The Kakatiya dynasty was a South Indian dynasty that ruled parts of what is now Andhra Pradesh, India from 1083CE to 1323CE[1]. The term South Asia usually refers to the political entities of the Sub- Himalayan region - namely Republic of India, Pakistan, This article is about the history of South Asia prior to the Partition of British India in 1947 The South Asian Stone Age covers the Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic periods in the South Asia. Mehrgarh, ( Urdu: مﮩرگڑھ) one of the most important Neolithic (7000 BC to 3200 BC sites in Archaeology, lies on what The Indus Valley Civilization (Mature period 2600&ndash1900 BCE abbreviated IVC, was an ancient Civilization that flourished in the Indus River basin The Cemetery H culture developed out of the northern part of the Indus Valley Civilization around 1900 BCE in and around the Punjab region which is located on the The Vedic Period (or Vedic Age) is the period in the History of India during which the Vedas, the oldest sacred texts of Hinduism, were being The Iron Age in the Indian subcontinent succeeds the Late Harappan (Cemetery H culture also known as the last phase of the Indus Valley Tradition Mahajanapadas ( Sanskrit: महाजनपद Mahājanapadas) literally "Great Kingdoms" (from Maha, "great" and Janapada Magadha (मगध formed one of the sixteen Mahājanapadas ( Sanskrit, "great countries" or regions in ancient India. The Maurya Empire ( 322 – 185 BCE) ruled by the Mauryan dynasty was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military Middle kingdoms of India refers to the political entities in India from the 2nd century BC since the decline of the Maurya Empire, and the corresponding The Sātavāhanas ( Marathi: सातवाहन Telugu:శాతవాహనులు were a Dynasty which ruled from Junnar ( The Kushan Empire (c 1st &ndash 3rd centuries) was a Bactrian state that at its cultural zenith Circa 105 &ndash 250 The Gupta Empire ( Hindi: गुप्त राजवंश was ruled by members of the Gupta dynasty from around 320 to 550 C The Pala Empire was a dynasty in control of the northern and eastern Indian subcontinent, mainly the Bengal and Bihar regions from the 8th to The Chalukya dynasty ( Kannada: ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯರು ʧaːɭukjə was an Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and Central The Rashtrakuta Dynasty ( Sanskrit: राष्ट्रकूट rāṣṭrakūṭa, Kannada: ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಕೂಟ was a royal The Western Chalukya Empire ( Kannada: ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ) ruled most of the western Deccan, South The Hoysala Empire ( Kannada: ಹೊಯ್ಸಳ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ ( pronunciation: in Kannada was a prominent South Indian Kannadiga The Kakatiya dynasty was a South Indian Dynasty that ruled parts of what is now Andhra Pradesh, India from 1083CE to 1323CE During the late Middle Ages, several Islamic Empires were established in South Asia. The Delhi Sultanate ( Urdu: دلی سلطنت, दिल्ली सलतनत or Sultanat e Hind ( سلطنتِ هند; सलतनत ए The Deccan sultanates were five Muslim -ruled late medieval kingdoms–- Bijapur, Golkonda, Ahmadnagar, Bidar, and Berar The Ahom Kingdom (1228–1826 called Kingdom of Assam in medieval times was a medieval kingdom in the Brahmaputra valley in Assam that maintained its The Vijayanagara Empire ( Kannada: ವಿಜಯನಗರ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ Telugu: విజయనగర సామ్రాజ్యము was a South The Mughal Empire ( Persian and self-designation گورکانی; مغلیہ سلطنت) was an Islamic imperial power which ruled most The Maratha Empire ( Marathi: मराठा साम्राज्य Marāṭhā Sāmrājya; also transliterated Mahratta The Sikh Confederacy was a nation that existed from 1716 to 1799 The Sikh Confederacy was a nation that existed from 1716 to 1799 The Honourable East India Company ( HEIC) referred to most commonly as the East India Company, also historically and colloquially as John Company, or For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British The Partition of India was the partition of the British Indian Empire which led to the creation on August 14, 1947 and August 15, History of Bengal Bangladesh became one of the last major nation states following its secession in 1971 from the nation of Pakistan which achieved its independence from the British Bhutan 's early history is steeped in Mythology and remains obscure The History of the Republic of India began on August 15, 1947 when India became an independent Dominion within the British Commonwealth The Maldives is a nation consisting of 26 natural Atolls, comprising 1192 islands Historical setting Since very ancient times the Maldives were ruled The History of Nepal (नेपालको इतिहास is characterized by its isolated position in the Himalayas and its two dominant neighbors India The history of Pakistan as a modern nation began with independence from British India on 14 August 1947, although Traditionally the recorded History of Sri Lanka boasts of 25 chronicled centuries The history of Assam is the history of a confluence of peoples from the east west and the north the confluence of the Indo-Aryan, Austro-Asiatic and The Baloch people are an Iranian ethnic group that are mainly settled in the Balochistan areas of Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan. See also History of Bangladesh The history of Bengal (including Bangladesh and West Bengal) dates back four millennia The history of Himachal Pradesh dates back to the time when the Indus valley civilisation flourished Orissa formed in 1926 was known as Kalinga in ancient times Kalinga was a prosperous nation whose merchants traded with the lands of Java and Sumatra The former subdivisions of Pakistan are states provinces and territories which mainly existed between 1947 and 1975 when the current provinces The first known use of the word Punjab is in the book Tarikh-e-Sher Shah Suri (1580 which mentions the construction of a fort by "Sher Khan of Punjab" The history of South India covers a span of over two thousand years during which the region saw the rise and fall of a number of dynasties and empires Tibetan history is characterized by a special dedication to the Buddhist religion both in the eyes of its own people as well as for the Mongol and Manchu Coinage of India, issued by Imperial dynasties and smaller Middle kingdoms of India began during the 1st millennium BCE, and consisted The following list of Indian monarchs is one of several Lists of incumbents. Economic history of India, in the sense of the meaning of the term economic in its current sense is at least 5000 years old Indology refers to the academic study of the languages texts History and Cultures of the Indian subcontinent, and as such a subset of Asian studies Originating over 5000 years ago the linguistic history of India describes the evolution and transformation of early human communications techniques - from pictures pictorial scripts Indian literature is generally acknowledged as one of the oldest in the world Indian maritime history begins during the 3rd millennium BCE when the inhabitants of the Indus Valley initiate trading with Mesopotamia. India has a long military history dating back several millennia This is a timeline of Indian history. It includes the history of South Asia ( Indian subcontinent) especially the history of the regions now known South India is the area encompassing India 's states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu as well as the union A dynasty is a succession of rulers who belong to the same family for generations India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Staunchly Shaivite Hindu, it was one of the great Telugu kingdoms that lasted for centuries. Telugu people refer to the group of peoples who natively speak the Telugu language.
Contents |
Origins
The Kakatiya’s ascent to power can be traced to the reign of the Western Chalukyas. The Western Chalukya Empire ( Kannada: ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ) ruled most of the western Deccan, South Kakartya Gundyana, a subordinate of the Eastern Chalukyan monarch, Amma II (945 CE-970 CE), established the Kakatiya dynasty[2]. Origin of Eastern Chalukyas Pulakesin II (608–644 CE the greatest Badami Chalukya king conquered the eastern Deccan, corresponding to the The dynasty's name comes either from its association with a town known as Kakatipura (since the kings bore the title “Kakatipuravallabha”) or from their worship of a goddess called Kakati. A temple dedicated to goddess Kakatamma exists in Warangal so Kakatipura could be another name for Warangal itself. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Warangal or Orugallu or Ekasila Nagaram (వరంగల్ is a city and a WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Warangal or Orugallu or Ekasila Nagaram (వరంగల్ is a city and a Kakatiyas belonged to the Durjaya family/clan.
Early History
Gundaya (950 CE) was the first known historical figure among the Kakatiyas[3]. He sacrificed his life in the service of the Rashtrakuta ruler Krishna II while fighting against the Eastern Chalukyas. The Rashtrakuta Dynasty ( Sanskrit: राष्ट्रकूट rāṣṭrakūṭa, Kannada: ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಕೂಟ was a royal Origin of Eastern Chalukyas Pulakesin II (608–644 CE the greatest Badami Chalukya king conquered the eastern Deccan, corresponding to the The grateful Krishna II placed Gundaya's son Eriya in charge of Kurravadi near Warangal. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Warangal or Orugallu or Ekasila Nagaram (వరంగల్ is a city and a This kingdom was created as a check on the Mudigonda Chalukyas on the eastern borders of the Rashtrakuta Empire[4]. The Chalukya dynasty ( Kannada: ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯರು ʧaːɭukjə was an Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and Central The Rashtrakuta Dynasty ( Sanskrit: राष्ट्रकूट rāṣṭrakūṭa, Kannada: ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಕೂಟ was a royal Eriya made Kakatipura his capital. Eriya's grandson Kakartya Gundyana rendered help on behalf of his master Krishna III to Danarnava in setting aside his brother Amma II and occupying the throne of Vengi, as a result of which he got Natavadi as a token of gratitude. The Vengi kingdom extended from the Godavari River in the north to Mount MahendraGiri in the southeast and to just south of the banks of River Krishna in the Gundyana's son and successor Betaraja I took advantage of the Chalukya-Chola conflict and carved out for himself a small principality. The Chalukya dynasty ( Kannada: ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯರು ʧaːɭukjə was an Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and Central His son and successor Prola I obtained by way of grant, Hanumamakonda from Somesvara I. Beta II, son and successor of Prola, ruled between 1076 CE and 1108 CE. During his period, Hanumakonda became the capital of the Kakatiyas. Prola II the younger brother of Beta II was the most famous among the early Kakatiya rulers. When the Chalukyan power began to decline, Prola II took advantage of the confused situation and proclaimed independence. The Chalukya dynasty ( Kannada: ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯರು ʧaːɭukjə was an Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and Central He made extensive conquests in Telangana. Telangana or Telingana ( Telugu: తెలంగాణ is a region in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. He also defeated and killed Gunda, the ruler of Mantrakuta (Nuzividu taluk of Krishna district) and annexed it to his kingdom. Krishna District ( Telugu: కృష్ణా జిల్లా Hindi: कृष्णा ज़िला is a district of India 's Andhra Pradesh However, in his attempts to occupy the Velanati kingdom he lost his life at the hands of Rajendra Choda, the prince of the Velanati Telugu Chodas of Chandolu. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Tsandavolu or Chandolu is a small village situated in Guntur District of Andhra Pradesh This was the emergence of the Kakatiya dynasty in its own right[5].
Rudra Deva
Prola II was succeeded by Rudradeva (1158 - 1195). Rudradeva, also known as Prataparudra I, was the eldest son of Prola II. By the year 1162 CE, Rudradeva vanquished a number of his enemies and transformed his petty principality into an extensive kingdom. Rudradeva devoted the later part of his reign to the conquest of the coastal region. He consolidated and pushed the kingdom to the north up to the Godavari delta. This article is about the river Godavari in India. For other uses see Godavari (disambiguation The Godavari ( Marathi language:गोदावरी A delta is a Landform where the mouth of a River flows into an Ocean, Sea, Estuary, Lake or another river He built a fort at Warangal to serve as a second capital. Fortifications are Military Constructions and Buildings designed for defense in Warfare Humans have constructed defensive works for WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Warangal or Orugallu or Ekasila Nagaram (వరంగల్ is a city and a During the years 1176-82 CE the battle of Palanadu was fought. Palnadu is the northern region of Guntur District in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Rudradeva rendered military assistance to Nalagama's faction. In this battle, the military strength of Velanadu had got weakened. Velandu is a name of the region on the banks of River Krishna in the ancient Telugu country Exploiting the situation, Rudradeva led his forces into coastal Andhra and conquered up to Srisailam and Tripurantakam in the south. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details -->Srisailam is a holy town and Mandal situated in Nallamala hills of Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh, In the last year of his reign (1195 CE), he came into conflict with the Seunas (Yadavas) of Devagiri. Name of the dynasty The Seuna dynasty claimed descent from the Yadavas and are often referred to as the "Yadavas of Devagiri" Fort of Devagiri The area of the city includes the hill-fortress of Devagiri ( Marathi देवगिरी (sometimes Latinised to Deogiri Rudra suffered defeat and death in his encounter with Jaitrapala I. After Rudradeva's death and the imprisonment of his nephew Ganapati in the hands of the Yadavas, his younger brother Mahadeva ascended the throne and ruled the kingdom for a short span of about three years (1196-1198 CE). He led an expedition against the Yadava kingdom to avenge Rudra's death and also to release his son Ganapati. He lost his life in the battle.
Ganapati Deva
Following the death of Mahadeva disorder broke out in the kingdom. Recherla Rudra, the commander-in-chief of the Kakatiya ruler, saved the kingdom from crumbling. Ganapatideva was set free by Jaitrapala due to political considerations like his desire to secure himself against an attack from Warangal in the event of a conflict with the aggressive Hoysalas in the south. The Hoysala Empire ( Kannada: ಹೊಯ್ಸಳ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ ( pronunciation: in Kannada was a prominent South Indian Kannadiga Ganapatideva's reign lasted for 62 years. It is one of the most brilliant epochs in the history of Andhradesa. Ganapati during his long reign brought under his sway almost the whole land inhabited by the Telugu speaking people. Though Ganapatideva was alive until 1269 CE he handed over the threads of administration to his daughter Rudramadevi in 1262 A. D. itself and retired from active politics.
Ganapatideva was known as the greatest of the Kakatiyas and the first after the Satavahanas to bring the entire Telugu area under one rule. The Sātavāhanas ( Marathi: सातवाहन Telugu:శాతవాహనులు were a Dynasty which ruled from Junnar ( Telugu people refer to the group of peoples who natively speak the Telugu language. He put an end to the rule of the Cholas in the year 1210 who accepted his suzerainty. He established order in his vast dominion and encouraged trade. It is around this period that the Golconda fort was constructed, as well as beautiful temples in the Kakatiya art form such as Ramappa Temple at the tiny village of Palampet outside of Warangal. Golkonda (or Golconda) Telugu గోల్కొండ, a ruined city of south-central India is situated west of Hyderabad, capital of ancient Hyderabad Ramappa Temple also known as the Ramalingeswara temple is located 77 km from Warangal, the ancient capital of the Kakatiya dynasty, 157 km from WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Warangal or Orugallu or Ekasila Nagaram (వరంగల్ is a city and a
Rudramadevi
The most prominent ruler in this dynasty was Rani Rudrama Devi 1262-1295 CE, one of the few queens in Indian history. One of the most prominent rulers of the Kakatiya dynasty on the Deccan Plateau Rani (queen Rudramma Devi was one of the few queens in Indian history She was born as Rudramba to Ganapathideva who had no sons. She was formally designated as a son through the ancient Putrika ceremony and given the male name of Rudradeva and declared the Queen. Despite initial misgivings by some of her generals who resented a female ruler, she suppressed the internal rebellions and external incursions. An able fighter and ruler Rudramba defended the kingdom from the Cholas and the Yadavas, earning their respect. She remains one of the few female powers of the south for all time.
Prataparudra
Rudramadevi died in the month of November, 1289 CE. , fighting battle against the rebel Kayastha chief Ambadeva. On the death of Rudrama, her grandson Prataparudra, who was adopted by her as son and as heir apparent on the advice of her father Ganapatideva, ascended the throne at the beginning of the year 1290 CE. Prataparudra had to fight battles throughout his reign against either the internal rebels or the external foes. Prataparudra expanded borders towards the west, whilst introducing many administrative reforms, some of which were also later adopted in the Vijayanagar empire. The Vijayanagara Empire ( Kannada: ವಿಜಯನಗರ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ Telugu: విజయనగర సామ్రాజ్యము was a South
The Demise of the Dynasty
The conquest of South India (Deccan) by the Delhi Sultanate started in 1296 when Alauddin Khilji, the son-in-Law and commander of the Sultan Jalaluddin raided and plundered Devagiri (Maharashtra)[6]. South India is the area encompassing India 's states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu as well as the union The Delhi Sultanate ( Urdu: دلی سلطنت, दिल्ली सलतनत or Sultanat e Hind ( سلطنتِ هند; सलतनत ए Ala-ud-din Khilji ( Pashto / Arabic: علاء الدين الخلجي) (real name Juna Khan) (b Fort of Devagiri The area of the city includes the hill-fortress of Devagiri ( Marathi देवगिरी (sometimes Latinised to Deogiri Maharashtra ( Marathi: mahārāṣṭra, IPA) is a state located on the western coast of India. Khilji subsequently murdered the Sultan and took over the reins of the Sultanate. Khilji or Khalji ( Pashto: خلجی خاندان, Hindi: ख़िलजी ख़ानदान was an Indian ruling dynasty that was The glory and wealth of the Kakatiya kingdom attracted the attention of Khilji. The first foray into the Telugu kingdom was made in 1303 CE by the Sultan’s armies led by Malik Fakruddin. Telugu people refer to the group of peoples who natively speak the Telugu language. It was a disaster because of the valiant resistance of the Kakatiya army in the battle at Upparapalli (Karimnagar District)[7]. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Karimnagar ( Telugu: కరీంనగర్ is a city and a Municipal Corporation in The second attempt was made in 1309 by Malik Kafur who managed to capture Siripur and Hanumakonda forts. Malik Kafur ( fl. 1296 - 1316) a persian became a general in the army of Alauddin Khilji, ruler of the Delhi sultanate from 1296 Warangal fort was taken after a prolonged seize[8]. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Warangal or Orugallu or Ekasila Nagaram (వరంగల్ is a city and a Malik Kafur indulged in murder and mayhem around the fort which prompted King Prataparudra to make a pact and offer an enormous amount of tribute. Prataparudra asserted his independence in 1320 CE when there was a change of power in Delhi. The Khilji dynasty ended and Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq ascended the Delhi throne. Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq (غیاث الدین تغلق (real name Ghazi Malik; died in 1325 founder and first ruler (1320&ndash25 of the Turkish Muslim Tughlaq sent his son Ulugh Khan in 1323 CE to defeat the defiant Kakatiya king. Ulugh Khan’s (Muhammad bin Tughluq) raid was repulsed but he returned in a month with a larger and determined army. Muhammad bin Tughluq (محمد بن تغلق (c1300&ndash 1351 also Prince Juna Khan was the Sultan of Delhi from 1325 to 1351 The unprepared and battle-weary army of Warangal was finally defeated. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Warangal or Orugallu or Ekasila Nagaram (వరంగల్ is a city and a King Prataparudra was taken prisoner. He committed suicide by drowning himself in the river Narmada while being taken to Delhi. The Narmada नर्मदा Gujarati નર્મદા or Nerbudda (Narbada is a river in central India and the fifth largest river in the Indian subcontinent
Musunuri Nayaks
The Kakatiya dynasty ended and resulted in confusion and anarchy under alien rulers for sometime. The Musunuri Nayaks were Kamma warrior chieftains in the Kakatiya army who regained Andhradesa in 1326 from the Delhi Sultanate in the aftermath Two cousins belonging to Musunuri clan under the leadership of Prolayanayaka who served as army chiefs for Kakatiya kingdom later united the Telugu people and recovered Warangal from the Delhi Sultanate and ruled for half a century[9][10]. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Warangal or Orugallu or Ekasila Nagaram (వరంగల్ is a city and a The Delhi Sultanate ( Urdu: دلی سلطنت, दिल्ली सलतनत or Sultanat e Hind ( سلطنتِ هند; सलतनत ए
The Legacy
The Kakatiya dynasty is regarded as one of the golden ages in Telugu history. Telugu people refer to the group of peoples who natively speak the Telugu language. The kingdom was ruled by Telugu speaking Hindu rulers who encouraged literature, art and architecture. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical The Thousand-pillar Temple in Hanumakonda (now merged with Warangal) stands as testimony to this. The famous Kohinoor diamond which was unearthed in Kollur on the banks of Krishna river during their reign, was among the booty carried to Delhi after the dynasty's fall. This article is about the Diamond. For the film see Kohinoor. Kolluru (Kannada:ಕೊಲ್ಲೂರು) is a tiny hamlet situated 40km Kundapur Town about 140 km away from Mangalore City in Karnataka state in Krishna (कृष्ण in Devanagari kṛṣṇa in IAST, ˈkr̩ʂɳə in classical Sanskrit is a deity worshiped across many traditions of Hinduism Ramappa Temple, located 77 km from Warangal and still intact today is an example of brilliant Kakatiya art and sculpture. Ramappa Temple also known as the Ramalingeswara temple is located 77 km from Warangal, the ancient capital of the Kakatiya dynasty, 157 km from WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Warangal or Orugallu or Ekasila Nagaram (వరంగల్ is a city and a
Even though the dynasty ended, there is strong evidence that the present day "kamma's" are descendants of the Kakatiyas. These group of people form around 5% of total population of the present Indain State of Andhra Pradesh and are front runners of various fields including agriculture, academia, administrative, political, cinemas, media and various industries.
Notes
- ^ Gribble, J. D. B. , History of the Deccan, 1896, Luzac and Co. , London
- ^ Durga Prasad G, History of the Andhras up to 1565 A. D. , 1988, P. G. Publishers, Guntur
- ^ Sastry, P. V. Parabrahma, The Kakatiyas of Warangal, 1978, Government of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad
- ^ Altekar, A. S. The Rashtrakutas and Their Times, Oriental series No. 36, Oriental Book Agency, Poona, 1934
- ^ Rao, M. R. Glimpses of Dakkan History, Orient Longmans Limited, Madras, 1951
- ^ Ventakaramanayya, N. The Early Muslim Expansion in South India, 1942
- ^ A History of India, H. Kulke and D. Rothermund, 1998, Routledge, p. 160, ISBN 0415154820
- ^ A Social History of the Deccan: 1300-1761, R. M. Eaton, 2005, Cambridge University Press, pp. 16-20, ISBN 0521254841
- ^ Sarma, M. Somasekhara; A Forgotten Chapter of Andhra History 1945, Andhra University, Waltair
- ^ Pre-colonial India in Practice, Cynthia Talbot, 2001, Oxford University Press, pp. 177-182, ISBN 0195136616
See also
Ramappa Temple also known as the Ramalingeswara temple is located 77 km from Warangal, the ancient capital of the Kakatiya dynasty, 157 km from The Chalukya dynasty ( Kannada: ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯರು ʧaːɭukjə was an Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and Central Vikramaditya VI (1076 – 1126 CE became the Western Chalukya King after deposing his elder brother Somesvara II. Kulothunga Chola reigned from 1070 until 1120 CE over the vast Chola Empire The Vijayanagara Empire ( Kannada: ವಿಜಯನಗರ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ Telugu: విజయనగర సామ్రాజ్యము was a South The Musunuri Nayaks were Kamma warrior chieftains in the Kakatiya army who regained Andhradesa in 1326 from the Delhi Sultanate in the aftermathDapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic