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Karl Mannheim (Mannheim Károly the original writing of his name March 27, 1893, Budapest – January 9, 1947, London) was a Jewish Hungarian-born sociologist, influential in the first half of the 20th century and one of the founding fathers of classical sociology. Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Year 1893 ( MDCCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Budapest ( also /ˈbʊ-/) is the capital city of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary it serves as the country's principal Political, Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople. Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Sociology (from Latin: socius "companion" and the suffix -ology "the study of" from Greek λόγος lógos "knowledge" Mannheim rates as a founder of the sociology of knowledge. The Sociology of Knowledge is the study of the relationship between human thought and the social context within which it arises and of the effects prevailing ideas have on societies

Contents

Education and Academic Career

He studied in Budapest, Berlin—in 1914 he attended lectures by Georg Simmel—, Paris and Heidelberg. Georg Simmel (March 1 1858 &ndash September 28 1918 was one of the first generation of German sociologists. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Heidelberg is a city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. As of 2006 over 140000 people live within the city's area During the brief period of the Hungarian Soviet in 1919 he was offered a position by his friend and mentor György Lukács. György Lukács (pronounced in IPA dyɶrdyə ˈlukɑtʃ) ( April 13, 1885 – June 4, 1971) was a Hungarian After the collapse of the government Mannheim moved to Germany. From 1922 to 1925 in Heidelberg he worked under the German sociologist Alfred Weber, brother of the well-known sociologist Max Weber. Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Heidelberg is a city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. As of 2006 over 140000 people live within the city's area Alfred Weber ( July 30 1868 &ndash May 2 1958) was a German Economist, Sociologist and Theoretician Maximilian Carl Emil Weber (maks 'veːbɐ (21 April 1864 &ndash 14 June 1920 was a German political economist and sociologist who was considered In 1926 Mannheim was official appointed to teach sociology at Heidelberg. In 1930 he became professor of sociology at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main. The Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main (also known as Frankfurt University) was founded in 1914 as a Citizens' University which means that while it was Norbert Elias worked as one of his assistants during this period (from spring 1930 until spring 1933). Norbert Elias ( June 22, 1897 &mdash August 1, 1990) was a German sociologist of Jewish descent who later became

In 1933 he fled the Nazi regime and settled in Britain, where he was appointed a lecturer in Sociology at the London School of Economics (LSE). The London School of Economics and Political Science, more commonly referred to as The London School of Economics or LSE, is a specialist college of the In 1941 he was invited by Sir Fred Clarke, Director of the Institute of Education, University of London, to teach sociology on a part-time basis in conjunction with his role at LSE. The Institute of Education ( IoE) is a constituent college of the University of London, dedicated to Postgraduate study and research in the field of In January 1946 he took up the full-time chair of education at the Institute of Education, which he held until his death a year later at the age of 53.


Mannheim’s biography, one of intellectual and geographical migration, falls into three main phases: Hungarian (to 1919), German (1919-1933), British (1933-1947). Among important intellectual influences are György Lukács, Georg Simmel, Edmund Husserl, Karl Marx, Alfred and Max Weber, Max Scheler, Wilhelm Dilthey and C. Wright Mills. György Lukács (pronounced in IPA dyɶrdyə ˈlukɑtʃ) ( April 13, 1885 – June 4, 1971) was a Hungarian Georg Simmel (March 1 1858 &ndash September 28 1918 was one of the first generation of German sociologists. Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl (ˈhʊsɛrl April 8 1859 – April 26 1938) was a philosopher, known as the father of Alfred Weber ( July 30 1868 &ndash May 2 1958) was a German Economist, Sociologist and Theoretician Maximilian Carl Emil Weber (maks 'veːbɐ (21 April 1864 &ndash 14 June 1920 was a German political economist and sociologist who was considered Max Scheler ( August 22, 1874, Munich – May 19, 1928, Frankfurt am Main) was a German Philosopher Wilhelm Dilthey (ˈdɪltaɪ November 19, 1833 &ndash October 1, 1911) was a German Historian, Psychologist Charles Mills ( August 28, 1916, Waco Texas &ndash March 20, 1962, West Nyack New York) was an American Through these and others, German historicism, Marxism, phenomenology, sociology and Anglo-American pragmatism entered his work. Historicism refers to philosophical theories that include one or both of two claims that there is an organic succession of developments a notion also Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Sociology (from Latin: socius "companion" and the suffix -ology "the study of" from Greek λόγος lógos "knowledge" Pragmatism generally considered to have originated in the late nineteenth century with Charles Peirce, who first stated the Pragmatic maxim.

Works

Hungarian phase Mannheim was a precocious scholar and an accepted member of two influential circles, one centered on Oszkár Jászi and interested above all in French and English sociological writings, and one centered on György Lukács, with interests focused on the enthusiasms of German diagnosticians of cultural crisis, notably the novels of Fyodor Dostoyevsky and the writings of the German mystics. Oszkár Jászi ( March 2, 1875 – February 13, 1957) was a Hungarian social scientist and Politician. Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (Фёдор Миха́йлович Достое́вский, sometimes transliterated Dostoyevsky, Dostoievsky, Mannheim's Hungarian writings, notably his "Structural Analysis of Epistemology," anticipate his lifelong search for "synthesis" between these currents.

German phase This was Mannheim's most productive. In it he turned from philosophy to sociology, inquiring into the roots of culture. His essays on the sociology of knowledge have become classics. In 'Ideology and Utopia' he argued that the application of the term ideology ought to be broadened. An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics He traced the history of the term from what he called a 'particular' view. This view saw ideology as the perhaps deliberate obscuring of facts. This view gave way to a 'total' conception (most notably in Marx) which argued that a whole social group's thought was formed by its social position (e. g. the proletariat's beliefs were conditioned by their relationship to the means of production). However, he called for a further step which he called a general total conception of ideology, in which it was recognised that everyone's beliefs—including the social scientist's—were a product of the context they were created in. He feared this could lead to relativism but proposed the idea of relationism as an antidote. Compare Moral relativism, Aesthetic relativism, Social constructionism, Cultural relativism, and Cognitive relativism. Relationism can refer to a framework of social thought governing political economic and social behaviour or to a particular philosophical position on the ontology of fundamental quantities To uphold the distinction, he maintained that the recognition of different perspectives according to differences in time and social location appears arbitrary only to an abstract and disembodied theory of knowledge.

The list of reviewers of the German "Ideology and Utopia" includes a remarkable roll call of individuals who became famous in exile, after the rise of Hitler: Hannah Arendt, Max Horkheimer, Herbert Marcuse, Paul Tillich, Hans Speier, Günther Stern (aka Günther Anders), Waldemar Gurian, Siegfried Kracauer, Otto Neurath, Karl August Wittfogel, Béla Fogarasi, and Leo Strauss. Max Horkheimer (February 14 1895 &ndash July 7 1973 was a German Philosopher and Sociologist, and a founder and guiding thinker of Critical Herbert Marcuse ( July 19, 1898 &ndash July 29, 1979) was a German philosopher and sociologist, and a member of Paul Johannes Tillich ( August 20, 1886 &ndash October 22, 1965) was a German - American theologian and Christian Günther Anders (born Günther Stern) ( Breslau, 12 July 1902 &ndash Vienna, 17 December 1992) was a German Siegfried Kracauer ( February 8, 1889, Frankfurt am Main &ndash November 26, 1966, New York) was a German Otto Neurath (1882 - 1945 was an Austrian philosopher of science, sociologist, and political economist. Karl August Wittfogel ( 6 September 1896 &ndash 25 May 1988) was a German-American Historian and Sinologist Leo Strauss (September 20 1899 &ndash October 18 1973 was a German -born Jewish-American political philosopher who specialized in the study of classical

Mannheim's ambitious attempt to promote a comprehensive sociological analysis of the structures of knowledge was treated with suspicion by Marxists and neo-Marxists of the Frankfurt School. The Frankfurt School is a school of neo-Marxist Critical theory, Social research, and Philosophy. They saw the rising popularity of the sociology of knowledge as a neutralization and a betrayal of Marxist inspiration. During his few years in Frankfurt prior to 1933 the rivalry between the two intellectual groupings—Mannheim's seminar (with Norbert Elias as his assistant) and that of Horkheimer and the Institute for Social Research—was intense. Norbert Elias ( June 22, 1897 &mdash August 1, 1990) was a German sociologist of Jewish descent who later became The surname Horkheimer may refer to Jack Horkheimer, American astronomer and television host Max Horkheimer, Jewish-German philosopher and While this contest looms large in retrospect, Mannheim's contemporary competitors were other academic sociologists, notably the gifted proto-fascist Leipzig professor, Hans Freyer, and the proponent of formal sociology and leading figure in the profession, Leopold von Wiese. This sort of fix restores section edit linkpoints to where they belong Hans Freyer, born July 31 1887 in Leipzig, died January 18 1969 in Ebersteinburg near Baden-Baden, was a

In his British phase, Mannheim attempted a comprehensive analysis of the structure of modern society by way of democratic social planning and education. His work was admired more by educators, social workers, and religious thinkers than it was by the small community of British sociologists. His books on planning nevertheless played an important part in the political debates of the immediate post-war years, both in the United States and in several European countries.

Mannheim's book Ideologie und Utopie (1929) was the most widely debated book by a living sociologist in Germany during the Weimar Republic; the English version Ideology and Utopia (1936) has been a standard in American-style international academic sociology, carried by the interest it aroused in the United States. The term Weimar Republic ( ˈvaɪmarɐ repuˈbliːk is used by historians to signify the democratic and Republican period of Germany from 1919 to 1933 The quite different German and English versions of the book figure in reappraisals of Mannheim initiated by new textual discoveries and republications. Mannheim’s sociological theorizing has been the subject of numerous book-length studies, evidence of an international interest in his principal themes. Mannheim was not the author of any work he himself considered a finished book, but rather of some fifty major essays and treatises, most later published in book form. Curiously, German National Socialism (Nazism) was not mentioned as one of four "form[s]of the Utopian mentality," and there was no mention of Hitler or of Nazism in this work, even though Mannheim was shortly to flee Germany because of it. Mussolini and Italian fascism, while also not a "form of Utopian mentality," were discussed elsewhere in the volume.

Works (selection)

References

External links

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