| Kanji Ishiwara | |
|---|---|
| 18 January 1889 – 15 August 1949 | |
 General Kanji Ishiwara |
|
| Place of birth | Shōnai, Yamagata, Japan |
| Place of death | Tokyo, Japan |
| Allegiance | Empire of Japan |
| Service/branch |  Imperial Japanese Army |
| Years of service | 1909 -1945 |
| Rank | General |
| Battles/wars | Second Sino-Japanese War World War II |
- In this Japanese name, the family name is Ishiwara. Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 1889 ( MDCCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Shōnai (庄内町 -machi is a town located in Higashitagawa District, Yamagata, Japan. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku The Imperial Japanese Army ( IJA) ( Kyūjitai: 大日本帝國陸軍 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国陸軍 Romaji: Dai-Nippon Teikoku The Second Sino-Japanese War ( July 7, 1937 to September 9, 1945) was a major war fought between the Republic of China and the World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including in modern times usually consist of a Family name ( Surname) followed by a Given name. A family name or last name is a type of Surname and part of a person's name indicating the family to which the person belongs
Kanji Ishiwara (石原 莞爾 Ishiwara Kanji?, 18 January 1889 – 15 August 1949) was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army in World War II. Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 1889 ( MDCCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Imperial Japanese Army ( IJA) ( Kyūjitai: 大日本帝國陸軍 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国陸軍 Romaji: Dai-Nippon Teikoku World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including He and Seishirō Itagaki were the men primarily responsible for the Mukden Incident that took place in Manchuria in 1931. was general in the Imperial Japanese Army in World War II and a War Minister. On September 18, 1931, near Mukden (now Shenyang) in southern Manchuria, a section of railroad owned by Japan 's South Manchuria Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast
Contents |
Biography
Early life
Ishiwara was born in Tsuruoka city, Yamagata prefecture into a samurai class family. is a city located in the Shonai region of Yamagata, Japan. Tsuruoka is the second largest city in Yamagata Prefecture after Yamagata City WikipediaWikiProject Japanese prefectures for guidelines--> is a prefecture of Japan located in the Tohoku region on Honshū island is the term for the military nobility of Pre-industrial Japan. His father was a police officer, but as his clan had supported the Tokugawa bakufu and then the Northern Alliance during the Boshin War of the Meiji Restoration, its members were shut out of higher government positions. The Tokugawa shogunate, also known as the, and the, was a feudal regime of Japan established by Tokugawa Ieyasu and ruled by the Shoguns of The Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei or was a Japanese military-political coalition established and disestablished over the course of several months in early to mid-1868 during the Boshin War The was a Civil war in Japan, fought from 1868 to 1869 between forces of the ruling Tokugawa shogunate and those seeking to return political power to the The, also known as the Meiji Ishin, Revolution, or Renewal, was a chain of events that led to enormous changes in Japan 's political and social structure
At age thirteen, Ishiwara he was enrolled in a military prep school. He was subsequently accepted at the 21st class of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy and graduated in 1909. The was the principal officer's training school for the Imperial Japanese Army. He served in the IJA 65th Infantry Regiment in Korea after its annexation by Japan in 1910, and in 1915 he passed the exams for admittance to the 30th class of the Army Staff College. Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. This article deals with the Empire of Japan's Army War College He graduated second in his class in 1918. [1]
Ishiwara spent several years in various staff assignments and then was selected to study in Germany as a military attaché. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. A military attaché is a Military Expert who is part of a Diplomatic mission; this post is normally filled by a high-ranking officer He stayed in Berlin and in Munich from 1922-1925, focusing on military history and military strategy. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. Military strategy is a National defence policy implemented by Military organisations to pursue desired strategic goals Derived from the Greek He hired several former officers from the German General Staff to tutor him, and by the time he returned to Japan, he had formed a considerable background on military theory and doctrine. The German General Staff ( Großer Generalstab literally Great General Staff) was an institution whose rise and development gave the German military a decided
Prior to leaving for Germany, Ishiwara converted to Nichiren Buddhism. The founder Nichiren From the age of 16 until 32 Nichiren studied in numerous temples in Japan especially Mt Nichiren had taught that a period of massive conflict would precede a golden era in which the truth of Buddhism would prevail. Nichiren (日蓮 ( February 16, 1222 &ndash October 13, 1282) born, later, and finally Nichiren, was a Buddhist Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Japan would be the center and main promulgator of this faith, which would encompass the entire world. Ishiwara felt that the period of world conflict was fast approaching, and Japan relying upon its vision of the kokutai and the resources of China, would lead the yellow races to defeat the white race. Kokutai ( Kyūjitai: 國體 Shinjitai: 国体 lit "national body/structure" is a politically Loaded word in the Japanese language China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National [2]
Ishiwara and Manchuria
Ishiwara was assigned as an instructor to the Army Staff College, followed by a staff position within the Kwantung Army in Manchuria. On September 18, 1931, near Mukden (now Shenyang) in southern Manchuria, a section of railroad owned by Japan 's South Manchuria The, also known as the Guandong Army ( 관동군 was an Army group of the Imperial Japanese Army in the early twentieth century Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast He arrived there at the end of 1928, some months after the assassination of Zhang Zuolin by Daisaku Komoto. Zhāng Zuòlín ( Traditional Chinese: 張作霖 Simplified Chinese: 张作霖, Pinyin: Zhāng Zuòlín Wade-Giles: Chang Tso-lin Ishiwara quickly realized that the confused political situation in northern China, along with Japan’s already significant economic investments in the area provided the Kwantung Army with a unique opportunity, and began a plan to take advantage of the situation.
On 18 September 1931, a bomb was secretly planted on the tracks of the Japanese-controlled Southern Manchuria Railway. Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The was a company founded in the Empire of Japan in 1906 after the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905 and operated within China in the Japanese-controlled South Manchuria Charging that Chinese soldiers had attacked the rail line, Japanese troops under Ishiwara’s orders quickly seized the Chinese military barracks in the nearby city of Liutiaokou. Without bothering to inform the new Kwantung Army commander General Honjo Shigeru or the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff in Tokyo, Ishiwara ordered Kwantung Army units to seize control of all other Manchurian cities. General Baron was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army during the early period of the Second Sino-Japanese War. also called the Army General Staff was one of the four principal agencies charged with overseeing the Imperial Japanese Army. officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū.
The sudden invasion of Manchuria alarmed political leaders in Japan, and brought international condemnation down on Japan from the world community. Ishiwara thought it most likely that he would be executed or at least dishonorably discharged for his insubordination. However, the success of the operation brought just the opposite. Ishiwara was adulated by right-wing younger officers, ultranationalist societies for his daring and initiative. He was returned to Japan, and given command of the IJA 4th Infantry Regiment in Sendai. is the capital city of Miyagi Prefecture, Japan, and the largest city in the Tōhoku (northeast region
Army revolutionaries
Ishiwara was appointed to the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff in 1935 as Chief of Operations, which gave him primary responsibility for articulating the his vision for Japan's future. Ishiwara was a strong proponent of pan-Asianism and the hokushinron philosophy. Pan-Asianism is an ideology that Asian countries and peoples share similar values and similar histories and should be united politically or culturally He proposed that Japan should join with Manchukuo and China to form an “East Asian League”, which would then prepare for and then fight a war with the Soviet Union. Manchukuo (ja [[wikt満州国 満州国]] Manshūkoku lit "State of Manchuria " was a Puppet state in Manchuria and eastern The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Only after the Soviet Union was defeated, Japan could move to the south to free Southeast Asia from European colonial rule. Only after then Japan would be ready to tackle the United States. [3]
However, in order to implement these plans, Japan would need to build up its economy and military. Ishiwara envisioned a one-party “national defense state” with a command economy in which political parties were abolished, and venal politicians and greedy businessmen removed from power. A planned economy or directed economy is an Economic system in which the Government or Workers' councils manages the Economy. A political party is a Political organization that seeks to attain and maintain political power within Government, usually by participating in electoral
However, Ishiwara stopped short of calling for a Showa Restoration and violent overthrow of the government. The Shōwa Restoration (昭和維新 shōwaishin) was promoted by Japanese author Kita Ikki, with the goal of restoring power to the newly enthroned When the February 26 Incident erupted in 1936, rebels assassinated a number of major politicians and government leaders and demanded a change in government in line with Ishiwara's philosophies. The, or "2-2-6 incident", was an attempted Coup d'état in Japan, on 26 – 29 February 1936, launched by the radical However, Ishiwara confounded their expectations by speaking out strongly against the rebellion and demanding proclamation of martial law. Martial law is the system of rules that takes effect when the military takes control of the normal administration of justice After Vice Chief of Staff Hajime Sugiyama pulled in from garrisons around Tokyo, Ishiwara was named Operations Officer of the Martial Law Headquarters. ( 1 January 1880 - 12 September 1945) was a field marshal who served as successively as chief of the Army General Staff, and
Return to Manchukuo, and disgrace
In March 1937 Ishiwara was promoted to major general and transferred back to Manchukuo as Vice Chief of Staff of the Kwantung Army. Major General or Major-General is a Military rank used in many countries He discovered to his dismay that his Army colleagues had no intention of creation a new pan-Asian paradise, and were quite content to play the role of colonial occupiers. Ishiwara denounced the Kwantung Army leadership, and proposed that all officers take a paycut. He confronted Kwantung Army commander in chief General Hideki Tojo over his allocation of funds to an officers' wives club. After becoming an embarrassment to his seniors, he was relieved of command and reassigned to a local army base at Maizuru on the seacoast near Kyoto. is a city located in Kyōto, Japan, on an Inlet of the Sea of Japan. (IPA /kʲoːto / is a city in the central part of the island of Honshū, Japan.
Back in Japan, he began to analyze Soviet tactics at Nomonhan, where Japanese forces were defeated, proposing counterstrategies to be adopted by the Army. The Battle of Khalkhyn Gol (бои на реке Халхин-Гол Халхын голын байлдаан Japanese ノモンハン事件 Nomonhan jiken --i He continued to write and give public addresses, continuing to advocate an East Asia League partnership with China and Manchukuo and continuing to oppose the invasion of China. He became a lieutenant general in 1939 and was assigned command of the IJA 16th Division. Lieutenant General is a Military rank used in many countries The rank traces its origins to the Middle Ages where the title of Lieutenant General was held by the
His political nemesis, Hideki Tojo, now risen to the highest ranks, felt that the outspoken Ishiwara should be retired from the Army, but feared the reactions of young officers and right-wing activists. Finally, after Ishiwara publicly denounced Tojo as an enemy of Japan, who should "be arrested and executed," he was put on the retired list. Ishiwara went back to Yamagata, where he continued to write and study agriculture until the end of the war.
After the end of World War II, the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers called upon Ishiwara as a witness for the defense in the International Military Tribunal for the Far East. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers ( SCAP) was the title held by General Douglas MacArthur during the Occupation of Japan following World War II No charges were ever brought against Ishiwara himself, possibly due to his public opposition to Tojo, the war against China and the attack on Pearl Harbor. He displayed his old fire in front of the American prosecutor, observing that U. S. President Harry S. Truman should be indicted for the mass bombing of Japanese civilians. [4]
References
Books
- Maga, Timothy P. (2001). Judgment at Tokyo: The Japanese War Crimes Trials. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-2177-9.
- Peattie, Mark R. (1975). Ishiwara Kanji and Japan's confrontation with the West. Princeton, N. J. : Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691030995.
- Samuels, Richard J. (2007). Securing Japan: Tokyo's Grand Strategy and the Future of East Asia. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0801446120.
External links
- Ammenthorp, Steen. Itagaki Seishiro. The Generals of World War II.
Notes
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