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Around 125, see text. Kalanchoe blossfeldiana is a commonly cultivated house plant of the Genus Kalanchoe. Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Magnoliopsida is the Botanical name for a class of Flowering plants By definition the class will include the family Magnoliaceae, but its The Saxifragales are an order of Dicotyledon Flowering plants In the APG II classification system it includes the following families The Crassulaceae, or orpine family, is a family of Dicotyledons They store water in their Succulent leaves Michel Adanson ( April 7, 1727 - August 3, 1806) was a French naturalist of Scottish descent |
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Bryophyllum |
Kalanchoe is a genus of about 125 species of tropical, succulent flowering plants in the Family Crassulaceae, mainly native to the Old World but with a few species now growing wild in the New World following introduction. The Tropics are centered on the Equator and limited in Latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere at approximately 23°26' (23 The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group The Crassulaceae, or orpine family, is a family of Dicotyledons They store water in their Succulent leaves The Old World consists of those parts of Earth known to Europeans Asians and Africans in the 15th century The New World is one of the names used for the non-Eurasian/non-African parts of the Earth specifically the Americas and Australia.
Most are shrubs or perennial herbaceous plants, but a few are annual or biennial. A shrub or Bush is a horticultural rather than strictly botanical category of Woody plant, distinguished from a Tree A perennial plant or perennial ( Latin per, "through" annus, "year" is a Plant that lives for more than A herbaceous plant (or in botanical use a Herb) is a Plant that has leaves and stems that die down at the end of Botanically an annual plant is a Plant that usually germinates, Flowers and dies in one Year. A biennial plant is a flowering Plant that takes two years to complete its lifecycle. The largest, Kalanchoe beharensis from Madagascar, can reach 6 m tall, but most species are less than 1 m tall. Kalanchoe beharensis ( Elephant's ear Kalanchoe) is a plant Species in the succulent Genus Kalanchoe, endemic to Madagascar, or Republic of Madagascar (older name Malagasy Republic) is an Island nation in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern
Members of Kalanchoe genus are characterized by opening their flowers by growing new cells on the inner surface of the petals to force them outwards, and on the outside of the petals to close them. A petal (from Ancient Greek petalon "leaf" "thin plate" regarded as a highly modified leaf is one member or part of the corolla
The genus was first described by the botanist Michel Adanson in 1763. Michel Adanson ( April 7, 1727 - August 3, 1806) was a French naturalist of Scottish descent Reportedly, the name came "from the Chinese name for one of the species. " [1] This Chinese species is thought to have been either Kalanchoe ceratophylla or Kalanchoe spathulata. The genus Bryophyllum was described by Salisbury in 1806 and the genus Kitchingia was created by Baker in 1881. Richard Anthony Salisbury FRS ( May 2, 1761 - 1829 was a British Botanist. John Gilbert Baker ( January 13, 1834 - August 16, 1920) was an English Botanist. Kitchingia is now regarded as a synonym for Kalanchoe, whereas some botanists treat Bryophyllum as a separate genus. [1]
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Cultivation and uses
These plants are cultivated as ornamental houseplants and rock or "succulent" garden plants. They are popular because of their ease of propagation, low water requirements, and wide variety of flower colors typically borne in clusters well above the vegetative growth. The section Bryophyllum - formerly an independent genus - contains species such as the "Air plant" Kalanchoe pinnata. In Botany, a section is a low-level Taxonomic rank directly below Subgenus. The Bryophyllums (from the Greek bryon/bryein = sprout phyllon = leaf are a section in the plant Genus Kalanchoe Kalanchoe pinnata (syn Bryophyllum calycinum, Bryophyllum pinnatum, also known as the Air Plant, Life Plant In these plants, new individuals develop vegetatively as plantlets, also known as bulbils or gemmae, at indents along the leaves. Vegetative reproduction is a type of Asexual reproduction found in plants and is also called vegetative propagation or vegetative multiplication. These young plants eventually drop off and take root. No males have been found of one species of this genus which does flower and produce seeds, and it is commonly called, the Mother of Thousands.
Diseases
Toxicity and traditional medicine
In common with other Crassulaceae (such as the genera Tylecodon, Cotyledon and Adromischus), some Kalanchoe species contain bufadienolide cardiac glycosides[2] which can cause cardiac poisoning, particularly in grazing animals. This article is a list of diseases of Kalanchoë ( Kalanchoë blossfeldiana) UserPolbot. --> Tylecodon is a genus of Plant in family Crassulaceae. Cotyledon is a Genus of the Crassulaceae family. Species include Cotyledon chrysantha Adromischus is a genus of easily propagated leaf Succulents from the Crassulaceae family Bufanolides (bū-fan′ō-līd are a type of Steroids. Bufanolides are found mostly as Cardiac glycoside Aglycones meaning that bufanolides are bound with Cardiac glycosides are drugs used in the treatment of Congestive heart failure and cardiac Arrhythmia. [3][4] This is a particular problem in the native range of many Kalanchoe species in the Karroo region of South Africa, where the resulting animal disease is known as krimpsiekte (shrinking disease) or as cotyledonosis. The Karoo (a Khoisan word of uncertain etymology) is a semi- Desert region of South Africa. [5] Similar poisonings have also occurred in Australia.
In traditional medicine, Kalanchoe species have been used to treat ailments such as infections, rheumatism and inflammation. Kalanchoe extracts also have immunosuppressive effects. An immunosuppressant is a substance that performs Immunosuppression of the Immune system. Kalanchoe pinnata has been recorded in Trinidad and Tobago as being used as a traditional treatment for hypertension. Kalanchoe pinnata (syn Bryophyllum calycinum, Bryophyllum pinnatum, also known as the Air Plant, Life Plant [6]
A variety of bufadienolide compounds have been isolated from various Kalanchoe species. Five different bufadienolides have been isolated from Kalanchoe daigremontiana. Kalanchoe daigremontiana syn Bryophyllum daigremontianum also called Devil's Backbone, Alligator Plant, Mexican Hat Plant [7] [8] Two of these, daigremontianin and bersaldegenin 1,3,5-orthoacetate, have been shown to have a pronounced sedative effect. Daigremontianin is a Bufadienolide. Bufadienolides are Steroids and Cardiac glycoside Aglycones (meaning that they bind with Carbohydrates A sedative, or more specifically a sedative-hypnotic, is a substance that depresses the Central nervous system (CNS resulting in calmness relaxation sleepiness They also have the strong positive inotropic effect associated with cardiac glycosides, and with greater doses an increasing effect on the central nervous system. An inotrope (ˈaɪnətroʊp is an agent that alters the force or energy of Muscular contractions Negatively inotropic agents weaken the force of muscular contractions In Vertebrates the central nervous system ( CNS) is the part of the Nervous system which is enclosed in the Meninges.
Bufadienolide compounds isolated from Kalanchoe pinnata include bryophillin A which showed strong anti-tumor promoting activity, and bersaldegenin-3-acetate and bryophillin C which were less active. Kalanchoe pinnata (syn Bryophyllum calycinum, Bryophyllum pinnatum, also known as the Air Plant, Life Plant [9] Bryophillin C also showed insecticidal properties. [10]
Selected species
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References
- ^ a b Baldwin Jr. Kalanchoe thyrsiflora (also known as Paddle Plant, Flapjacks, Desert Cabbage, White Lady, Geelplakkie, Meelplakkie Kalanchoe delagoensis is a Succulent plant native to Madagascar. , J. T. (October 1938), “Kalanchoe: The Genus and its Chromosomes”, American Journal of Botany 25 (8): 572-579, doi:10.2307/2436516, <http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-9122(193810)25:8%3C572:KTGAIC%3E2.0.CO;2-A>. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. Retrieved on 28 November 2007
- ^ Steyn, Pieter S (1998). Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Bufadienolides of plant and animal origin. Natural Product Reports. Royal Society of Chemistry. Retrieved on 2007-09-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I.
- ^ McKenzie, RA (July 1986). [PMID 3778371 Hearts and flowers: Bryophyllum poisoning of cattle. ]. Aust Vet J. . Retrieved on 2007-09-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I.
- ^ McKenzie, RA (October 1987). [PMID 3439945 The toxicity to cattle and bufadienolide content of six Bryophyllum species. ]. Aust Vet J. . Retrieved on 2007-09-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I.
- ^ Hilton-Taylor, Craig. How Dangerous are Euphorbias? (And Others in the Family Euphorbiaceae) with some comments on dangerous plants in the families Agavaceae, Aizoaceae, Apocynaceae, Compositae, Crassulaceae, Liliaceae. Retrieved on 2007-09-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I.
- ^ Lans, CA (2006-10-13). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees [PMID 17040567 Ethnomedicines used in Trinidad and Tobago for urinary problems and diabetes mellitus. ]. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. . Retrieved on 2007-09-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I.
- ^ Wagner, H; Fischer M, Lotter H (April 1985). [PMID 17340448 Isolation and Structure Determination of Daigremontianin, a Novel Bufadienolide from Kalanchoe daigremontiana. ]. Planta Med. . Retrieved on 2007-09-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I.
- ^ Supratman, U; Fujita T, Akiyama K, Hayashi H (September 2001). [PMID 11551556 Insecticidal compounds from Kalanchoe daigremontiana x tubiflora. ]. Phytochemistry. Retrieved on 2007-09-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I.
- ^ Supratman, U; Fujita T, Akiyama K, Hayashi H, Murakami A, Sakai H, Koshimizu K, Ohigashi H (April 2001). [PMID 11388478 Anti-tumor promoting activity of bufadienolides from Kalanchoe pinnata and K. daigremontiana x tubiflora. ]. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. . Retrieved on 2007-09-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I.
- ^ Supratman, U; Fujita T, Akiyama K, Hayashi H (June 2000). [PMID 10923811 New insecticidal bufadienolide, bryophyllin C, from Kalanchoe pinnata. ]. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. . Retrieved on 2007-09-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I.
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