Coordinates: 34°31′59″N 69°09′58″E / 34.533, 69.166

Kabul کابل
Kabul City
Kabul
Province	Kabul
Coordinates	34°31′59″N 69°09′58″E / 34.533, 69.166
Population  (2005)[1]	2,994,000 (1st) UN estimate of city proper
City Districts	18 sectors or boroughs
Area  - Elevation	1,790 m (5,873 ft)
Time zone	UTC+4:30 Kabul
Mayor	Rohullah Aman
Chief of Police	Asmatullah Dawlatzai [2]

Kābul (Persian: کابل, IPA: [kə'bʊl]) is the capital and largest city of Afghanistan, with an estimated population of approximately three million. A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. The Provinces of Afghanistan (locally recognized as wilayats - ولايت are the primary Administrative divisions of Afghanistan. Kābul ( situated in the east of the country is one of the thirty-four Provinces of Afghanistan. A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The following are twelve largest cities of Afghanistan. The populations given are the 2006 estimated figures by the Central Statistics Office of Afghanistan. A City District in Pakistan is a ''district'' that consists primarily or entirely of a major city or large metropolitan area } Kābul ( Persian and Pashto: کابل, IPA:) is the Capital and largest city of Afghanistan, with A borough is an Administrative division of various countries In principle the term borough designates a self-governing Township although in practice Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. The elevation of a Geographic location is its height above a fixed reference point often the mean sea level. UTC+430 is used in Afghanistan and in the summer as Time in Iran. A mayor (from the Latin māior, meaning "greater" is a modern title used in many countries for the highest ranking officer in a municipal government Chief of Police is the title typically given to the head of a Police department, particularly in North America. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA is a system of phonetic notation based on the Latin alphabet, devised by the International Phonetic Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, It is an economic and cultural centre, situated 5,900 feet (1,800 m) above-sea-level in a narrow valley, wedged between the Hindu Kush mountains along the Kabul River. A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit The Hindu Kush is a Mountain range located between Afghanistan and Pakistan. Kabul River (or Kabal River;) classically called the Cophes (ˈkoʊˌfiːz is a river that rises in the Sanglakh Range in Afghanistan, separated Kabul is linked with Ghazni, Kandahar, Herat and Mazar-e Sharif via a long beltway (circular highway) that stretches across the country. Ghazni City ( - Ğaznī; Ghazna and Ghaznīn are the old names for Ghazni For the 2001 film see Kandahar (film; for the Kandahar meteorite of 1959 see Meteorite falls; for the places in Azerbaijan see Cəndəhar and area3018 sq mi Herāt ( classically called the Aria, is a city in western Afghanistan, in the province also known as Herāt. Mazār-e Sharīf ( is the fourth largest city of Afghanistan, with population of 300600 people (2006 estimate It is also linked by highways with Pakistan to the southeast and Tajikistan to the north. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Tajikistan (təˈdʒɪkɨstæn or /təˈdʒiːkɨstæn/ Тоҷикистон tɔʤikɪsˈtɔn or, Persian تاجیکستان‎ taajikestaan officially the Republic of

Kabul's main products include munitions, cloth, furniture, and beet sugar, but, since 1978, a state of nearly continuous war has limited the economic productivity of the city. Ammunition, often referred to as ammo, is a generic term derived from the French language la munition which A textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial Fibres often referred to as thread or Yarn. Furniture is the Mass noun for the movable objects which may support the human body (seating furniture and beds, provide storage or hold objects on horizontal Sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris L a member of the Chenopodiaceae family is a plant whose root contains a high concentration of Sucrose.

Kabul is over 3,000 years old. Many empires have long fought over the city, due to its strategic location along the trade routes of Southern and Central Asia. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south In 1504, Babur captured Kabul and used it as his headquarters until 1526, before his conquest of India. Babur ( February 14 1483 - December 26 1530) was a Muslim conqueror from Central Asia who following a series of setbacks Headquarters (HQ denotes the location where most if not all of the important functions of an organization are concentrated In 1776, Timur Shah Durrani made it the capital of modern Afghanistan. Timur Shah Durrani ( 1748 - May 18, 1793) was the second ruler of the Durrani Empire from October 16, 1772, until his death ^[3] The population of the city is predominantly Persian-speaking. ^[4][5]

Contents 1 History 1.1 Islamic conquest 1.2 Modern history 2 Climate 3 Administration 4 Demographics 5 Transport 6 Communications 7 Education 7.1 Universities in Kabul 8 Tourism and sightseeing 9 Reconstruction and developments 10 Gallery 11 See also 12 References and footnotes 13 External links

History

The city of Kabul is thought to have been established between 2000 BCE and 1500 BCE. ^[6] In the Rig Veda (composed between 1700–1100 BCE) the word "Kubhā" is mentioned, which appears to refer to the Kabul River. The Rigveda ( Sanskrit sa ऋग्वेद ṛgveda, a compound of ṛc "praise verse" and veda "knowledge" Kabul River (or Kabal River;) classically called the Cophes (ˈkoʊˌfiːz is a river that rises in the Sanglakh Range in Afghanistan, separated There is a reference to a settlement called Kabura by the Persian Achaemenids around 400 BCE which may be the basis for the use of the name Kabura by Ptolemy. layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenid Persian Empire ( haχɒmaneʃijɒn (558–330 BC was the first of the Persian Empires to rule over significant portions of Claudius Ptolemaeus ( Greek: Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; after 83 &ndash ca ^[7] Alexander the Great conquered Kabul during his conquest of the Persian Empire. Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' The city later became part of the Seleucid Empire before becoming part of the Mauryan Empire. The Seleucid Empire /sə'lusɪd/ ( 312 - 63 BC) was a Hellenistic empire i The Maurya Empire ( 322 – 185 BCE) ruled by the Mauryan dynasty was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military The Bactrians founded the town of Paropamisadae near Kabul, but it was later ceded to the Mauryans in the 1st century BCE. "Bactrian" redirects here For the camel see Bactrian camel. Paropamisadae (ˌpærəˌpæmɨˈseɪdiː Παροπαμισάδαι) or Paropamisus (ˌpærəˈpeɪmɨs Παροπαμισσός) was the ancient

According to many noted scholars, the Sanskrit name of Kabul is Kamboj. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical ^{[8] [9] [10] [11]} It is mentioned as Kophes or Kophene in the classical writings. "Classical literature" redirects here For literature in Classical languages outside the Graeco-Roman sphere see Ancient literature. Gazetteer of Bombay Presidency 1904 maintains that the ancient name of Kabul was Kambojapura, which Ptolemy (160 CE) mentions as Kaboura (from Ka(m)bo(j)pura?). Claudius Ptolemaeus ( Greek: Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; after 83 &ndash ca Hiuen Tsang refers to the name as Kaofu, which according to Dr. See also Xuanzang (fictional character Xuanzang ( pronounced Shwan-dzang) was a famous Chinese Buddhist Monk, scholar traveler J. W. McCrindle ^[12], Dr Sylvain Lévi ^[13], Dr. B. C. Law ^[14], Dr. R. K. Mukkerji ^[15], N. L. Dey ^[16] and many other scholars ^[17], is equivalent to Sanskrit Kamboja (Kamboj/Kambuj). Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical The Kambojas were a Kshatriya Tribe of Iron Age India, frequently mentioned in ( post-Vedic) Sanskrit and Pali literature Kaofu was also the appellation of one of the five tribes of the Yuechi who had migrated from across the Hindukush into Kabul valley around Christian era ^[18]. An appellation is a Geographical indication used to identify where the Grapes for a Wine were grown Yuechi County ( Chinese: 岳池县 Pinyin: Yuèchí Xiàn is a county in China, administratively governed by the city of Guang'an, birthplace The Hindu Kush is a Mountain range located between Afghanistan and Pakistan. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth According to some scholars, the fifth clan mentioned among the Tochari/Yuechi may have been a clan of the Kambojas ^[19]

The Greco-Bactrian Kingdom captured Kabul from the Mauryans in the early 2nd century BCE, then lost the city to their subordinates in the Indo-Greek Kingdom in the mid 2nd century BCE. The Kambojas were a Kshatriya Tribe of Iron Age India, frequently mentioned in ( post-Vedic) Sanskrit and Pali literature The Gr(aeco-Bactrian Kingdom was the easternmost part of the Hellenistic world covering Bactria and Sogdiana in Central Asia from 250 The Indo-Greek Kingdom (or sometimes Graeco-Indian Kingdom) covered various parts of the northwest and northern Indian subcontinent during the last two centuries Indo-Scythians expelled the Indo-Greeks by the mid 1st century BCE, but lost the city to the Kushan Empire nearly 100 years later. The Indo-Scythians are a branch of the Indo-Iranian Sakas ( Scythians) who migrated from southern Siberia into Bactria, The Kushan Empire (c 1st &ndash 3rd centuries) was a Bactrian state that at its cultural zenith Circa 105 &ndash 250 It was conquered by Kushan Emperor Kujula Kadphises in the early 1st century CE and remained Kushan territory until at least the 3rd century CE. Kujula Kadphises, reigned (30-80 CE (Kushan language Κοζουλου Καδφιζου, also Κοζολα Καδαφες, Pali: Kujula Kasasa ^[20][21] Kabul was one of the two capital cities of Kushans.

Around 230 CE the Kushans were defeated by the Sassanid Empire and were replaced by Sassanid vassals known as the Kushanshas or Indo-Sassanids. The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty or Sassanian Dynasty (ساسانیان) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian empire The Indo-Sassanids, Kushano-Sassanids or Kushanshas (also Indo-Sassanians) were a branch of the Sassanid Persians who established their The Indo-Sassanids, Kushano-Sassanids or Kushanshas (also Indo-Sassanians) were a branch of the Sassanid Persians who established their In 420 CE the Kushanshahs (Kushan kings) were driven out of Afghanistan by the Chionites tribe known as the Kidarites, who were then replaced in the 460s by the Hephthalites. The Indo-Sassanids, Kushano-Sassanids or Kushanshas (also Indo-Sassanians) were a branch of the Sassanid Persians who established their Chionites, Chionitae or Xionites ( Chinese: Xiōng (匈 or Xīróng (西戎 meaning "Western Barbarians" Middle Persian: Xiyon The Kidarite (Chinese Ki-To-Lo dynasty of the "Ki" clan led the Huna and came from the proto- Mongolic Uar about whom it has been The Hephthalites or White Huns were a Central Asian Nomadic confederation whose precise origins and composition remain obscure The Hephthalites were defeated in 565 CE by a coalition of Persian and Turkish armies, and most of the realm fell to those Empires. Kabul became part of the surviving Kushano-Hephthalite Kingdom of Kapisa, who were also known as Kabul-Shahan. Kapiśa (=Kapisha (کاپيسا is one of the 34 Provinces of Afghanistan. During the 5th century, the rulers of Kabul built a huge defensive wall (Bala Hissar or High Fortress) around the city to protect it from invaders. Bala Hissar is an ancient fortress located in the city of Kabul, Afghanistan. This wall has survived until today and is considered a historical site. Around 670 CE the Kushano-Hephthalites were replaced by the Shahi or Hindu-Shahi dynasty. For a town in Bareilly District India see Shahi Uttar Pradesh. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical

Islamic conquest

In 674, the Islamic invasions reached modern-day Afghanistan and occupied Kabul. The Islamic conquest of Afghanistan ( 656 - 870 CE began after the Islamic conquest of Persia, when Arab Muslims shattered the might of the However, it was not until the 9th century when Ya'qub bin Laith as-Saffar, a coppersmith turned ruler, established Islam in Kabulistan. Ya'qub bin Laith as-Saffar or Ya'qub-i Laith Saffari ( 840 - 879) ( was the founder of the Saffarid dynasty in Sistan, with its capital For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Kabulistan ( is a historical term referring to the eastern territories of Khorasan that is centered around present-day Kabul, Afghanistan. Over the remaining centuries to come the city was successively controlled by the Samanids, Ghaznavids, Ghorids, Timurids, Mughols, Durranis, and finally by the Barakzais. The Samanids (819–999 ( Sāmāniyān) were a Persian dynasty in Central Asia and Greater Khorasan, named after its founder Saman The Ghaznavid Empire was a Khorāṣānian Sunni Muslim state founded by a dynasty of Turkic Mamluk. The Ghurids (or Ghorids; self-designation Shansabānī) ( were a Persian Sunni - Ismaili Muslim dynasty in Khorasan The Timurids, self-designated Gurkānī ( were a Persianate Central Asian Sunni Muslim dynasty The Mughal Empire ( Persian and self-designation گورکانی; مغلیہ سلطنت) was an Islamic imperial power which ruled most The Durrani Empire (also referred to as the Afghan Empire) was a large state based in modern Afghanistan and Pakistan and later included northeastern Bārakzai (singular Bārakzay) is a common ethnic name among the Pashtuns of Afghanistan and western Pakistan and among the Baloch

In the 13th century the Mongol horde passed through. In the 14th century, Kabul rose again as a trading center under the kingdom of Timur-Lung (Tamerlane), who married the sister of Kabul's ruler at the time. Timur also written Emir Timur or Amir Temur ( Chagatai: تیمور - Tēmōr " Iron " (1336 – 19 February 1405 among But as Timurid power waned, the city was captured in 1504 by Babur and made into his headquarters. Babur ( February 14 1483 - December 26 1530) was a Muslim conqueror from Central Asia who following a series of setbacks Haidar, an Indian poet who visited at the time wrote "Dine and drink in Kabul: it is mountain, desert, city, river and all else. Haydar (Arabic حيدر) is one of many Arabic Male Given names for " Lion " each denoting some aspect of the animal India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country "

Modern history

Nadir Shah of Persia captured the city in 1738 but was assassinated nine years later. Nāder Shāh Afshār ( also known as Nāder Qoli Beg - نادر قلی بیگ or Tahmāsp Qoli Khān - تهماسپ قلی خان) (November Ahmad Shah Durrani, an Afghan military commander and personal bodyguard of Nader, took the throne in 1747, asserted Pashtun rule and further expanded his new Afghan Empire. Ahmad Shāh Durrānī (c1723-1773 ( also known as Ahmad Shāh Abdālī ( احمد شاه ابدالي) and born as Ahmad Khān Abdālī, Pashtuns ( Pashto: پښتون Paṣtūn, Paxtūn, also rendered as Pushtuns, Pakhtuns, Pukhtuns) also called The Durrani Empire (also referred to as the Afghan Empire) was a large state based in modern Afghanistan and Pakistan and later included northeastern His son Timur Shah Durrani, after inheriting power, transferred the capital of Afghanistan from Kandahar to Kabul in 1776. Timur Shah Durrani ( 1748 - May 18, 1793) was the second ruler of the Durrani Empire from October 16, 1772, until his death For the 2001 film see Kandahar (film; for the Kandahar meteorite of 1959 see Meteorite falls; for the places in Azerbaijan see Cəndəhar and ^[22] Timur Shah died in 1793 and was succeeded by his son Zaman Shah Durrani. Zaman Shah Durrani (c1770 - 1844 was ruler of the Durrani Empire from 1793 until 1800

In 1826, the kingdom was claimed by Dost Mohammad Khan and taken from him by the British Indian Army in 1839 (see Afghan Wars), who installed the unpopular puppet Shah Shuja. Dost Mohammad Khan ( Pashto / Persian: دوست محمد خان) ( December 23, 1793 - June 9, 1863) son of Sardār See Indian Army for the post-independence (and post- partition) army of the Republic of India. Shuja Shah Durrani (also known as Shah Shujah, Shoja Shah, Shujah al-Mulk) (c An 1841 local uprising resulted in the loss of the British mission and the subsequent Massacre of Elphinstone's army of approximately 16,000 people, which included civilians and camp followers on their retreat from Kabul to Jalalabad. The Massacre of Elphinstone's Army was a victory of Afghan forces led by Akbar Khan, the son of Dost Mohammad Khan, over a combined British A camp follower is a Person who follows Military camps in order to sell goods or services that the Military does not supply Jalalabad (Jalalkot ( Pashto: جلالکوټ، جلال اباد) is a city in eastern Afghanistan. In 1842 the British returned, plundering Bala Hissar in revenge before retreating back to India. Bala Hissar is an ancient fortress located in the city of Kabul, Afghanistan. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Dost Mohammad Khan returned to the throne.

The British-Indian forces invaded in 1878 as Kabul was under Sher Ali Khan's rule, but the British residents along with Sir Pierre Cavagnari were again massacred. Sher Ali Khan (1825&ndash February 21, 1879) was Amir of Afghanistan from 1863 to 1866 and from 1868 until his death in 1879 Sir Pierre Louis Napoleon Cavagnari, KCB CSI (1841-1879 British military administrator was the son of Count Louis Adolphus Cavagnari of an old Italian family The British again came in 1879 under General Roberts, partially destroying Bala Hissar before retreating to India. Field Marshal Frederick Sleigh Roberts 1st Earl Roberts, VC, KG, KP, GCB, OM, GCSI, GCIE, PC Amir Abdur Rahman was left in control of the country.

In the early 20th century, King Amanullah Khan rose to power. Amanullah Khan (June 1 1892 &ndash April 25 1960 was the ruler of Afghanistan from 1919 to 1929 first as Amir and after 1926 as Shah. His reforms included electricity for the city and schooling for girls. He drove a Rolls Royce, and lived in the famous Darul Aman Palace. For the present day company see Rolls-Royce plc. For other uses see Rolls-Royce (disambiguation. Darul Aman Palace ("abode of peace" is a European-style palace located about ten miles outside of the center of Kabul, Afghanistan, at. In 1919, after the Third Anglo-Afghan War, Amanullah announced Afghanistan's independence from foreign interventions at Eidgah Mosque. Id Gah Mosque or Eid Gah Mosque is the second largest Mosque in Kabul, Afghanistan, where 2 million people offer Eid prayers twice In 1929, Ammanullah Khan left Kabul due to a local uprise and his brother Nader Khan took control. Mohammed Nadir Shah (born Mohammed Nadir; April 9, 1883 - November 8, 1933) was king of Afghanistan from October 15 1929 King Nader Khan was assassinated in 1933 and his 19 year-old son, Zahir Shah, became the long lasting King of Afghanistan. Mohammed Zahir Shah ( 15 October 1914 &ndash 23 July 2007) was the last King ( Shah) of Afghanistan, reigning

Kabul University opened for classes in early 1930s, and in 1940s, the city began to grow as an industrial center. Kabul University ( - Dāneshgāh-e Kābul; Pashto: دکابل پوهنتون The streets of the city began being paved in the 1950s.

In the 1960s, Kabul developed a cosmopolitan mood. The first Marks and Spencer store in Central Asia was built there. Marks & Spencer Group plc (also M&S, Marks and Sparks, and Marks) is a British Retailer with 843 stores in more than 30 Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south Kabul Zoo was inaugurated in 1967, which was maintained with the help of visiting German Zoologists. The Kabul Zoo is in Kabul, Afghanistan on the bank of the Kabul River. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Zoology (from Greek ζῷον, zoon, "animal" + λόγος, " Logos " "knowledge" is the branch of

In 1969, a religious uprising at the Pul-e Khishti Mosque protested the Soviet Union's increasing influence over Afghan politics and religion. Pul-e Khishti Mosque is the largest Mosque in Kabul, Afghanistan. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. This protest ended in the arrest of many of its organizers including Mawlana Faizani, a popular Islamic scholar. Mawlana Faizani was born 17 April, 1923 (the twenty-first day of Ramadan of that year in Herat, Afghanistan to a family of

In July 1973, Zahir Shah was ousted in a bloodless coup and Kabul became the capital of a republic under Mohammad Daoud Khan, the new President. Mohammed Daoud Khan ( July 18, 1909 – April 28, 1978) was a politician in Afghanistan who overthrew the monarchy of Zahir Shah

In 1975 an east-west electric trolley-bus system provided public transportation across the city. The system was built with assistance from Czechoslovakia. Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia.

After the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, on December 24, 1979, the Red Army occupied the capital. The Soviet war in Afghanistan, also known as the Soviet-Afghan War or just the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, was a nine-year conflict involving Events 563 - The Byzantine church Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is dedicated for the second time after being destroyed by Earthquakes Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya They turned the city into their command center during the 10-year conflict between the Soviet-allied government and the Mujahideen rebels. A Mujahid (Arabic ar مجاهد, literally "struggler" is a Muslim involved in a Jihad, id est fighting in a war or The American Embassy in Kabul closed on January 30, 1989. A diplomatic mission is a group of people from one State or an international Inter-governmental organization (such as the United Nations) present in Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) The city fell into the hands of local militias after the 1992 collapse of Mohammad Najibullah's pro-communist government. The term militia is commonly used today to refer to a military force composed of ordinary Citizens to provide defense emergency law enforcement or Paramilitary service Najibullah ( Pashto: نجيب الله; born August 1947 killed September 27, 1996) was the fourth and last President of the As these forces divided into warring factions, the city increasingly suffered. In December, the last of the 86 city trolley buses came to a halt due to the conflict. A system of 800 public buses continued to provide transportation services to the city.

By 1993 electricity and water in the city was completely out. At this time, Burhannudin Rabbani's militia (Jamiat-e Islami) held power but the nominal prime minister Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's Hezb-e Islami began shelling the city, which lasted until 1996. Burhanuddin Rabbani ( - Burhânuddîn Rabbânî) (born 1940 an ethnic Tajik, is a former President of Afghanistan. Jamiat-e Islami (also rendered as Jamiat-e-Islami, Jamiati Islami) is an Islamic political party in Afghanistan along the line of the Jamaat-e-Islami Gulbuddin Hekmatyar ( ګلبدین حکمتیار) (born 1947 is an Islamist Mujahideen leader and former warlord. Hizb-e Islami (also Hezbi Islami, Hezb-i-Islami, Hezbi-Islami, Hezb-e-Islami) meaning Islamic Party is an Islamic organization Kabul was factionalised, and fighting continued between Jamiat-e Islami, Abdul Rashid Dostum and the Hezbi Wahdat. Abdul Rashid Dostum was a former Pro-Soviet fighter during the Soviet Invasion and the current leader of Uzbek-Afghan northern provinces The Islamic Unity Party of Afghanistan ( Dari: Hezb-e Wahdat-e Islami Afghanistan) is a political party in Afghanistan, currently serving as the largest Tens of thousands of civilians were killed and many more fled as refugees. Afghan refugees (known as Muhajir Afghans in South Asia) are people who fled Afghanistan after the Soviet invasion in 1979 and during the The United Nations estimated that about 90% of the buildings in Kabul were destroyed during these years. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security

Kabul was captured by the Taliban in September of 1996, publicly lynching ex-President Najibullah and his brother. The Taliban ( طالبان, also anglicised as Taleban; translation "students" is a Sunni Islamist, predominately Najibullah ( Pashto: نجيب الله; born August 1947 killed September 27, 1996) was the fourth and last President of the During this time, all the fighting between different militias came to an end. Burhannudin Rabbani, Gulbuddin Heckmatyar, Abdul Rashid Dostum, Ahmad Shah Massoud, and the rest all fled the city. Ahmad Shah Massoud ( (2 September 1953 &ndash 9 September 2001 was a Tajik Kabul University engineering student turned military leader who played a leading

Approximately five years later, in October 2001, the United States invaded Afghanistan. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Taliban abandoned Kabul in the following months due to extensive American bombing, while the Afghan Northern Alliance (former mujahideen or millias) came to retake control of the city. The United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan ( UIF, Jabha-yi Muttahid-i Islami-yi Milli bara-yi Nijat-i Afghanistan) also known as the Northern On December 20, 2001, Kabul became the capital of the Afghan Transitional Administration, which transformed to the present government of Afghanistan that is led by US-backed President Hamid Karzai. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. See also Civil war in Afghanistan This article on the History of Afghanistan since 1992 covers the time period from the fall of the Najibullah government in 1992 In recent years the politics of Afghanistan have been dominated by the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan, by the NATO forces and the subsequent efforts Hamid Karzai ( حامد کرزي, حامد کرزي) (born 24 December 1957) is the current President of Afghanistan, since December

Since the beginning of 2003, the city is slowly developing with the help of foreign investment. Security is also improving by the year, despite the occasional attacks on government forces.

Climate

Weather averages for Kabul
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °C (°F)	2 (36)	4 (40)	11 (52)	18 (65)	23 (74)	29 (84)	31 (88)	31 (87)	27 (80)	21 (69)	14 (57)	7 (44)	18 (64)
Average low °C (°F)	-5 (23)	-4 (25)	3 (37)	9 (48)	12 (54)	17 (62)	19 (67)	18 (65)	13 (56)	7 (45)	2 (35)	-2 (28)	7 (45)
Precipitation mm (inches)	33 (1. In Meteorology, precipitation (also known as one class of hydrometeors, which are atmospheric water phenomena is any product of the condensation of atmospheric 3)	53. 3 (2. 1)	71. 1 (2. 8)	66 (2. 6)	20. 3 (0. 8)		5. 1 (0. 2)	2. 5 (0. 1)	2. 5 (0. 1)	5. 1 (0. 2)	10. 2 (0. 4)	20. 3 (0. 8)	271. 8 (10. 7)
Source: weatherbase. com[23] 2007-07-26

Administration

Kabul City is one of the 15 districts of Kabul Province, and is divided into 18 sectors. Kābul ( situated in the east of the country is one of the thirty-four Provinces of Afghanistan. Each sector covers several neighborhoods of the city. The number of Kabul's sectors were increased from 11 to 18 in 2005.

Unlike other cities of the world, Kabul City has two independent councils or administrations at once: Prefecture and Municipality. For subsequent types of praefectura, see Prefect. Prefecture (from the Latin Praefectura) indicates the office A municipality is an administrative entity composed of a clearly defined territory and its population and commonly denotes a City, Town, or Village, or The Prefect who is also the Governor of Kabul Province is appointed by the Ministry of Interior, and is responsible for the administrative and formal issues of the entire province. Prefect (from the Latin praefectus, perfect participle of praeficere: "make in front" i A governor is a governing official usually the executive (at least nominally to different degrees also politically and administratively of a non-sovereign level of government The Mayor of Kabul City is selected by the President of Afghanistan, who engages in the city's planning and environmental work. A mayor (from the Latin māior, meaning "greater" is a modern title used in many countries for the highest ranking officer in a municipal government Afghanistan has only intermittently been a Republic - between 1973-1992 and from 2001 onwards - at other times being governed by a variety of kings Emirs

The police and security forces belong to the prefecture and Ministry of Interior. The Chief of Police is selected by the Minister of Interior and is responsible for law enforcement and security of the city.

• Areas of Kabul City
  • Shahr-e Naw (New City)
  • Wazir Akbar Khan
  • Macro Ryans (1, 2, 3 and 4)
  • Khair Khana (1, 2 and 3)
  • Dashti Barchi
  • Kartey Sakhi
  • Qalai Wazir
  • Khushhall Khan
  • Afshar
  • Klola Pushta and Taimani
  • Kartey Parwan
  • Kartey Naw (New Quarter)
  • Kartey (3 & 4)
  • Darul-Aman
  • Chehlstoon
  • Chendawol
  • Shahr-e Kohna (Old City of Kabul)
  • Deh Buri
  • Bibi Mahroo

Demographics

Kabul has a population between 2. 5 to approximately 3 million people. The population of the city reflects the general multi-ethnic, multi-cultural, and multi-confessional characteristics of Afghanistan. According to the 2005 United Nations estimate, the population of Kabul City reached 2,994,000,^[24] while according to the 2006 estimates from the Central Statistics Office of Afghanistan, the city's population is only 2,536,300. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security ^[25]

Persian-speakers form the majority of the city's population, with the predominately Sunnite Tajiks being the largest group,^[4][26] followed by Shi'ite Hazaras. Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Tajik ( - Tādjīk; UniPers: Tâjik; Cyrillic: Тоҷик is a term generally applied to Persian-speaking people of The Hazāra ( are a Persian-speaking people residing in the central region of Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan. There is also a large number of Pashtuns. Pashtuns ( Pashto: پښتون Paṣtūn, Paxtūn, also rendered as Pushtuns, Pakhtuns, Pukhtuns) also called

Pashto-speakers, also Sunnites, form the most important minority, followed by the Turkic-speaking Uzbeks. Pashto ( Naskh: پښتو‎ pəʂ'to also rendered as Pakhto, Pushto, Pukhto, Pashtu, Pushtu, also known as The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the The Uzbeks (Self designation sg O‘zbek, pl O‘zbeklar) are a Turkic people of Central Asia. There are also sizable numbers of Aimak, Baloch, Pashai, as well as Sikhs and Hindus who speak their native language as their mother tongue and Persian as the native language of Kabul. Aimak (or Aimaq) is a term designating Persian -speaking Nomadic or semi-nomadic tribes of mixed Iranian and Mongolian stock inhabiting The Baloch ( بلوچ; alternative transliterations Baluch Balouch Bloach Balooch Balush Balosh Baloosh Baloush) are an Iranian people inhabiting Pashai are a Dardic ethno-linguistic group living primarily in eastern and northeastern Afghanistan. Sikh (English or; ਸਿੱਖ sikkh, IPA) is the title and name given to an adherent of Sikhism. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical

Transport

Kabul International Airport serves the population of the city as a method of traveling to other cities or countries. Kabul International Airport, sometimes known as Khwaja Rawash Airport, is located 16 kilometers (9 miles from downtown Kabul, Afghanistan. The airport is a hub to Ariana Afghan Airlines, which is the national airlines carrier of Afghanistan. Ariana Afghan Airlines Co Ltd is the national Airline carrier of Afghanistan, based in Kabul. However, airlines from other nations also use the airport to arrive and depart. A new $35 million dollar terminal for international flight passengers, near the old terminal, is under construction and will be completed by 2008. ^[27]

Kabul has its own public buses (Millie Bus) that take commuters on daily routes to many destinations throughout the city. Commuting is the process of Travelling between one's place of residence and regular place of work The service currently has approximately 800 buses but is gradually expanding and upgrading with more buses being added. Plans are underway to re-introduce the modern electric buses that the city once had. An electric bus is a Bus powered by electricity There are two main electric bus categories The Trolleybus is a type of electric bus powered Besides the buses, there are yellow taxicabs that can be spotted just about anywhere in and around the city. A taxicab, also taxi or cab, is a type of Public transport for a single passenger or small group of passengers typically for a non-shared ride

Private vehicles are also on the rise in Kabul, with Land Rover, BMW, Toyota, Nissan and Hyundai dealerships in the city. Land Rover is an all-terrain vehicle and Multi Purpose Vehicle (MPV manufacturer based in Solihull, England, now operated as part of the Jaguar ( BMW) (Bavarian Motor Works is an independent German automobile manufacturer founded in 1916 (pronounced) is a Multinational corporation headquartered in Japan, and is currently the world's largest Automaker. Hyundai refers to a group of companies and related organizations founded by Chung Ju-yung in South Korea. More people are buying new cars as the roads and highways are being improved. The average car driven in Kabul is a Toyota Corolla. The Toyota Corolla is a line of subcompact / Compact cars produced by the Japanese Automaker Toyota, which has become very popular throughout With the exception of motorcycles many vehicles in the city operate on LPG.

Communications

GSM/GPRS mobile phone services in the city are provided by Afghan Wireless, Etisalat, Roshan and Areeba. GSM ( Global System for Mobile communications: originally from Groupe Spécial Mobile) is the most popular standard for Mobile phones in the General Packet Radio Service (GPRS is a Packet oriented Mobile Data Service available to users of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM and Afghan Wireless is the name of a cellcular service provider in Afghanistan. Etisalat is one of the largest Telecommunications companies in the world and the largest operator in the Arab world headquartered in the UAE (as per FT500 In November 2006, the Afghan Ministry of Communications signed a US 64. Afghan Ministry of Communications is an organ of the Government of Afghanistan. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been 5 million dollar agreement with a company (ZTE Corporation) on the establishment of a countrywide fibre optical cable network. This will improve telephone, internet, television and radio broadcast services not just in Kabul but throughout the country. ^[28] Internet was introduced in the city in 2002 and has been expanding rapidly.

There are a number of post offices throughout the city. Package delivery services like FedEx, DHL and others are also available. FedEx Corporation ( is a Logistics services company based in the United States. DHL (originally standing for Dalsey Hillblom and Lynn) is a Deutsche Post World Net company of Germany that provides international mail

The city has many local radio stations which also have programs in the English language. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Besides foreign channels, the local television channels of Afghanistan include:

• Ayna TV
• Ariana TV
• Khorasan TV
• Noor TV
• Noorin TV
• Tamadun TV
• Shamshad TV
• Tolo TV

Education

All public schools in Kabul began to re-open in 2002, and ever since then they are improving every year. Many boys and girls are now attending classes. Some of the public schools are Amani High School, Durrani High School, Ghulam Haider Khan High School, Sultan Razia School, etc. Amani High School, aka Amani–Oberrealschule, is a school in Kabul, Afghanistan. The Aisha-i-Durani School or Durani High School is an elite girls' school in Kabul, Afghanistan. Ghulam Haider Khan High School is an All boys school based in Second Phase Khair Khana Kabul, Afghanistan, named after Ghulam Haider Khan, an

There are also several new universities and private colleges opened in the last few years.

Universities in Kabul

• Kabul University
• Kabul Polytechnic
• American University of Afghanistan
• National Military Academy of Afghanistan
• University of Afghanistan
• Kabul Medical University
• International School of Kabul

Tourism and sightseeing

The old part of Kabul is filled with bazaars nestled along its narrow, crooked streets. Kabul University ( - Dāneshgāh-e Kābul; Pashto: دکابل پوهنتون Kabul Polytechnic is a university located in Kabul, Afghanistan and was established in 1963 in Karte Mamourin area beside the Intercontinental Hotel The American University of Afghanistan ( ( AUAF) located in Kabul, Afghanistan, is the nation’s first private not-for-profit institution of higher The National Military Academy of Afghanistan (NMAA ( Persian:اکادمی ملی نظامی افغانستان is an academic institution of the Afghan military that The University of Afghanistan was founded in 2007 by Hadji Farid Azimi. Kabul Medical University (formerly known as Kabul Medical Faculty) is located in Kabul, Afghanistan on the campus of Kabul University. A bazaar ( بازار) (pazar is a permanent merchandising area Marketplace, or street of shops where goods and services are exchanged or sold Cultural sites include the Afghan National Museum, notably displaying an impressive statue of Surya excavated at Khair Khana, the ruined Darul Aman Palace, the Mausoleum of Emperor Babur and Chehlstoon Park, the Minar-i-Istiqlal (Column of Independence) built in 1919 after the Third Afghan War, the mausoleum of Timur Shah Durrani, and the imposing Id Gah Mosque (founded 1893). Kabul Museum is the national museum of Afghanistan. It is a two-story building located in the historic city of Kabul and was built In Hinduism, Surya ( Devanagari: सूर्य sūrya, lit "the Supreme Light" Malay: Suria; Thai: Darul Aman Palace ("abode of peace" is a European-style palace located about ten miles outside of the center of Kabul, Afghanistan, at. A mausoleum ( plural: mausolea is an external free-standing building constructed as a monument enclosing the interment space or burial chamber of a deceased person or persons Babur ( February 14 1483 - December 26 1530) was a Muslim conqueror from Central Asia who following a series of setbacks The European influence in Afghanistan refers to political social and sometimes Imperialistic influence various European nations have had on this historical development of the Timur Shah Durrani ( 1748 - May 18, 1793) was the second ruler of the Durrani Empire from October 16, 1772, until his death Id Gah Mosque or Eid Gah Mosque is the second largest Mosque in Kabul, Afghanistan, where 2 million people offer Eid prayers twice Bala Hissar is a fort destroyed by the British in 1879, in retaliation for the death of their envoy, now restored as a military college. Bala Hissar is an ancient fortress located in the city of Kabul, Afghanistan. The Minaret of Chakari, destroyed in 1998, had Buddhist swastika and both Mahayana and Theravada qualities. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices The swastika (from Sanskrit: svástika sa स्वस्तिक Hindu IS CORRECT if 'ि' is positioned incorrectly see -->) is Mahayana ( Sanskrit: mahāyāna, Devanagari: महायान 'Great Vehicle' is one of the two main existing schools of Buddhism and a term for History Origin of the school The Theravāda school is ultimately derived from the Vibhajjavāda (or 'doctrine of analysis' grouping which was a continuation

Other places of interest include Kabul City Center, which is Kabul's first shopping mall, the shops around Flower Street and Chicken Street, Wazir Akbar Khan district, Babur Gardens, Kabul Golf Club, Kabul Zoo, Shah Do Shamshera and other famous Mosques, the Afghan National Gallery, Afghan National Archive, Afghan Royal Family Mausoleum, the OMAR Mine Museum, Bibi Mahroo Hill, Kabul Cemetery, and Paghman Gardens. Kabul City Center is Afghanistan 's first modern-style indoor shopping mall that opened in 2005 Bagh-e Babur ( is a park for tourists in Kabul, Afghanistan, which contains the tomb of the first Mughal emperor Babur. The Kabul Golf Club is a nine-hole Golf course located near Kargha around 7 miles from the center of Kabul, Afghanistan. The Kabul Zoo is in Kabul, Afghanistan on the bank of the Kabul River. A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger Located in Kabul, Afghanistan, the OMAR Mine Museum contains a collection of 51 types of Land mines out of the 53 used in Afghanistan over the years Paghman Gardens is a popular place near Afghanistan 's capital city Kabul.

Tappe-i-Maranjan is a nearby hill where Buddhist statues and Graeco-Bactrian coins from the 2nd century BC have been found. A statue is a Sculpture in the round representing a person or persons an animal or an event normally full-length as opposed to a bust, and at least close to life-size main - title Coin keywords numismatics coin review Outside the city proper is a citadel and the royal palace. Paghman and Jalalabad are interesting valleys north and east of the city. Paghman is a city near Afghanistan 's capital in the Kabul Province. Jalalabad (Jalalkot ( Pashto: جلالکوټ، جلال اباد) is a city in eastern Afghanistan.

• Airports
  • Kabul International Airport

• Parks
  • Bāgh-e Bābur Park (Babur Gardens)
  • Bāghi Bālā Park
  • Lake Qargha Park
  • Zarnegar Park
  • Shar-e Naw Park
  • Bagh-e Zanana (Women's Park)
  • Chaman-e-Hozori

• Mosques
  • Haji Abdul Rahman Mosque (Under construction)
  • Id Gah Mosque
  • Pul-e Khishti Mosque
  • Shah-e Do Shamshera Mosque

• Mausoleums
  • Mausoleum of Tamim Ansar

• Museums
  • Kabul Museum
  • National Archives
  • Negaristani Milli

• Hotels
  • Marriott (Under Construction)
  • Serena Hotel
  • InterContinental
  • Safi Landmark Hotel [1]
  • Golden Star Hotel [2]
  • Heetal Plaza Hotel [3]

Reconstruction and developments

As of October 2007, there are approximately 16 licensed banks in Kabul: including Da Afghanistan Bank, Afghanistan International Bank, Standard Chartered Bank, Kabul Bank, Azizi Bank, Punjab National Bank, Habib Bank and others. Kabul International Airport, sometimes known as Khwaja Rawash Airport, is located 16 kilometers (9 miles from downtown Kabul, Afghanistan. Bagh-e Babur ( is a park for tourists in Kabul, Afghanistan, which contains the tomb of the first Mughal emperor Babur. Shar-e Naw Park is a Park in Kabul, Afghanistan. Chaman-e-Hozori (alternately Chaman-i-Hozori, Chaman-i-Hozuri Hazoori, etc is a park in downtown Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan Id Gah Mosque or Eid Gah Mosque is the second largest Mosque in Kabul, Afghanistan, where 2 million people offer Eid prayers twice Pul-e Khishti Mosque is the largest Mosque in Kabul, Afghanistan. Kabul Museum is the national museum of Afghanistan. It is a two-story building located in the historic city of Kabul and was built Marriott International Inc ( is a worldwide operator and Franchisor of a range of value and luxury Hotels and related Lodging facilities. Serena Hotel is a hotel chain that operates in Afghanistan, Kenya, Mozambique, Pakistan, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda The InterContinental Hotel in Kabul, Afghanistan, has spent more time in the public eye than most of the Intercontinental Safi Landmark Hotel is a Hotel in Kabul, Afghanistan. It is a four star hotel and located approximately 15 minutes by road from Kabul International The Afghanistan Bank (د افغانستان بانک is the Central bank of Afghanistan. Afghanistan International Bank ( AIB) is a local commercial bank in Afghanistan, with its head office in Kabul. Standard Chartered Bank (, is a British Bank headquartered in London with operations in more than seventy countries Kabul bank is the largest commercial bank in Afghanistan. Having started operations on 27th June 2004 the bank has become the market leader in terms of business volume number Azizi Bank is the name of a commercial Bank in Afghanistan, which has its main branch in Kabul. Punjab National Bank (PNB was registered on May 19 1894 under the Indian Companies Act with its office in Anarkali Bazaar Lahore. For a later enterprise with a similar name see Bank AL Habib Habib Bank Limited (حَبيب بينك commonly referred to as " HBL " and headquartered Western Union offices are also found in many locations throughout the city. The Western Union Company ( is a financial services and communications company based in the United States.

A small sized indoor shopping mall (Kabul City Center) with a 4-star (Safi Landmark) hotel on the top six floors opened in 2005. Kabul City Center is Afghanistan 's first modern-style indoor shopping mall that opened in 2005 A 5-star Serena Hotel also opened in 2005. Serena Hotel is a hotel chain that operates in Afghanistan, Kenya, Mozambique, Pakistan, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda Another 5-star Marriott Hotel is under construction. Marriott International Inc ( is a worldwide operator and Franchisor of a range of value and luxury Hotels and related Lodging facilities. The landmark InterContinental Hotel has also been refurbished and is in operation. The InterContinental Hotel in Kabul, Afghanistan, has spent more time in the public eye than most of the Intercontinental

An initial concept design called the City of Light Development, envisioned by Dr. The Kabul - City of Light Development is an urban reconstruction plan first proposed by urban planner and architect Hisham N Hisham N. Ashkouri, Principal of ARCADD, Inc. Hisham N Ashkouri (born August 15, 1948, Baghdad, Iraq) is a Boston and New York -based Architect. for the development and the implementation of a privately based investment enterprise has been proposed for multi-function commercial, historic and cultural development within the limits of the Old City of Kabul along the Southern side of the Kabul River and along Jade Meywand Avenue,^[29] revitalizing some of the most commercial and historic districts in the City of Kabul, which contains numerous historic mosques and shrines as well as viable commercial activities among war damaged buildings. Also incorporated in the design is a new complex for the Afghan National Museum. Kabul Museum is the national museum of Afghanistan. It is a two-story building located in the historic city of Kabul and was built Dr. Ashkouri has signed a Memorandum of Understanding with His Excellency Ambassador Said Tayeb Jawad in Washington, DC to undertake this project and to develop it for actual implementation over the next 20 to 25 years. A memorandum of understanding ( MOU or MoU) is a Document describing a Bilateral or multilateral Agreement between parties Said Tayeb Jawad is the current Ambassador of Afghanistan to the United States. Dr. Ashkouri has presented the City of Light Plan to President Karzai and has received a letter of support from the President and the Minister of Urban Development in support of this project’s development.

About 4 miles (6 km) from downtown Kabul, in Bagrami, a 22-acre (9 ha) wide industrial complex has completed with modern facilities, which will allow companies to operate businesses there. Bagrami District is located in the central part of Kabul Province in Afghanistan. The park has professional management for the daily maintenance of public roads, internal streets, common areas, parking areas, 24 hours perimeter security, access control for vehicles and persons. Another phase with additional 27 acres (11 ha) of land will be added immediately proceeding the first phase. ^[30]

The city hosts the We Are the Future (WAF) center, a child care center giving children a chance to live their childhoods and develop a sense of hope. The center is managed under the direction of the mayor’s office and the international NGO. Glocal Forum serves as the fundraiser, program planner and coordinator for the WAF center. Purpose The Glocal Forum was created in 2001 to emphasize the role of local authorities in the world governance system Launched in 2004, the program is the result of a strategic partnership between the Glocal Forum, the Quincy Jones Listen Up Foundation and Mr. Quincy Delight Jones Jr (born March 14, 1933) also known as Q, is an American Music Impresario, conductor Hani Masri, with the support of the World Bank, UN agencies and major companies. The World Bank is an internationally supported Bank that provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries for development programs (e The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security

A $25 million Coca-Cola bottling plant was opened in 2006. Financing was provided by a Dubai-based Afghan family. President Hamid Karzai formally opened the facility in an attempt to attract more foreign investment in the city.

In late 2007 the government announced that all the residential houses situated on mountains would be removed within a year so that trees and other plants can be grown on the hills. The plan is to try to make the city greener and provide residents with a more suitable place to live, on a flat surface. Once the plan is implemented it will provide water supply and electricity to each house. All the city roads will also be paved under the plan, which will solve transportation problems. ^[31]

Gallery

View from Kabul InterContinental	Bagh-e Bala Park	Mausoleum of Tamim Ansar	Section of downtown area of Kabul
Qargha district in kabul	Qargha lake	Kabul Serena hotel	Darul Aman Palace

See also

• 2002 Hindu Kush earthquakes
• City of Light Development
• List of cities in Afghanistan
• Kabul Express
• Kabul Golf Club
• Radio Kabul

References and footnotes

External links

• Map of Kabul City
• What's On In Kabul (pdf format)
• Historical Photos of Kabul
• The Story of Kabul
• Kabul Caravan
• Kabul - City of Light, 9 Billion dollar modern urban development project
• Sada-e Azadi Radio/TV/Newspaper (ISAF)

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