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Kaifeng
—  Prefecture-level city  —
Chinese transliteration(s)
 - Chinese 开封
 - Pinyin Kāifēng
The Iron Pagoda, or Youguo Pagoda of Kaifeng, built in 1049 AD during the Song Dynasty
The Iron Pagoda, or Youguo Pagoda of Kaifeng, built in 1049 AD during the Song Dynasty
Kaifeng in Henan
Kaifeng in Henan
Kaifeng (China)
Kaifeng
Kaifeng
Location in China
Coordinates: 34°47′28″N 114°20′53″E / 34.79111, 114.34806
Country China
Province Henan
Area
 - Total 6,444 km² (2,488 sq mi)
Population
 - Total 4,800,000
 - Density 744. A prefecture-level city ( or prefecture-level municipality is an administrative division of the People's Republic of China, ranking below a province and A Chinese character, also known as a Han character ( is a Logogram used in writing Chinese (hanzi Japanese ( A Chinese character, also known as a Han character ( is a Logogram used in writing Chinese (hanzi Japanese ( Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use The Iron Pagoda (鐵塔 of Youguo Temple (佑國寺 Kaifeng City Henan province is a Buddhist Chinese pagoda built in 1049 AD The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES A province, in the context of China, is a translation of sheng ( which is an administrative division Henan ( is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the central part of the country Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 9/km² (1,929. 2/sq mi)
Time zone China Standard (UTC+8)
Area code(s) 378
GDP ¥7,250 per capita (2004)
Major Nationalities Han, Hui
County-level divisions 10
Township-level divisions unknown
Website: http://www.kaifeng.gov.cn

Kaifeng (simplified Chinese: 开封; traditional Chinese: 開封; pinyin: Kāifēng; Wade-Giles: K'ai-feng), formerly known as Bianliang (Chinese: 汴梁 or 汴樑; pinyin: Biànliáng), Bianjing (Chinese: 汴京; pinyin: Biànjīng), Daliang (Chinese: 大梁 or 大樑; pinyin: Dàliáng), or simply Liang (Chinese: 梁 or 樑; pinyin: Liáng), is a prefecture-level city in eastern Henan province, People's Republic of China. China standard time or Beijing time is the Time zone observed in the People's Republic of China ( PRC) UTC+8 is a band of Timezones separated from the Greenwich Mean Time by 8 hours A telephone numbering plan is a plan for allocating Telephone number ranges to countries regions areas and exchanges and to non-fixed telephone networks The following is a list of ethnic groups in China where "China" is taken to mean areas controlled by either of the two states using "China" in their formal Han Chinese ( are an Ethnic group native to China and by most modern definitions the largest single Ethnic group in the world. The Hui people ( Xiao'erjing: حُوِ ذَو) are a Chinese ethnic group, typically distinguished by their practice of Islam. Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Wade-Giles (ˌweɪdˈʤaɪlz) sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization system (phonetic notation and Transcription) for the Mandarin Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use A prefecture-level city ( or prefecture-level municipality is an administrative division of the People's Republic of China, ranking below a province and Henan ( is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the central part of the country A province, in the context of China, is a translation of sheng ( which is an administrative division Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Located along the southern bank of the Yellow River, it borders the provincial capital of Zhengzhou to the west, Xinxiang to the northwest, Shangqiu to the east, Zhoukou to the southeast, Xuchang to the southwest, and the province of Shandong to the northeast. The Yellow River or Huang He / Hwang Ho ( Hatan Gol Queen river) is the second-longest river in China (after the Yangtze River) and the Zhengzhou ( formerly called Zhengxian is a Prefecture-level city, and the capital of Henan province, People's Republic of China. Xinxiang ( is a Prefecture-level city in northern Henan province, People's Republic of China. Shangqiu ( is a Prefecture-level city in eastern Henan province, People's Republic of China. Zhoukou ( is a Prefecture-level city in eastern Henan province, People's Republic of China. Xuchang ( is a Prefecture-level city in central Henan province, People's Republic of China. ( is a coastal province of eastern People's Republic of China.

Contents

Administration

The prefecture-level city of Kaifeng administers 5 districts and 5 counties. A prefecture-level city ( or prefecture-level municipality is an administrative division of the People's Republic of China, ranking below a province and The term district, in the context of China, is used to refer to several unrelated political divisions in both ancient and modern China. In the context of Political divisions of China, county is the standard English translation of 县 ( xiàn)

History

Kaifeng is one of the Seven Ancient Capitals of China. Qi County ( is a county of Kaifeng, Henan, China, with an area of 1243 square km and a population of 1 Lankao County ( is a county of Kaifeng, Henan, China. It has an area of 1116 square kilometers and a population of 760000 The Chinese phrase Four Great Ancient Capitals of China ( traditionally refers to Beijing, Nanjing, Luoyang, and Chang'an ( Xi'an

In 364 BC, the state of Wei during the Warring States Period founded a city called Daliang as its capital in this area. Events By place Greece On the advice of the city's military leader Epaminondas, Thebes builds a fleet of 100 Triremes The following details the state of Wei of the Warring States Period. The Warring States Period ( also known as the Era of Warring States covers the period from some time in the 5th century BC to the unification of China by the During this period, the first of many canals in the area was constructed; it linked a local river to the Huang He. The Yellow River or Huang He / Hwang Ho ( Hatan Gol Queen river) is the second-longest river in China (after the Yangtze River) and the When the State of Wei was conquered by the Qin, Kaifeng was destroyed and abandoned except for a mid-sized market town, which remained in its place. Not to be confused with the Qing Dynasty, the last dynasty of China

Early in the 7th century, Kaifeng was transformed into a major commercial hub when it was connected to the Grand Canal as well as a canal running to western Shandong Province. The 7th century is the period from 601 to 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. The Grand Canal of China ( also known as the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal ( is the longest ancient Canal or artificial River in the world ( is a coastal province of eastern People's Republic of China.

In 781 (Tang Dynasty), a new city was reconstructed and named Bian (汴). Events By Place Asia July 31 — The oldest recorded eruption of Mt The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by Bian was the capital of the Later Jin (936-946), Later Han (947-950), and Later Zhou (951-960) of the Five Dynasties Period. Note that there are four periods of Chinese history using the name "Jin" (see clarification here. Events By Place Asia King Taejo of Goryeo (Wanggeon defeats Hubaekje. Events By Place Europe Eadred I succeeds his brother as king of England. Events By Place Asia The Later Jin Dynasty falls to the Later Han Dynasty (founded by Gaozu of Later Han) in Events By Place Europe Duke Boleslav I of Bohemia makes peace with Otto I. The Later Zhou Dynasty ( Simplified Chinese 后周 Traditional Chinese 後周 Pinyin Hòu Zhōu was the last a succession of five dynasties This article is about the year 951 For the 951 Porsche sports car (a Events By Place Europe Edgar the Peaceable is crowned King of England. Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms ( 907-960 was an era of political upheaval in China, beginning in the Tang Dynasty and ending in the Song Dynasty. The Song Dynasty made Bian its capital when it overthrew the Later Zhou in 960, and shortly afterward, they further expanded the city. The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms

During the Song Dynasty, called Dongjing or Bianjing then, Kaifeng was the capital with a population of over 400,000, living both inside and outside the city wall. The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Kaifeng ( formerly known as Bianliang ( Bianjing ( Daliang ( or simply Liang ( is a Prefecture-level city in eastern Typhus was an acute problem of the city. Typhus is any of several similar diseases caused by Louse -borne bacteria

In 1049, Youguosi Pagoda (佑國寺塔), or Iron Pagoda (鐵塔) as it is called today, was constructed, which measures 54. The Iron Pagoda (鐵塔 of Youguo Temple (佑國寺 Kaifeng City Henan province is a Buddhist Chinese pagoda built in 1049 AD 7 m in height. It has survived the destruction of wars and floodings and become the oldest landmark in this ancient city. Another Song Dynasty pagoda, Bo Ta (繁塔), from 974, has been partially destroyed. The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Events By Place Africa The Carmathians are defeated in Egypt by Jawhar as-Siqilli; Fatimid rule is consolidated

The famous painting Qingming Scroll is believed by some to portray daily life in Kaifeng. The painting, of which several versions are extant (the above is an 18th century remake), is attributed to the Song Dynasty (960-1279) artist Zhang Zeduan.
The famous painting Qingming Scroll is believed by some to portray daily life in Kaifeng. Along the River During the Qingming Festival ( is the title of several Panoramic paintings the original version generally attributed to the Song Dynasty The painting, of which several versions are extant (the above is an 18th century remake), is attributed to the Song Dynasty (960-1279) artist Zhang Zeduan. The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Zhang Zeduan ( (1085-1145 AD alias Zheng Dao was a famous Chinese painter during the twelfth century during the transitional period from the Northern Song to the Southern

Another well-known sight was the astronomical clock tower of the engineer, scientist, and statesman Su Song (1020-1101 AD). Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study A clock tower is a Tower built with one or more (often four Clock faces. Su Song ( style name: Zirong 子容 (1020&ndash1101 AD was a renowned Chinese statesman, astronomer, cartographer, It was crowned with a rotating armillary sphere that was hydraulic-powered (i. For the mechanical technology see Hydraulic machinery and Hydraulic cylinder Hydraulics is a topic of science and Engineering e. by waterwheel and clepsydra clock), yet it incorporated an escapement mechanism two hundred years before they were found in clockworks of Europe, and featured the first known endless power-transmitting chain drive. A water wheel is a means of extracting power from the flow (or fall of water otherwise known as Hydropower. Circadian Locomotor Output Cycles Kaput, or Clock is a gene which encodes proteins regulating Circadian rhythm. In Mechanical watches and Clocks an escapement is a device which converts continuous rotational motion into an oscillating or back and forth motion Chain drive is a way of transmitting mechanical power from one place to another

Kaifeng reached its peak of importance in the 11th century, when it was a commercial and industrial center at the intersection of four major canals. During this time, the city was surrounded by three rings of city walls and probably had a population of 600,000 to 700,000.

It is believed that Kaifeng was the largest city in the world from 1013 to 1127. [1]

This period ended in 1127, when the city fell to Jurchen invaders (see Jingkang Incident) and came subsequently under the rule of the Jin Dynasty. The Jurchens ( were a Tungus people who inhabited the region of Manchuria ( Northeast China) until the 17th century when they adopted the name Manchu The Jingkang Incident (靖康事變 the Humiliation of Jingkang (靖康之恥 or the The Disorders of the Jingkang Period (靖康之乱 took place in 1127 This is an article for the Jurchen Jin Dynasty (1115–1234 For other Chinese dynasties whose names are also rendered "Jin" in Pinyin, see Jin Dynasty While it remained an important administrative center, only the city area inside the inner city wall of the early Song Dynasty remained settled and the two outer rings were abandoned.

One major problem associated with Kaifeng as the Imperial capital of the Song Dynasty was its location. The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms While it was conveniently situated along the Grand Canal for logistic supply, Kaifeng was militarily vulnerable due to its position on the flood plains of the Yellow River. ||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||}A floodplain, or flood plain, is flat or nearly flat land adjacent to a Stream or River that experiences occasional or periodic The Yellow River or Huang He / Hwang Ho ( Hatan Gol Queen river) is the second-longest river in China (after the Yangtze River) and the

Games in the Jinming Pool, a late 11th or early 12th century painting depicting Kaifeng, by Zhang Zerui.
Games in the Jinming Pool, a late 11th or early 12th century painting depicting Kaifeng, by Zhang Zerui.

Kaifeng served as the Jurchen's "southern capital" from 1157 (other sources say 1161) and was reconstructed during this time. [2][3] But they kept their main capital further north, until 1214, when they were forced to move the imperial court southwards to Kaifeng in order to flee the Mongol onslaught. In 1234 they succumbed to combined Mongol and Song Dynasty forces. The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Mongols took control, and in 1279 they conquered all of China.

At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty in 1368, Kaifeng was made the capital of Henan Province. The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led Henan ( is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the central part of the country

In 1642, Kaifeng was flooded by the Ming army with water from Yellow River to prevent the peasant rebel Li Zicheng from taking over. Li Zicheng ( ( September 22, 1606 - 1644 born Lĭ Hóngjī (鴻基 was one of the major figures in the rebellion that brought down the Ming Dynasty China After this disaster, the city was abandoned again.

Under the celebrated Qing emperor Kangxi (1662), Kaifeng was rebuilt. Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China The Kangxi Emperor ( Mongolian Enkh Amgalan Khaan, May 4, 1654 &ndash December 20, 1722) was the third Emperor of However, another flooding occurred in 1841, followed by another reconstruction in 1843, which produced the contemporary Kaifeng as we know it. For the game see 1841 (board game. Year 1841 ( MDCCCXLI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link Year 1843 ( MDCCCXLIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common

Kaifeng is also known for having the oldest extant Jewish community in China, the Kaifeng Jews. Jews and Judaism in China' have had a long history Jewish settlers are documented in China as early as the 7th or 8th century CE, but may The Kaifeng Jews are members of a small Jewish community that has existed in Kaifeng, in the Henan province of China, for hundreds of years

It was here, too, that in 1969, the former Chairman of the People's Republic of China Liu Shaoqi, died in prison from medical neglect.

Culture

Kaifeng offers a wide range of food specialities such as steaming pie and Chinese dumpling. In the evening, Kaifeng's streets turn into restaurants while hundreds open their stands and begin selling their food in the famous night market. Night markets or night bazaars are Street markets operating at night mainly in urban or Suburban areas that are generally dedicated to more leisurely Often people from the nearby Zhengzhou come to Kaifeng to spend an evening with their family as the atmosphere is very appealing. Zhengzhou ( formerly called Zhengxian is a Prefecture-level city, and the capital of Henan province, People's Republic of China. Less adventurous Western tourists may prefer to eat inside the restaurants and just have their drinks outside because they might not want to try chicken feet, pork feet or bucks. Particularly famous is Kaifeng's five-spice bread (wǔxiāng shāobǐng), which, like pita, can be opened and filled. Pita (also called and less commonly known as pitta or pide (Turkish pitka (Bulgarian and pronounced "pitta" in Greek is an often round

Tourism

DaXiangGuo Temple (大相国寺) Famous Buddhist temple first built in 555 A. D. .

BaoGong Ancestral Hall (包公祠) An ancestral hall built in remembrance of a respectable official from the Song Dynasty.

Sister cities

Colleges and universities

Public

See also

External links

Preceded by
Chang'an		 Capital of China (as Kaifeng)
960-1127		 Succeeded by
Lin'an
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