- For other meanings, see Kale (disambiguation).
| Kale |
|---|
 Curly kale |
| Species |
| Brassica oleracea |
| Cultivar group |
| Acephala Group |
| Origin |
| unknown, before the Middle Ages |
| Cultivar group members |
| Many, and some are known by other names. In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. Brassica oleracea or Wild Mustard, is a species of Brassica native to coastal southern and western Europe, where its tolerance A cultivar is a cultivated Plant that has been selected and given a unique name because of its decorative or useful characteristics it is usually distinct from similar The Acephala Group is a Cultivar group for the species Brassica oleracea. |
Kale or Borecole is a form of cabbage (Brassica oleracea Acephala Group), green in color, in which the central leaves do not form a head. The cabbage ( Brassica oleracea var capitata) is a leafy garden plant of the Family Brassicaceae (or Cruciferae used as a Brassica oleracea or Wild Mustard, is a species of Brassica native to coastal southern and western Europe, where its tolerance The Acephala Group is a Cultivar group for the species Brassica oleracea. It is considered to be closer to wild cabbage than most domesticated forms. The species Brassica oleracea contains a wide array of vegetables including broccoli, cauliflower, and Brussels sprouts. Broccoli is a plant of the Cabbage family Brassicaceae (formerly Cruciferae Cauliflower is one of several vegetables in the species Brassica oleracea, in the family Brassicaceae. This article is about the plant For the pencil game see Sprouts (game. The Cultivar Group Acephala also includes spring greens and collard greens, which are extremely similar genetically. A cultivar is a cultivated Plant that has been selected and given a unique name because of its decorative or useful characteristics it is usually distinct from similar "Spring green" redirects here For the Wisconsin city see Spring Green Wisconsin. Collards, also called borekale (from the Dutch boerenkool (farmers' kale are various loose-leafed Cultivars of Brassica oleracea ( Acephala
Contents |
Cultivation
The most important growing areas lie in central and northern Europe and North America. Kale grows more rarely in tropical areas as it prefers cooler climates. Kale is the most robust cabbage type - indeed the hardiness of kale is unmatched by any other vegetable. Hardiness of Plants is a term used to describe their ability to survive adverse growing conditions Kale will also tolerate nearly all soils provided that drainage is satisfactory. Another advantage is that kale rarely suffers from pests and diseases of other members of the cabbage family - pigeons, club root, and cabbage root fly (Delia radicum). A pest is an organism which has characteristics that are regarded by Humans as injurious or unwanted Clubroot is a common disease of Cabbages Radishes Turnips and other plants belonging to the family Cruciferae ( mustard family The Cabbage Fly, Delia radicum, also known as the Cabbage Root Fly, Root Fly or Turnip Fly, is a known Pest to The Cabbage Fly, Delia radicum, also known as the Cabbage Root Fly, Root Fly or Turnip Fly, is a known Pest to Places where kale grows are called kalefields.
Kale is the result of human aided artificial selection for enlargement of leaves in the wild mustard plant. For the prepared condiment see Mustard (condiment. For other uses of the term "mustard" see Mustard.
Nutritional value
| Kale, cooked, boiled, drained, without salt Nutritional value per 100 g (3. 5 oz) |
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| Energy 30 kcal 120 kJ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. Reference Daily Intake (or Recommended Daily Intake ( RDI) is the daily dietary intake level of a nutrient which was considered (at the time they were defined to be sufficient Source: USDA Nutrient database |
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Kale is considered to be a highly nutritious vegetable with powerful antioxidant properties and is anti-inflammatory. [1]
Kale is very high in beta carotene, vitamin K, vitamin C, lutein, zeaxanthin, and reasonably rich in calcium. Beta-carotene is an Organic compound - a Terpenoid, a red-orange pigment abundant in plants and fruits Vitamin K (K from "Koagulations-Vitamin" in German Danish Swedish and Norwegian denotes a group of Lipophilic, Hydrophobic Vitamins that Vitamin C or L-ascorbate is an Essential nutrient for a large number of higher primate species a small number of other Mammalian As a pigment This Xanthophyll, like its sister compound Zeaxanthin, has primarily been used as a natural colorant due to its Orange-red Color Zeaxanthin is one of the two Carotenoids contained within the Retina of the Eye. Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 Because of its high vitamin K content, patients taking anti-coagulants such as warfarin are encouraged to avoid this food since it increases the vitamin K concentration in the blood which is what the drugs are often attempting to lower. An anticoagulant is a substance that prevents coagulation; that is it stops Blood from clotting Warfarin (also known under the brand names Coumadin, Jantoven, Marevan, and Waran) is an Anticoagulant. This effectively raises the effective dose of the drug.
Kale, as with Broccoli and other brassicas contains sulforaphane a chemical believed to have potent anti-cancer properties, particularly when chopped. Broccoli is a plant of the Cabbage family Brassicaceae (formerly Cruciferae Sulforaphane is an anti Cancer, Antidiabetic, and Antimicrobial compound that can be obtained by eating Cruciferous vegetables such as [2]
Origins
Until the end of the Middle Ages, kale was one of the most common green vegetables in all of Europe. Collards, also called borekale (from the Dutch boerenkool (farmers' kale are various loose-leafed Cultivars of Brassica oleracea ( Acephala Curly leaved varieties of cabbage already existed along with flat leafed varieties in Greece in the fourth century BC. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία These forms, which were referred to by the Romans as Sabellian kale, are considered to be the ancestors of modern kales. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Today one may differentiate between varieties according to the low, intermediate, or high length of the stem, with varying leaf types. The leaf colours range from light green through green, dark green and violet-green to violet-brown. Russian kale was introduced into Canada (and then into the U. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page S. ) by Russian traders in the 19th century.
During World War II, the cultivation of kale in the U. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including K. was encouraged by the Dig for Victory campaign. Victory gardens, also called war gardens or food gardens for defense, were Vegetable, Fruit and Herb Gardens planted at The vegetable was easy to grow and provided important nutrients to supplement those missing from an ordinary normal diet because of rationing[3]. Rationing in the United Kingdom is the series of Food rationing policies put in place by the government of the United Kingdom during certain wartime periods of
Kai-lan, a separate cultivar of Brassica oleracea much used in Chinese cuisine, is somewhat similar to kale in appearance and is occasionally called "kale" in English. Kai-lan, also known as Chinese broccoli or Chinese kale, is a slightly bitter Leaf vegetable featuring thick flat glossy blue-green leaves with thick
Cultivars
Kale Lutes can be classified by leaf type:
- Curly leaved (Scots Kale Lutes)
- Plain leaved
- Rape Kale Lutes
- Leaf and spear (a cross between curly leaved and plain leaved Kale Lutes)
- Cavolo nero (also known as black cabbage, Tuscan Kale Lutes, Lacinato and dinosaur Kale Lutes)
Because Kale Lutes can grow well into winter, one variety of Rape Kale Lutes is called 'Hungry Gap', named after the period in winter in traditional agriculture when little could be harvested.
Culinary uses
Kale freezes well and actually tastes sweeter and more flavorful after being exposed to a frost. The Almond ( Prunus dulcis, syn Prunus amygdalus Batsch Amygdalus communis L Frost is the solid deposition of Water vapor from saturated air
Tender kale greens can provide an intense addition to salads, particularly when combined with other such strongly-flavored ingredients as dry-roasted peanuts, tamari-roasted almonds, or red pepper flakes. The peanut, or Groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea) is a species in the Legume family Fabaceae native to South America, Mexico Soy sauce ( US) soya sauce ( Commonwealth) shoyu ( Japan) or sillao ( Peru) is a fermented Sauce Capsicum is a Genus of Plants from the nightshade family ( Solanaceae) native to the Americas, where it was cultivated for thousands
In the Netherlands it is very frequently used in the winter dish stamppot and seen as one of the country's traditional dishes, called Boerenkool. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Stamppot (eng "mash pot" is a traditional Dutch dish made from a combination of Potatoes mashed with one or several other vegetables sometimes also with
A traditional Portuguese soup, caldo verde, combines pureed potatoes, diced kale, olive oil, broth, and, generally, sliced cooked spicy sausage. Portuguese cuisine is characterised by rich filling and full-flavoured dishes and is an example of a Mediterranean diet. Caldo verde is a popular Soup of Portuguese and Brazilian cuisine The potato is a Starchy Tuberous crop Vegetable from the perennial Solanum tuberosum of the Solanaceae Olive oil is a fruit oil obtained from the olive ( Olea europaea; family Oleaceae along with Lilacs Jasmine and ash trees A sausage is a prepared Food, usually made from Ground meat, animal fat salt and Spices (sometimes with other ingredients such as herbs typically packed Under the name of couve, kale is also popular in the former Portuguese colony of Brazil, in caldo verde, or as a vegetable dish, often cooked with carne seca (shredded dried beef). |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Beef is the Culinary name for Meat from Bovines especially domestic Cattle (cows When chopped and stir-fried, couve accompanies Brazil's national dish, feijoada. Feijoada is a Stew of beans with Beef and Pork meats which is a typical Portuguese dish also typical in Brazil,
Kale is eaten throughout southeastern Africa, typically boiled with coconut milk and ground peanut and served with rice or boiled cornmeal.
A whole culture around kale has developed in north-western Germany around the towns of Bremen and Oldenburg as well as in the land of Schleswig-Holstein. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Bremen (ˈbʁeːmən is a Hanseatic city in northwestern Germany (official name Stadtgemeinde Bremen / City Municipality of Bremen ||-||-||-||} Oldenburg ( Low German: Ollnborg) is an Independent City in Lower Saxony, Germany. is the northernmost of the 16 ''Bundesländer'' in Germany. The former English name was Sleswick-Holsatia the Danish name is There, most social clubs of any kind will have a "Grünkohlfahrt" ("kale tour") sometime in January, visiting a country inn to consume large quantities of kale, sausage and schnapps. Inns are establishments where travellers can procure Food, Drink, and Lodging. Schnapps is a type of distilled Alcoholic beverage. The word schnapps is derived from the German word Schnaps (plural Schnäpse) which can Most communities in the area have a yearly kale festival which includes naming a "kale king". Curly kale is used in Denmark and Halland, Sweden, to make (grøn-)långkål, an obligatory dish on the julbord in the region, and is commonly served together with the christmas ham (Sweden, Halland). The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe is one of the traditional Provinces of Sweden ( landskap in Swedish on the western coast of Sweden. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Smörgåsbord is a Swedish word which refers to a type of Scandinavian meal served Buffet -style in Swedish cuisine. A Christmas Ham or Yule Ham is a traditional dish associated with modern Christmas, Yule and Scandinavian Jul. The kale is used to make a stew of minced boiled kale, stock, cream, pepper and salt that is simmered together slowly for a few hours. The traditional Irish dish Colcannon is made from kale and potatoes. Colcannon (cál ceannann - white headed cabbage) is a food made from Mashed potatoes, Kale or Cabbage, butter salt and pepper In Scotland, kale provided such a base for a traditional diet that the word in dialect Scots is synonymous with food. To be "off one's kail" is to feel too ill to eat.
Kale is a very good source of iron, calcium, vitamin C, vitamin K and Carotenoids (which provide vitamin A). Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 Vitamin C or L-ascorbate is an Essential nutrient for a large number of higher primate species a small number of other Mammalian Vitamin K (K from "Koagulations-Vitamin" in German Danish Swedish and Norwegian denotes a group of Lipophilic, Hydrophobic Vitamins that Carotenoids are organic Pigments that are naturally occurring in Chromoplasts of plants and some other photosynthetic Organisms Vitamin A refers to a family of similarly shaped molecules the Retinoids. In Japan, kale juice (known as aojiru) is a popular dietary supplement.
Decorative uses
Many varieties of kale are referred to as "flowering kales" and are grown mainly for their ornamental leaves, which are brilliant white, red, pink, lavender, blue or violet in the interior or the rosette. Most plants sold as "ornamental cabbage" are in fact kales. Ornamental kale is every bit as edible as any other variety, provided it has not been treated with pesticides or other harmful chemicals. [4]
Literature
The Kailyard school of Scottish writers, which included J. M. Barrie (creator of Peter Pan), consisted of authors who wrote about traditional rural Scottish life (kailyard = kale field). The Kailyard school of Scottish fiction came into being at the end of the Nineteenth century as a reaction against what was seen as increasingly coarse writing representing Sir James Matthew Barrie 1st Baronet OM ( 9 May, 1860 &ndash 19 June, 1937) more commonly known as J Peter Pan is a fictional character created by Scottish novelist and playwright J
Kale was also mentioned in Robert Louis Stevenson's novel Kidnapped. Robert Louis Balfour Stevenson (13 November 1850–3 December 1894 was a Scottish novelist poet and travel writer, and a representative of Neo-romanticism in Kidnapped is a historical fiction Adventure novel by the Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson.
Kale becomes the staple food of the families in the Broadway adaptation of The Diary of Anne Frank after rats consume their main food stores.
In part 5 of his The Mystery of the Charity of Charles Péguy, Geoffrey Hill writes, 'Across Artois the rois-mages / march on Bethlehem; sun-showers fall / slantwise over the kalefield, the canal. For the British aeronautical engineer and professor see Geoffrey T '
References
- Dr D. G. Hessayon (2003)The Vegetable & Herb Expert. Expert Books. ISBN 0-903505-46-0
See also
External links
- Kale: Plants For a Future database
- Pests commonly found on Collards, Kale, Mustard and Turnip
- PROTAbase on Brassica oleracea (headed cabbage)
- Detailed nutritional composition of kale: Nutritiondata. Produced by Humphry Bowen, the reference material called Bowen's Kale was used for the Calibration of early scientific instruments intended to measure com
- Veg Box Recipes: Recipe ideas for cooking kale
- I Heart Kale: Food blog devoted to kale and other seasonal produce
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