Kannada ಕನ್ನಡ kannaḍa
Spoken in:	Karnataka, India, significant communities in USA, Australia, UK, United Arab Emirates. Karnataka (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ pronounced) is a state in the southern part of India India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The United States of America —commonly referred to as the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located
Region:	Karnataka,Kerala, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Goa. Karnataka (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ pronounced) is a state in the southern part of India Kerala ( Malayalam: {{Kerala in Malayalam}}; Maharashtra ( Marathi: mahārāṣṭra, IPA) is a state located on the western coast of India. Goa ( Konkani: गोंय /ɡɔ̃j/ is India 's smallest state in terms of area and the fourth smallest in terms of population.
Total speakers:	35 million native, 44 million total[1][2]
Ranking:	27[1]
Language family:	Dravidian  Southern   Tamil-Kannada    Kannada
Official status
Official language in:	India (Karnataka)
Regulated by:	Various academies and the Government of Karnataka [3]
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	kn
ISO 639-2:	kan
ISO 639-3:	kan
This page contains Indic text. This is a list of languages, ordered by the number of native-language speakers, with some data for second-language use List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family The Dravidian family of languages includes approximately 73 languages (including the four literary languages of Tamil, Telugu, Kannada The Dravidian family of languages includes approximately 73 languages (including the four literary languages of Tamil, Telugu, Kannada Tamil-Kannada is a hypothetical inner branch (Zvelebil 199056 of the South Dravidian I (SDr I subfamily of the Southern Dravidian languages that include Tamil India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Karnataka (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ pronounced) is a state in the southern part of India This is a list of bodies that regulate Standard languages Natural languages Auxiliary languages Interlingua The auxiliary language For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. Karnataka (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ pronounced) is a state in the southern part of India ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages The Brahmic family is a family of syllabaries (writing systems used in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts of Central Asia and East Asia, Without rendering support you may see irregular vowel positioning and a lack of conjuncts. More...

Kannada (ಕನ್ನಡ Kannaḍa) is one of the major Dravidian languages of India, spoken predominantly in the southern state of Karnataka. The Dravidian family of languages includes approximately 73 languages (including the four literary languages of Tamil, Telugu, Kannada India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Karnataka (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ pronounced) is a state in the southern part of India It is the 27th most spoken language in the world, with native speakers called Kannadigas (ಕನ್ನಡಿಗರು Kannadigaru) numbering roughly around 35 million. Kannadiga ( Kannada: ಕನ್ನಡಿಗ | masculine|) or Kannadati ( Kannada: ಕನ್ನಡತಿ | feminine|) refers to populations ^[1] It is one of the official languages of India and the official and administrative language of the state of Karnataka. The Constitution of India envisages Hindi as the primary official language to be used by the Union Government, with English as the subsidiary official language ^[4]

Kannada forms the Tamil-Kannada subgroup of the Southern Dravidian languages, separated from Tulu. Tamil-Kannada is a hypothetical inner branch (Zvelebil 199056 of the South Dravidian I (SDr I subfamily of the Southern Dravidian languages that include Tamil The Dravidian family of languages includes approximately 73 languages (including the four literary languages of Tamil, Telugu, Kannada It is most closely related to the Badaga language. The Badaga language ( Kannada:ಬಡಗ ಭಾಷೆ is a southern Dravidian language ( Tamil-Kannada branch spoken by approximately 250000 people

The Kannada language is written using the Kannada script. The Kannada script is a Syllabary (of the type sometimes called an Abugida) of the Brahmic family, primarily to write the Kannada language The other native languages of Karnataka, Tulu, Kodava Takk and Konkani are also written using the Kannada script. Kodava Takk or Kodava takka, ( Kannada script: ಕೊಡವ ತಕ್‌ is the original language of the south Karnataka district of Kodagu. Konkani ( Devanāgarī: कोंकणी Roman: Konknni Kannada: ಕೊಂಕಣಿ Malayalam: കൊങ്കണി IAST

Kannada is attested epigraphically from the mid-1st millennium CE, and literary Old Kannada flourishes in the 9th to 10th century Rashtrakuta Dynasty. The Rashtrakuta Dynasty ( Sanskrit: राष्ट्रकूट rāṣṭrakūṭa, Kannada: ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಕೂಟ was a royal The Rashtrakuta Dynasty ( Sanskrit: राष्ट्रकूट rāṣṭrakūṭa, Kannada: ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಕೂಟ was a royal Contemporary Kannada literature is the most successful in India, with India's highest literary honor, the Jnanpith awards, having been conferred seven times upon Kannada writers, which is the highest for any language in India. Kannada literature is the body of literature of Kannada, a Dravidian language spoken mainly in the Indian state of Karnataka and written in the The Jnanpith Award is a literary award in India. Along with the Sahitya Akademi Fellowship, it is one of the two most prestigious literary honours in the country ^[5]

Contents 1 History 1.1 Early epigraphy 1.2 Old Kannada (9th - 14th c.) 1.3 Middle Kannada (14th to 18th c.) 1.4 Modern Kannada (1800 to present) 1.5 Coins 2 Literature and poetry 3 Dialects 4 Geographic distribution 4.1 Official status 5 Writing system 5.1 Extinct Kannada letters 5.2 Kannada script in computing 5.2.1 Transliteration 5.2.2 Unicode 6 Grammar 6.1 Dictionary 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links

History

The initial development of the Kannada language is similar to that of other Dravidian languages and independent of Sanskrit. The Kadamba Dynasty ( Kannada:ಕದಂಬರು (345 - 525 CE was an ancient royal family of Karnataka that ruled from Banavasi in present ^[6] During later centuries, Kannada, along with other Dravidian languages like Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam, etc. Tamil (ta தமிழ்; t̪əmɨɻ is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamil people of the Indian subcontinent. Not to be confused with the Malay language. Malayalam (മലയാളം malayāḷaṁ) is a Dravidian language used , has been greatly influenced by Sanskrit in terms of vocabulary, grammar and literary styles. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical ^[7][8][9]

Early epigraphy

Pre-old Kannada (Purava HaleGannada or) was the language of Banavasi in the early Common Era, the Satavahana and Kadamba periods and hence has a history of over 2000 years. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Banavasi (ಬನವಾಸಿ is an ancient temple town on the border of Uttara Kannada District The Sātavāhanas ( Marathi: सातवाहन Telugu:శాతవాహనులు were a Dynasty which ruled from Junnar ( The Kadamba Dynasty ( Kannada:ಕದಂಬರು (345 - 525 CE was an ancient royal family of Karnataka that ruled from Banavasi in present ^{[10][11][12][13]} The Ashoka rock edict found at Brahmagiri (dated to 230 BC) has been suggested to contain a word in identifiable Kannada. The Edicts of Ashoka are a collection of 33 inscriptions on the Pillars of Ashoka, as well as boulders and cave walls made by the Emperor Ashoka of the Mauryan Brahmagiri is an archaeological site located in the Chitradurga district of the state of Karnataka, India. ^[14]

Written tradition of Kannada begins in the 5th to 6th century CE. The earliest examples of a full-length Kannada language stone inscription (shilashaasana) containing Brahmi characters with characteristics resembling those of Tamil in Hale Kannada (Old Kannada) script can be found in the Halmidi inscription, dated 450 CE, indicating that Kannada had become an administrative language by this time. Tamil (ta தமிழ்; t̪əmɨɻ is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamil people of the Indian subcontinent. The Halmidi inscription is the oldest known Kannada language inscription in the Kannada script, dating to the 5th or 6th century A ^{[15][16][17][18]} The 5th century Tamatekallu inscription of Chitradurga and the Chikkamagaluru inscription of 500 CE are further examples. This article is about the town of Chitradurga For article on Chitradurga district please see here. ^[19][20][21]

Over 30,000 inscriptions written in the Kannada language have been discovered so far. ^[22]Prior to the Halmidi inscription, there is an abundance of inscriptions containing Kannada words, phrases and sentences, proving its antiquity. The 543 CE Badami cliff inscription of Pulakesi I is an example of a Sanskrit inscription in Hale Kannada script. Pulakesi I (543&ndash566 CE established the Chalukya dynasty in then western Deccan and his descendants ruled over an empire that comprised the entire state of ^[23][24]

The earliest full-length Kannada copper plates in Old Kannada script (early eighth century CE) belongs to the Alupa King Aluvarasa II from Belmannu, South Kanara district and displays the double crested fish, his royal emblem. Origin The origin of Alupas prior to the Kadambas is unclear as there are no epigraphical evidences ^[25] The oldest well-preserved palm leaf manuscript is in Old Kannada and is that of Dhavala, dated to around the ninth century, preserved in the Jain Bhandar, Mudbidri, Dakshina Kannada district. Dakshina Kannada ( Kannada & Tulu:ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಕನ್ನಡ (earlier known as South Kanara, or South Canara) is a coastal ^[26] The manuscript contains 1478 leaves written using ink. ^[26]

At present, a committee of scholars is seeking a classical language tag for Kannada based on its antiquity. A classical language, is a language with a Literature that is "classical"&mdashie "it should be ancient it should be an independent tradition that arose mostly ^[27]

Old Kannada (9th - 14th c. )

Further information: Rashtrakuta literature, Western Ganga literature , Western Chalukya literature, and Hoysala literature

Kannada literature begins to flourish under the Rashtrakuta Dynasty (9th to 10th century). Rashtrakuta literature ( Sanskrit:राष्ट्रकूट Kannada: ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಕೂಟ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ is the body of work created during See also Western Ganga Dynasty Western Ganga literature ( Kannada:ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಗಂಗ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ refers to a body of writings created during The Hoysala Empire (1025&ndash1343 in what is now southern India produced a large body of literature in the Kannada and Sanskrit languages Kannada literature is the body of literature of Kannada, a Dravidian language spoken mainly in the Indian state of Karnataka and written in the The Rashtrakuta Dynasty ( Sanskrit: राष्ट्रकूट rāṣṭrakūṭa, Kannada: ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಕೂಟ was a royal

The written Kannada language has come under various religious and social influences in its 1600 years of known existence. Shravanabelagola (ಶ್ರವಣಬೆಳಗೊಳ is a city located in the Hassan district, in the Indian state of Karnataka. The Chalukya dynasty ( Kannada: ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯರು ʧaːɭukjə was an Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and Central Pattadakal ( Kannada - ಪಟ್ಟದಕಲ್ is a town in the Indian state of Karnataka famous for its group of monuments that are the culmination The Rashtrakuta Dynasty ( Sanskrit: राष्ट्रकूट rāṣṭrakūṭa, Kannada: ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಕೂಟ was a royal Karnataka (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ pronounced) is a state in the southern part of India Linguists generally divide the written form into four broad phases.

From the ninth to fourteenth centuries CE, Kannada works were classified under Old Kannada (Halegannada). In this period Kannada showed a high level of maturity as a language of original literature. ^[28] Mostly Jain and Saivite poets produced works in this period. Jainism, traditionally known as Jain Dharma / Shraman Dharma (जैन धर्म is an ancient religion of India. Shaivism, also spelled "Saivism" names the oldest of the four sects of Hinduism. This period saw the growth of Jain puranas and Virashaiva Vachana Sahitya or simply vachana, a unique and native form of literature which was the summary of contributions from all sections of society. Lingayatism or Veerashaivism is a Hindu religious sect in India but a Dharma. Vachana sahitya ( Kannada: ವಚನ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ) is a form of writing in Kannada (also see Kannada poetry) which evolved in the 12th Century ^[29][30] Early Brahminical works also emerged from the eleventh century. ^[31] By the tenth century Kannada had seen its greatest poets, such as Pampa, Sri Ponna and Ranna, and its great prose writings such as the Vaddaradhane of Shivakotiacharya, indicating that a considerable volume of classical prose and poetry in Kannada had come into existence a few centuries before Kavirajamarga (c. Pampa (ಪಂಪ born 902 CE also known as Adikavi Pampa (ಆದಿಕವಿ ಪಂಪ is one of the greatest Kannada poets of all time Sri Ponna ( Kannada: ಶ್ರೀ ಪೊನ್ನ) was the royal poet in the court of Rashtrakuta King Krishna III. Ranna (ರನ್ನ was one of the earliest poets of Kannada language. Vaddaradhane by Shivakotiacharya is the earliest extant prose work in Kannada. Shivakotiacharya authored Vaddaradhane in 900 CE during the rule of Rashtrakuta king Krishna II. Kavirajamarga (ಕವಿರಾಜಮಾರ್ಗ (850 CE is the earliest available writing on literary criticism poetics and grammar in the Kannada language 850). ^[32] Among existing landmarks in Kannada grammar, Nagavarma II's Karnataka-bhashabhushana (1145) and Kesiraja's Shabdamanidarpana (1260) are the oldest. The Kannada grammar (ಕನ್ನಡ ವ್ಯಾಕರಣ is primarily based on Keshiraja 's Shabdamanidarpana (c Nagavarma II was a 12th century Kannada scholar and grammarian in the Western Chalukya court in South India. Kēśirāja, also spelled Keshiraja, (ಕೇಶಿರಾಜ was a 13th century Kannada grammarian and a poet Shabhamanidarpana (ಶಬ್ದಮಣಿದರ್ಪಣ also spelled Śabdamaṇidarpaṇa, is a comprehensive and authoritative work on Kannada grammar authored ^[33][34]

Middle Kannada (14th to 18th c. )

See also: Kannada literature in Vijayanagara empire and Literature of the Kingdom of Mysore

In the period between the fourteenth and eighteenth centuries CE, Brahmanical Hinduism had a great influence on Middle Kannada (Nadugannada) language and literature. Kannada literature in the Vijayanagara Empire refers to the body of literature composed in the Kannada language of South India during the ascendancy of the Vijayanagar The Kingdom of Mysore ( Kannada: ಮೈಸೂರು ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ 1399-1947 was founded by Yaduraya in 1399 as a feudatory Brahman ( bráhman-, Nominative bráhma sa ब्रह्म is a concept of Hinduism. Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. Non-brahmin Hindu saints like Kanakadasa and Brahminical saints of the Vaishnava sect such as Purandaradasa, Naraharitirtha, Vyasatirtha, Sripadaraya, Vadirajatirtha, Vijaya Dasa, Jagannathadasa, etc. Kanaka Dasa ದಾಸ ( 1509 – 1609) was great poet philosopher musician and composer from Karnataka. Vaishnavism is a tradition of Hinduism, distinguished from other schools by its worship of Vishnu or its associated avatars principally as Rama and Purandara Dāsa (1484 - 1564 (sometimes spelled as a single word ( Kannada: ಪುರಂದರ ದಾಸ was one of the most prominent composers of Carnatic Sri Naraharitirtha (?-1333 CE a disciple of Madhvacharya is considered by some as the founder of the Haridasa ( Hindu Vaishnava) movement Vyasatirtha ( Kannada:ವ್ಯಾಸತೀರ್ಥ (1460-1539 also called Vyasaraja or Vyasaraya, was acclaimed as one on the three spiritual lights Sripadaraya, (Kannada ಶ್ರೀಪಾದ ರಾಯರು a Haridasa, is also known as Sripadaraja or Lakshminarayana Tirtha (1404 &ndash 1502 Sri Vadirajatirtha (Tulu/Kannada ಶ್ರೀ ವಾದಿರಾಜ ತೀರ್ಥರು 1480 - 1600,a Haridasa, is said to have been a Shivalli Vijaya Dasa (ವಿಜಯದಾಸ(1682-1755 or Sri Vijaya Dasa was a prominent saint from the Haridasa tradition of Karnataka, India in the , produced devotional poems in this period. ^[35] Kanakadasa's Ramadhanya Charite is a rare work, concerning itself with the issue of class struggle. ^[36] This period saw the advent of Haridasa Sahitya which made rich contributions to bhakti literature and sowed the seeds of Carnatic music. The Haridasa ( Kannada: ಹರಿದಾಸ) devotional movement is considered as one of the turning points in the cultural history of India. Bhakti ( Devanāgarī: भक्ति) is a word of Sanskrit origin meaning devotion.

Modern Kannada (1800 to present)

See also: Modern Kannada literature

The Kannada works produced by the end of the nineteenth century and later are classified as Hosagannada or Modern Kannada. Modern Kannada literature refers to the body of literature written in the Kannada language, a language spoken mainly in However, till the beginning of the twentieth century there were Kannada literary works that could still be classified under the heading of Middle Kannada. Most notable among them are the poet Muddana's works. His works may be described as the "Dawn of Modern Kannada". Generally, linguists treat Indira Bai or Saddharma Vijayavu by Gulvadi Venkata Raya as the first literary works in Modern Kannada.

Coins

Some early Kadamba Dynasty coins bearing the Kannada inscription Vira and Skandha were found in Satara collectorate. The Kadamba Dynasty ( Kannada:ಕದಂಬರು (345 - 525 CE was an ancient royal family of Karnataka that ruled from Banavasi in present ^[37] A gold coin bearing three inscriptions of Sri and an abbreviated inscription of king Bhagiratha's name called bhagi (390-420 CE) in old Kannada exists. ^[38] A Kadamba copper coin dated to the fifth century CE with the inscription Srimanaragi in Kannada script was discovered in Banavasi, Uttara Kannada district. Uttara Kannada ( Kannada ಉತ್ತರ ಕನ್ನಡ) is a district in the southern Indian state of Karnataka. ^[39] Coins with Kannada legends have been discovered spanning the rule of the Western Ganga Dynasty, the Badami Chalukyas, the Alupas, the Western Chalukyas, the Rashtrakutas, the Hoysalas, the Vijayanagar Empire, the Kadamba Dynasty of Banavasi, the Keladi Nayakas and the Mysore Kingdom, the Badami Chalukya coins being a recent discovery. The Western Ganga Dynasty (350 – 1000 CE ( Kannada:ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಗಂಗ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ was an important ruling dynasty of ancient Karnataka The Chalukya dynasty ( Kannada: ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯರು ʧaːɭukjə was an Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and Central Origin The origin of Alupas prior to the Kadambas is unclear as there are no epigraphical evidences The Western Chalukya Empire ( Kannada: ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ) ruled most of the western Deccan, South The Rashtrakuta Dynasty ( Sanskrit: राष्ट्रकूट rāṣṭrakūṭa, Kannada: ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಕೂಟ was a royal The Hoysala Empire ( Kannada: ಹೊಯ್ಸಳ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ ( pronunciation: in Kannada was a prominent South Indian Kannadiga The Vijayanagara Empire ( Kannada: ವಿಜಯನಗರ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ Telugu: విజయనగర సామ్రాజ్యము was a South The Kadamba Dynasty ( Kannada:ಕದಂಬರು (345 - 525 CE was an ancient royal family of Karnataka that ruled from Banavasi in present The Nayaka clan Chaudappa ( 1499 - 1530) from Keladi was the earliest chieftain to rule the area surrounding Shivamogga The Kingdom of Mysore/State of Mysore (ಮೈಸೂರು ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ was both a Kingdom (1399-1799 CE and a Princely state (1799-1947 ^[40][41][42] The coins of the Kadambas of Goa are unique in that they have alternate inscription of the king's name in Kannada and Devanagari in triplicate,^[43] a few coins of the Kadambas of Hangal are also available. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Hangal is a town in Haveri district in the Indian state of Karnataka. ^[44]

Literature and poetry

Main articles: Kannada literature, Medieval Kannada literature, and Kannada poetry

The oldest existing record of Kannada poetry in tripadi metre is the Kappe Arabhatta record of 700 CE. The Western Ganga Dynasty (350 – 1000 CE ( Kannada:ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಗಂಗ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ was an important ruling dynasty of ancient Karnataka The Hoysala Empire ( Kannada: ಹೊಯ್ಸಳ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ ( pronunciation: in Kannada was a prominent South Indian Kannadiga Hassan (ಹಾಸನ is a district in Karnataka state India The district capital is Hassan India city Kappe Arabhatta (ಕಪ್ಪೆ ಆರಭಟ್ಟ was a Chalukya warrior of the 7th century who is known from a Kannada verse inscription dated to c ^[45] Kavirajamarga by King Nripatunga Amoghavarsha I (850 CE) is the earliest existing literary work in Kannada. Kavirajamarga (ಕವಿರಾಜಮಾರ್ಗ (850 CE is the earliest available writing on literary criticism poetics and grammar in the Kannada language Amoghavarsha I (ಅಮೋಘವರ್ಷ ನೃಪತುಂಗ (800–878 C It is a writing on literary criticism and poetics meant to standardize various written Kannada dialects used in literature in previous centuries. The book makes reference to Kannada works by early writers such as King Durvinita of the sixth century and Ravikirti, the author of the Aihole record of 636 CE. Durvinita (529-579 CE is seen as the most successful ruler of the Western Ganga Dynasty. ^[46][47] Since the earliest available Kannada work is one on grammar and a guide of sorts to unify existing variants of Kannada grammar (ವ್ಯಾಕರಣ) and literary styles, it can be safely assumed that literature in Kannada must have started several centuries earlier. The Kannada grammar (ಕನ್ನಡ ವ್ಯಾಕರಣ is primarily based on Keshiraja 's Shabdamanidarpana (c ^[48][49] An early extant prose work, the Vaddaradhane by Shivakotiacharya of 900 CE provides an elaborate description of the life of Bhadrabahu of Shravanabelagola. Extant literature refers to texts that have survived from the past to the present time Shravanabelagola (ಶ್ರವಣಬೆಳಗೊಳ is a city located in the Hassan district, in the Indian state of Karnataka. ^[50]

Kannada works from earlier centuries mentioned in the Kavirajamarga are not yet traced. Kavirajamarga (ಕವಿರಾಜಮಾರ್ಗ (850 CE is the earliest available writing on literary criticism poetics and grammar in the Kannada language Some ancient texts now considered extinct but referenced in later centuries are Prabhrita (650 CE) by Syamakundacharya, Chudamani (Crest Jewel-650 CE) by Srivaradhadeva, also known as Tumbuluracharya, which is a work of 96,000 verse-measures and a commentary on logic (Tatwartha-mahashastra). ^[51][52][53] Other sources date Chudamani to the sixth century or earlier. ^[54][55] The Karnateshwara Katha, a eulogy for King Pulakesi II, is said to have belonged to the seventh century; the Gajastaka, a work on elephant management by King Shivamara II, belonged to the eighth century,^[56] and the Chandraprabha-purana by Sri Vijaya, a court poet of King Amoghavarsha I, is ascribed to the early ninth century. Pulakesi II (ಇಮ್ಮಡಿ ಪುಲಿಕೇಶಿ (610 - 642 CE is the most famous ruler of the Chalukya dynasty. Shivamara II was the son of Sripurusha and ruled the Western Ganga Dynasty from 788 - 816 C Amoghavarsha I (ಅಮೋಘವರ್ಷ ನೃಪತುಂಗ (800–878 C ^[57] Tamil Buddhist commentators of the tenth century CE (in the commentary on Nemrinatham, a Tamil grammatical work) make references that show that Kannada literature must have flourished as early as the fourth century CE. ^[58]

The Middle Kannada period gave birth to several genres of Kannada literature, with new forms of composition coming into use, including Ragale (a form of blank verse) and meters like Sangatya and Shatpadi. The works of this period are based on Jain and Hindu principles. Jainism, traditionally known as Jain Dharma / Shraman Dharma (जैन धर्म is an ancient religion of India. Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. Two of the early writers of this period are Harihara and Raghavanka, trailblazers in their own right. Harihara (or Harisvara ( Kannada:ಹರಿಹರ) was a noted Kannada poet and writer in the 12th century Harihara established the Ragale form of composition while Raghavanka popularized the Shatpadi(six-lined stanza) meter. Raghavanka (Kannadaರಾಘವಾಂಕ was a noted Kannada writer and a poet in the Hoysala court which flourished in the late 12th to early 13th century ^[59] A famous Jaina writer of the same period is Janna, who expressed Jain religious teachings through his works. Jainism, traditionally known as Jain Dharma / Shraman Dharma (जैन धर्म is an ancient religion of India. Janna ( Kannada: ಮಹಾಕವಿ ಜನ್ನ was one of the well-known Kannada poets of the early 13th century who also served in the capacity of a minister and a builder ^[60]

The Vachana Sahitya tradition of the twelfth century is purely native and unique in world literature,^[27] and the sum of contributions by all sections of society. Vachana sahitya ( Kannada: ವಚನ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ) is a form of writing in Kannada (also see Kannada poetry) which evolved in the 12th Century Vachanas were pithy poems on that period's social, religious and economic conditions. More importantly, they held a mirror to the seed of social revolution, which caused a radical re-examination of the ideas of caste, creed and religion. Some of the important writers of Vachana literature include Basavanna, Allama Prabhu and Akka Mahadevi. Basava (also known as Basaveshwara (ಬಸವೇಶ್ವರ or Basavanna (ಬಸವಣ್ಣ 1134 &ndash 1196) was a philosopher and a Allama Prabhu ( Kannada:ಅಲ್ಲಮ ಪ್ರಭು) ( 1150 CE was a mystic Veerashaiva saint and poet of the 12th century Akka Mahadevi (ಅಕ್ಕ ಮಹಾದೇವಿ Born in Udatadi (or Udugani near the ancient city of Banavasi (in Shikaripura taluk Shimoga district) was a prominent ^[61] Kumara Vyasa, who wrote the Karnata Bharata Kathamanjari, has arguably been the most famous and most influential Kannada writer of the fifteenth century. Kumara Vyasa (ಕುಮಾರವ್ಯಾಸ is the pen name of Gadhugina Veera Naranappa ( Kannada: ಗದುಗಿನ ವೀರ ನಾರಣಪ್ಪ a classical His work, entirely composed in the Bhamini Shatpadi meter, is a sublime adaptation of the first ten chapters of the Mahabharata. ^[62] The Bhakti movement gave rise to Dasa Sahitya around the fifteenth century which significantly contributed to the evolution of Carnatic music in its present form. The Bhakti movement was a Hindu religious movement in which the main spiritual practice was loving devotion to God, or Bhakti. Dasa Sahitya ( Kannada:ದಾಸ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ is the literature of Bhakti movement composed by devotees in honor of Lord Vishnu or one of his Carnatic music (also spelled Karnatak music or Karnatik music, and originally called Karṇāṭaka sangīta or Karṇāṭaka sangītam in India This period witnessed great Haridasas like Purandara Dasa who has been aptly called the Pioneer of Carnatic music, Kanaka Dasa, Vyasathirtha and Vijaya Dasa. The Haridasa ( Kannada: ಹರಿದಾಸ) devotional movement is considered as one of the turning points in the cultural history of India. Purandara Dāsa (1484 - 1564 (sometimes spelled as a single word ( Kannada: ಪುರಂದರ ದಾಸ was one of the most prominent composers of Carnatic Kanaka Dasa ದಾಸ ( 1509 – 1609) was great poet philosopher musician and composer from Karnataka. Vyasatirtha ( Kannada:ವ್ಯಾಸತೀರ್ಥ (1460-1539 also called Vyasaraja or Vyasaraya, was acclaimed as one on the three spiritual lights Vijaya Dasa (ವಿಜಯದಾಸ(1682-1755 or Sri Vijaya Dasa was a prominent saint from the Haridasa tradition of Karnataka, India in the ^[63][64][65]

Modern Kannada in the twentieth century has been influenced by many movements, notably Navodaya, Navya, Navyottara, Dalita and Bandaya. Contemporary Kannada literature has been highly successful in reaching people of all classes in society. Works of Kannada literature have received seven Jnanpith awards, which is the highest number awarded for the literature in any Indian language. The Jnanpith Award is a literary award in India. Along with the Sahitya Akademi Fellowship, it is one of the two most prestigious literary honours in the country It has also received forty-seven Sahitya Academy awards. The Sahitya Akademi (साहित्य अकादमी is an Indian organisation dedicated to the promotion of Literature in the Languages of

Dialects

There is also some distinction between the spoken and written forms of the language. Spoken Kannada tends to vary from region to region. The written form is more or less constant throughout Karnataka, however. The Ethnologue reports "about 20 dialects" of Kannada. Ethnologue Languages of the World is a web and print publication of SIL International (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics a Christian Among them are Kundagannada (spoken exclusively in Kundapura), Nadavar-Kannada (spoken by Nadavaru), Havyaka (spoken mainly by Havyaka Brahmins), Are Bhashe (spoken mainly in the Sullia region of Dakshina Kannada), Soliga, Badaga, Gulbarga Kannada, Dharawad Kannada, Chitradurga Kannada, and others. Kundapura ( Kannada -ಕುಂದಾಪುರ is a town in Udupi district in the Indian state of Karnataka. Nadavaru or Nadavara means the people of Nadu or Country The Nadavaru perhaps was originally a mother right community having immigrated into North Kanara from Tuluva and appear to Arebhashe or Gowda Kannada is a Dialect of the Kannada language, particularly spoken by the people belonging to ‘ Gowda ’ community (among Sullia (ಸುಳ್ಯ (also know as Sulya)is a Taluk in Dakshina Kannada district of the state of Karnataka Dakshina Kannada ( Kannada & Tulu:ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಕನ್ನಡ (earlier known as South Kanara, or South Canara) is a coastal A Soliga is a member of a tribe that inhabits the Biligirirangan and associated hill ranges in Southern Karnataka, mostly in Chamarajanagar District bordering All of these dialects are influenced by their regional and cultural background.

Ethnologue also classifies a group of "Kannada languages" comprising four members, besides Kannada proper including Badaga, Holiya and Urali. The Badaga language ( Kannada:ಬಡಗ ಭಾಷೆ is a southern Dravidian language ( Tamil-Kannada branch spoken by approximately 250000 people Kannada (kn [[wiktಕನ್ನಡ ಕನ್ನಡ]] Kannaḍa) is one of the major Dravidian languages of India, spoken predominantly in the state Kannada (kn [[wiktಕನ್ನಡ ಕನ್ನಡ]] Kannaḍa) is one of the major Dravidian languages of India, spoken predominantly in the state

Geographic distribution

Kannada is mainly spoken in Karnataka in India, and to a good extent in the neighbouring states of Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Goa, as well as in sizeable communities in the USA, the UK, and Singapore. Karnataka (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ pronounced) is a state in the southern part of India India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Maharashtra ( Marathi: mahārāṣṭra, IPA) is a state located on the western coast of India. Tamil Nadu ( Tamil:, Country of the Tamils, t̪ɐmɨɻ n̪aːɽɯ is one of the 28 states of India. Kerala ( Malayalam: {{Kerala in Malayalam}}; Goa ( Konkani: गोंय /ɡɔ̃j/ is India 's smallest state in terms of area and the fourth smallest in terms of population. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Singapore

Official status

Kannada is one of the twenty-two official languages of India and is the sole administrative language of the State of Karnataka. The Constitution of India envisages Hindi as the primary official language to be used by the Union Government, with English as the subsidiary official language

Writing system

Main article: Kannada script

The language uses forty-nine phonemic letters, divided into three groups: Swaragalu (thirteen letters); Yogavaahakagalu (two letters, ಅಂ and ಅಃ); and Vyanjanagalu (thirty-four letters), similar to the vowels and consonants of English, respectively. The phoneME project is Sun Microsystems reference implementation of Java virtual machine and associated libraries of Java ME with source licensed under the GNU English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The character set is almost identical to that of other Indian languages. The script itself, derived from brahmi script, is fairly complicated like most other languages of India owing to the occurrence of various combinations of "half-letters" (glyphs), or symbols that attach to various letters in a manner similar to diacritical marks in the Romance languages. Brāhmī script refers to the oldest members of the Brahmic family of alphabets. A glyph is an element of writing Two or more glyphs representing the same symbol whether interchangeable or context-dependent are called Allographs the abstract unit they A diacritic ( also called a diacritic or diacritical mark, point, or sign, is a small sign added to a letter to alter pronunciation The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all The Kannada script is almost perfectly phonetic, but for the sound of a "half n" (which becomes a half m). The number of written symbols, however, is far more than the forty-nine characters in the alphabet, because different characters can be combined to form compound characters (vattaksharas). Each written symbol in the Kannada script corresponds with one syllable, as opposed to one phoneme in languages like English. A syllable ( Greek:) is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds The phoneME project is Sun Microsystems reference implementation of Java virtual machine and associated libraries of Java ME with source licensed under the GNU The script of Kannada is also used in other languages such as Tulu, Kodava Takk and Konkani. Kodava Takk or Kodava takka, ( Kannada script: ಕೊಡವ ತಕ್‌ is the original language of the south Karnataka district of Kodagu. Konkani ( Devanāgarī: कोंकणी Roman: Konknni Kannada: ಕೊಂಕಣಿ Malayalam: കൊങ്കണി IAST Simply put, the Kannada script is syllabic.

Extinct Kannada letters

Kannada literary works employed letters ಱ (transliterated 'ṟ' or 'rh') and ೞ (transliterated 'ḻ', 'lh' or 'zh'), whose manner of articulation most plausibly could be akin to those in present-day Malayalam and Tamil. Not to be confused with the Malay language. Malayalam (മലയാളം malayāḷaṁ) is a Dravidian language used Tamil (ta தமிழ்; t̪əmɨɻ is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamil people of the Indian subcontinent. The letters dropped out of use in the twelfth and eighteenth centuries, respectively. Later Kannada works replaced 'rh' and 'lh' with ರ (ra) and ಳ (la) respectively. ^[66]

Another letter (or unclassified vyanjana (consonant)) that has become extinct is 'nh' or 'inn'. (Likewise, this has its equivalent in Malayalam and Tamil. ) The usage of this consonant was observed until the 1980s in Kannada works from the mostly coastal areas of Karnataka (especially the Dakshina Kannada district). Dakshina Kannada ( Kannada & Tulu:ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಕನ್ನಡ (earlier known as South Kanara, or South Canara) is a coastal Now hardly any mainstream works use this consonant. This letter has been replaced by ನ್ (consonant n).

Kannada script in computing

Transliteration

Several transliteration schemes/tools are used to type Kannada characters using a standard keyboard. These include Baraha^[67] (based on ITRANS) and Quillpad^[68] (predictive transliterator). for the village in Nepal see Baraha Nepal Baraha is a Word processing application for creating documents in Indian languages The " I ndian languages TRANS literation" ( ITRANS) is an ASCII Transliteration scheme for Indic scripts, particularly but Nudi, the government of Karnataka's standard for Kannada Input, is a phonetic layout loosely based on transliteration. Nudi (1 a computer program and Font -encoding standard used for managing and displaying the Kannada script.

Unicode

Kannada Unicode.org chart (PDF)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F

U+0C8x

ಂ

ಃ

ಅ

ಆ

ಇ

ಈ

ಉ

ಊ

ಋ

ಌ

ಎ

ಏ

U+0C9x

ಐ

ಒ

ಓ

ಔ

ಕ

ಖ

ಗ

ಘ

ಙ

ಚ

ಛ

ಜ

ಝ

ಞ

ಟ

U+0CAx

ಠ

ಡ

ಢ

ಣ

ತ

ಥ

ದ

ಧ

ನ

ಪ

ಫ

ಬ

ಭ

ಮ

ಯ

U+0CBx

ರ

ಱ

ಲ

ಳ

ವ

ಶ

ಷ

ಸ

ಹ

಼

ಽ

ಾ

ಿ

U+0CCx

ೀ

ು

ೂ

ೃ

ೄ

ೆ

ೇ

ೈ

ೊ

ೋ

ೌ

್

U+0CDx

ೕ

ೖ

ೞ

U+0CEx

ೠ

ೡ

ೢ

ೣ

೦

೧

೨

೩

೪

೫

೬

೭

೮

೯

U+0CFx

ೱ

ೲ

Grammar

Main article: Kannada Grammar

Kannada is a highly inflected language with three genders (masculine, feminine, and neutral or common) and two numbers (singular and plural). The Kannada grammar (ಕನ್ನಡ ವ್ಯಾಕರಣ is primarily based on Keshiraja 's Shabdamanidarpana (c In Grammar, inflection or inflexion is the way language handles grammatical relations and relational categories such as tense, mood, voice Gender comprises a range of differences between men and women extending from the biological to the social It is inflected for gender, number and tense, among other things.

Dictionary

A German priest, the Reverend Ferdinand Kittel, composed the first Kannada-English dictionary, consisting of more than 70,000 words. Reverend Ferdinand Kittel (ಫರ್ಡಿನ್ಯಾಂಡ್ ಕಿಟ್ಟೆಲ್( 7 April 1832 in Resterhafe East Frisia &ndash 18 December 1903 in Tübingen ^[69]

Ferdinand Kittel has also written a book on Kannada grammar called "A Grammar of the Kannada Language: Comprising the Three Dialects of the Language". Reverend Ferdinand Kittel (ಫರ್ಡಿನ್ಯಾಂಡ್ ಕಿಟ್ಟೆಲ್( 7 April 1832 in Resterhafe East Frisia &ndash 18 December 1903 in Tübingen ^[70]

See also

• Bangalore kannada
• Gokak agitation
• Kannadiga
• Kannada American
• Languages of India
• List of national languages of India
• List of Indian languages by total speakers
• Rajkumar
• Hermann Mögling
• Karnataka
• Kannada literature
• Karnataka literature - A list of famous Kannada scholars and their works. Bangalore Kannada ( Kannada: ಬೆಂಗ್ಳೂರ್ ಕನ್ನಡ) is a vernacular dialect of the Indian language Kannada, spoken mainly by people residing Gokak agitation (ಗೋಕಾಕ್ ಚಳುವಳಿ was a successful Language rights agitation in the 1980s that fought for the first language status of the Kannada Kannadiga ( Kannada: ಕನ್ನಡಿಗ | masculine|) or Kannadati ( Kannada: ಕನ್ನಡತಿ | feminine|) refers to populations Kannada American or Kannada Americans is the community of those who speak Kannada language and were born or settled in USA. India is home to several hundred languages. Most languages spoken in India belong either to the Indo-European ( ca This page relates to the Kannada actor Dr Rajkumar for other uses of the name see Raj Kumar. Hermann Mögling (1811-1881 was a German missionary from the Basel Mission who spent most of his career in the western regions of the state of Karnataka, India Karnataka (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ pronounced) is a state in the southern part of India Kannada literature is the body of literature of Kannada, a Dravidian language spoken mainly in the Indian state of Karnataka and written in the Karnataka literature denotes to the wealth of literature created in the region of Karnataka in South India roughly corresponding to the modern state of Karnataka.
• Kannada language Wikipedia

Notes

References

External links

• Kannada Learning Center

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