text Society. The Pali Text Society was founded in 1881 by TW Rhys Davids "to foster and promote the study of Pali texts" Retrieved 2008-05-09 from "U. Chicago" at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/.
- Shah, Pravin K. (n. d. ). Nine Tattvas (Principles). Retrieved from "Harvard U. " at http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~pluralsm/affiliates/jainism/jainedu/9tattva.htm.
- Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans. Thanissaro Bhikkhu (Geoffrey DeGraff (1949 -) is an American Buddhist monk of the Thai forest Kammatthana tradition ) (1994). Kalama Sutta: To the Kalamas (AN 3. The Anguttara Nikaya (aṅguttaranikāya "Gradual Collection" or "Numerical Discourses" is a Buddhist scripture the fourth of the five Nikayas or 65). Retrieved 2008-05-10 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an03/an03.065.than.html.
- Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans. ) (2006). Metta Sutta: Good Will (1) (AN 4. The Anguttara Nikaya (aṅguttaranikāya "Gradual Collection" or "Numerical Discourses" is a Buddhist scripture the fourth of the five Nikayas or 125). Retrieved 2008-05-10 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an04/an04.125.than.html.
External links
- Dharma Dictionary - RangjungYesheWiki - Snying Rje / Karuna
- Caring For the Poorest children in Cambodia: Karuna Foundation - by Cathy and Phil Kiely
- The network of Karuna foundations in Europe, North America and Asia is raising funds to maintain Shechen's existing projects, and develop new inititiatives.
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