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Pilgrims circumambulating the Kaaba during the Hajj
Pilgrims circumambulating the Kaaba during the Hajj

The Kaaba (Arabic: الكعبة al-Kaʿbah; IPA: ['kɑʕbɑ])[1] (translation = "circle pit") is a cuboidal building located inside the al-Masjid al-Haram mosque in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. The Hajj (حج is a pilgrimage to Mecca (Makkah It is the largest annual pilgrimage in the world Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language In anatomy the Cuboid bone is a bone in the foot See also Hyperrectangle Oblong Al-Masjid al-Ḥarām ( ar المسجد الحرام ʔælmæsʤɪd ælħaram "The Sacred Mosque" is the largest Mosque in the world A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi The mosque was built around the original Kaaba.

The Kaaba is the holiest place in Islam. Many religious traditions have a most sacred site, a physical location which is considered especially holy For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. [2] The qibla, the direction Muslims face during prayer, is the direction from their location on Earth towards the Kaaba. Qiblah ( ar قبلة, also transliterated as Kiblah) is an Arabic word for the direction that should be faced when a Muslim prays during Ṣalāt ( Arabic: صلاة‎, pl ṣalawāt, Qur'anic Arabic: صلوة ṣalawah) (also munz in Pashto and EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 It is around the Kaaba that ritual circumambulation is performed by Muslims during the Hajj (pilgrimage) season as well as during the Umrah (lesser pilgrimage). Tawaf (طواف is one of the Islamic rituals of Pilgrimage. During the Hajj and Umrah, Muslims are to circumambulate A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion The Hajj (حج is a pilgrimage to Mecca (Makkah It is the largest annual pilgrimage in the world In Religion and Spirituality, a pilgrimage is a long journey or Search of great Moral significance The ʿUmrah or ( عمرة) is a pilgrimage to Mecca performed by Muslims that can be undertaken at any time of the year [2]

Contents

Location and physical attributes

Millions of pilgrims at Masjid al Haram in Mecca.
Millions of pilgrims at Masjid al Haram in Mecca. Al-Masjid al-Ḥarām ( ar المسجد الحرام ʔælmæsʤɪd ælħaram "The Sacred Mosque" is the largest Mosque in the world Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored

The Kaaba is a large masonry structure roughly the shape of a cube. A cube is a three-dimensional solid object bounded by six square faces facets or sides with three meeting at each vertex. It is made of granite from the hills near Mecca, and stands upon a 25 cm (10 in) marble base, which projects outwards about 30 cm (1 foot). Granite (ˈɡrænɪt is a common and widely occurring type of intrusive, Felsic, igneous rock. Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored Marble is a nonfoliated Metamorphic rock resulting from the Metamorphism of Limestone, composed mostly of Calcite (a crystalline form of A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit [2] Approximations for the structural dimensions are: 13. 10 m (42. 98 ft) high, with sides measuring 11. 03 m (36. 19 ft) by 12. 62 m (41. 40 ft). [3][4] The four corners of the Kaaba roughly face the four points of the compass. [2] In the eastern corner of the Kaaba is the "Rukn-al-Aswad" (the Black Stone or al-Ħajaru l-Aswad), generally thought to be a meteorite remnant; at the northern corner is the "Rukn-al-Iraqi" ('The Iraqi corner'); at the west lies "Rukn-al-Shami" ('The Levantine corner') and at the south "Rukn-al-Yamani" ('The Yemeni corner'). The Black Stone (called الحجر الأسود al-Hajar-ul-Aswad in Arabic) is a Muslim object of reverence which according to Islamic A meteorite is a natural object originating in Outer space that survives an impact with the Earth 's surface [2][4]

It is covered by a black silk curtain decorated with gold-embroidered calligraphy. This cloth is known as the kiswah; it is replaced yearly. Kiswah is the cloth that covers the Kaaba in Mecca. It is draped annually on the tenth of the month of Dhu al-Hijjah. [5][6] The Shahadah is outlined in the weave of the fabric. The Shahada ( Arabic: ar الشهادة, from the verb ar شهد "to testify" is the Islamic Creed. About two-thirds of the way up runs a gold embroidered band covered with Qur'anic text. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran

Entrance to the inside of the Kaaba is gained through a door set 2 m (7 ft) above the ground on the north-eastern wall of the Kaaba, which acts as the façade. [2] It is accessed by a wooden staircase on wheels, usually stored between the arch-shaped gate of Banu Shaybah and the well of Zamzam. The Well of Zamzam (or the Zamzam Well, or just Zamzam; Arabic: زمزم) is a well located within the Masjid al Haram in Inside the Kaaba, there is a marble floor. The interior walls are clad with marble half-way to the roof; tablets with Qur'anic inscriptions are inset in the marble. The top part of the walls are covered with a green cloth decorated with gold embroidered Qur'anic verses. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran The building is believed to be otherwise empty. Caretakers perfume the marble cladding with scented oil, the same oil used to anoint the Black Stone outside. The Black Stone (called الحجر الأسود al-Hajar-ul-Aswad in Arabic) is a Muslim object of reverence which according to Islamic

Although not directly connected to it, there is a semi-circular wall opposite the north-west wall of the Kaaba, known as the hatīm. It is 90 cm (35 in) in height and 1. 5 m (4. 9 ft) in length, and is composed of white marble. Marble is a nonfoliated Metamorphic rock resulting from the Metamorphism of Limestone, composed mostly of Calcite (a crystalline form of The space between the hatīm and the Kaaba was for a time belonging to the Kaaba itself, and so is generally not entered during the tawaf (ritual circumambulation). Tawaf (طواف is one of the Islamic rituals of Pilgrimage. During the Hajj and Umrah, Muslims are to circumambulate It is also thought by some that this space bears the graves of prophet Ishmael and his mother Hagar. Ishmael ( Hebrew: יִשְׁמָעֵאל, Standard Yišmaʿel Tiberian Yišmāʿêl Arabic: إسماعيل Hagar (הָגָר "Stranger" Standard Hebrew Hagar, Tiberian Hebrew Hāḡār; هاجر Hajar) according to the [2]

Muslims throughout the world face the Kaaba during prayers, which are five times a day. For most places around the world, coordinates for Mecca suffice. As the focal point is in the middle of the Kaaba, worshippers in the the Sacred Mosque pray in concentric circles radiating outwards around the Kaaba. Al-Masjid al-Ḥarām ( ar المسجد الحرام ʔælmæsʤɪd ælħaram "The Sacred Mosque" is the largest Mosque in the world Concentric objects share the same center, axis or origin with one inside the other

Black Stone

Main article: Black Stone

The Black Stone (al-Hajar-ul-Aswad) is a significant feature of the Kaaba, believed by Muslims to date back to the time of Adam and Eve. The Black Stone (called الحجر الأسود al-Hajar-ul-Aswad in Arabic) is a Muslim object of reverence which according to Islamic Adam (אָדָם ʼĀḏām, "dust man mankind" آدم; Ge'ez: አዳ and Eve (חַוָּה Ḥawwā, "living [7] Located on the eastern corner of the Kaaba, it is about 30 cm (12 inches) in diameter and surrounded by a silver frame. Hajj pilgrims often attempt to kiss the Black Stone, as Muhammad once kissed it. [8] Because of the large crowds this is not always possible, and so as pilgrims walk around the Kaaba, they are to point to the Black Stone on each circuit. [9]

Tradition has it that the Black Stone was white when it came to earth, subsequently turning black under the burden of peoples' sins. The Black Stone (called الحجر الأسود al-Hajar-ul-Aswad in Arabic) is a Muslim object of reverence which according to Islamic [10]

History

Before Islam

'King Fahad' gate of the Grand Mosque (Masjid al Haram) in Mecca.
'King Fahad' gate of the Grand Mosque (Masjid al Haram) in Mecca. Al-Masjid al-Ḥarām ( ar المسجد الحرام ʔælmæsʤɪd ælħaram "The Sacred Mosque" is the largest Mosque in the world Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored

As little is known of the pre-Islamic history of the Kaaba, there are various opinions regarding its formation and significance. Jahiliyyah, al-Jahiliyah or jahalia ( Arabic: جاهلية) is an Islamic concept of "ignorance of divine guidance" or "the The early Arabian population consisted primarily of warring nomadic tribes. The history of Pre- Islamic Arabia before the rise of Islam in the 630s is not known in great detail When they did converge peacefully, it was usually under the protection of cult practices. [11]

Writing in the Encyclopedia of Islam, Wensinck identifies Mecca with a place called Macoraba mentioned by Ptolemy. Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored Claudius Ptolemaeus ( Greek: Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; after 83 &ndash ca His text is believed to date from the second century AD, before the rise of Islam,[12] and described it as a foundation in southern Arabia, built around a sanctuary. The 2nd century is the period from 101 to 200 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. The area probably did not start becoming an area of religious pilgrimage until around the year 500 AD. It was around then that the Quraysh tribe (into which Muhammad was later born) took control of it, and made an agreement with the local Kinana Bedouins for control. Quraish is also the name of a Surah in the Qur'an. Quraysh or Quraish (Arabic ar قريش IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics The Bedouin, (from the Arabic (ar بدوي pl badū) are a desert-dwelling Arab Nomadic pastoralist, or previously [13] The sanctuary itself, located in a barren valley surrounded by mountains, was probably built at the location of the water source today known as the Zamzam Well, an area of considerable religious significance. Sanctuary has multiple meanings A sanctuary is the consecrated area of a church or temple around its tabernacle or altar The Well of Zamzam (or the Zamzam Well, or just Zamzam; Arabic: زمزم) is a well located within the Masjid al Haram in

Eiichi[14] contends that there were multiple such "Kaaba" sanctuaries in Arabia at one time, but this is the only one built of stone. The others also allegedly had counterparts to the Black Stone. There was a "red stone", the deity of the south Arabian city of Ghaiman, and the "white stone" in the Ka'ba of al-Abalat (near the city of Tabala, south of Mecca). This article is about the Indian drum For the drum with the same name in Arabic, see Goblet drum. Grunebaum in Classical Islam points out that the experience of divinity of that time period was often associated with stone fetishes, mountains, special rock formations, or "trees of strange growth. This article concerns the concept of fetishism in Anthropology. "[15]

According to Karen Armstrong, in her book Islam: A Short History, the Kaaba was dedicated to Hubal, a Nabatean deity, and contained 360 idols which either represented the days of the year,[16] or were effigies of the Arabian pantheon. Karen Armstrong (born 14 November 1944 in Wildmoor Worcestershire) is a British author of numerous works on Comparative religion, who first rose to prominence with "Hubal" was also the pseudonym of Henryk Dobrzanski, a Polish partisan from World War II Hubal (هبل The Nabataeans ( Arabic: الأنباط, Al-Anbāṭ) were an ancient Semitic people Arabs of southern Jordan, Canaan Once a year, tribes from all around the Arabian peninsula, be they Christian or pagan, would converge on Mecca to perform the Hajj. To keep the peace among the perpetually warring tribes, Mecca was declared a sanctuary where no violence was allowed within 20 miles of the Kaaba. This combat-free zone allowed Mecca to thrive not only as a place of pilgrimage, but also as a trading center. [17]According to the Boston Globe, the Kaaba was a shrine for the Daughters of God (al-Lat, al-Uzza, and Manat) and Hubal. The Boston Globe (and Boston Sunday Globe) is the most widely circulated daily Newspaper in Boston and in New England, Mentioned in the Qur'an ( Sura 53:20 al-Lāt (Arabic اللَّات was a pre- Islamic Arabian Goddess who was one of the three Mentioned in the Qur'an ( Sura 53:19 al-‘Uzzá "the Mightiest One" or "the strong" (derived from the root ʕzz) was a pre- [18] The Kaaba was thought to be at the center of the world, with the Gate of Heaven directly above it. The Kaaba marked the location where the divine world intersected with the mundane, and the embedded Black Stone was a further symbol of this as a meteorite that had fallen from the sky and linked heaven and earth. The Black Stone (called الحجر الأسود al-Hajar-ul-Aswad in Arabic) is a Muslim object of reverence which according to Islamic [19]

According to Sarwar[20], about four hundred years before the birth of Muhammad, a man named "Amr bin Lahyo bin Harath bin Amr ul-Qais bin Thalaba bin Azd bin Khalan bin Babalyun bin Saba", who was descended from Qahtan and king of Hijaz (the northwestern section of Saudi Arabia, which encompassed the cities of Mecca and Medina), had placed a Hubal idol onto the roof of the Kaaba, and this idol was one of the chief deities of the ruling Quraysh tribe. Qahtani (قحطان transliterated: Qahtan refers to al Aribah' or the Semites who inhabited Yemen. al-Hejaz (also Hijaz, Hedjaz; الحجاز al-Ḥiǧāz, literally "the barrier" is a region in the west of present-day Saudi Arabia Quraish is also the name of a Surah in the Qur'an. Quraysh or Quraish (Arabic ar قريش The idol was made of red agate, and shaped like a human, but with the right hand broken off and replaced with a golden hand. When the idol was moved inside the Kaaba, it had seven arrows in front of it, which were used for divination. Divination (from Latin divinare "to be inspired by a god" related to Divine, Diva and Deus) is the attempt of ascertaining [21]

Patricia Crone disagrees with most academic historians on most issues concerning the history of early Islam, including the history of the Kaaba. Patricia Crone, PhD, (born 1945 Denmark) is a Scholar, Author and historian of early Islamic history working at the In Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam, Crone writes that she believes that the identification of Macoraba with the Kaaba is false, and that Macoraba was a town in southern Arabia, in what was then known as Arabia Felix. The history of Yemen is especially important because Yemen is one of the oldest centers of Civilization in the Near East. [22]

Many accounts, including Muslim accounts, and some accounts written by academic historians, stress the power and importance of the pre-Islamic Mecca. They depict it as a city grown rich on the proceeds of the spice trade. Spice trade is a commercial activity of ancient origin which involves the merchandising of Spices and Herbs. Crone believes that this is an exaggeration and that Mecca may only have been an outpost trading with nomads for leather, cloth, and camel butter. Crone argues that if Mecca had been a well-known center of trade, it would have been mentioned by later authors such as Procopius, Nonnosus, and the Syrian church chroniclers writing in Syriac. However, the town is absent from any geographies or histories written in the last three centuries before the rise of Islam. [23]

According to The Encyclopaedia Britannica, "before the rise of Islam it was revered as a sacred sanctuary and was a site of pilgrimage. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc "[24] According to the German historian Eduard Glaser, the name "Kaaba" may have been related to the southern Arabian or Ethiopian word "mikrab", signifying a temple. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻarab) NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page [12] Again, Crone disputes this etymology.

Islamic tradition

Picture of the Kaaba taken in 1898
Picture of the Kaaba taken in 1898

According to the Qur'an, the Kaaba was built by Ibrahim (Abraham) and his son Ismail (Ishmael). The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Ibrahim ( إبراهيم, Ibrāhīm) or Ebrahim ( Ebrāhīm) is a Arabic name given after prophet Ibrahim אַבְרָהָם Abraham ( Ashkenazi   Avrohom or Avruhom; ابراهيم, {{Unicode|Ibrāhīm}}; Ge'ez: Ishmael ( Hebrew: יִשְׁמָעֵאל, Standard Yišmaʿel Tiberian Yišmāʿêl Arabic: إسماعيل [25] Islamic traditions assert that the Kaaba "reflects" a house in heaven called al-Baytu l-Maˤmur[26] (Arabic: البيت المعمور) and that it was first built by the first man, Adam. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language See also Adam and Eve Adam ( Hebrew: אָדָם was according to a literal interpretation of Genesis, the first man created by Ibrahim and Ismail rebuilt the Kaaba on the old foundations. [27]

When Muhammad conquered Mecca, he destroyed the 360 idols around Kaaba which the Meccan pagans possessed. [28][29] There was one god for each day of the year. [28] While destroying each idol, Muhammad recited [Qur'an 17:81] which says "Truth has arrived and falsehood has perished for falsehood is by its nature bound to perish. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran " [28][29]

Muhammad then entered the Kaaba and ordered all the pictures to be destroyed. [29]

At the time of Muhammad

A 1315 image of Muhammad lifting the Black Stone into place, when the Kaaba was rebuilt in the early 600s.
A 1315 image of Muhammad lifting the Black Stone into place, when the Kaaba was rebuilt in the early 600s[30]. The Black Stone (called الحجر الأسود al-Hajar-ul-Aswad in Arabic) is a Muslim object of reverence which according to Islamic

At the time of Muhammad (570-632 AD), his tribe the Quraysh was in charge of the Kaaba, which was at that time a shrine to numerous Arabian tribal gods. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Quraish is also the name of a Surah in the Qur'an. Quraysh or Quraish (Arabic ar قريش This is a sub-article to Pre-Islamic Arabia Arabian mythology comprises the ancient Pre-Islamic beliefs of the Arabs Prior to the Muhammad earned the enmity of his tribe by claiming their shrine for the religion of Islam that he preached. He wanted the Kaaba to be dedicated to the worship of God (Allah) alone, and all the other statues evicted. Allah ( Arabic: الله, ʔalˤːɑːh) is the standard Arabic word for ' The Quraysh persecuted and harassed him continuously, and he and his followers eventually migrated to Medina in 622 AD. Medina mɛˈdiːnə (المدينة المنورة ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة ælmæˈdiːnæ also transliterated into English as After this pivotal migration, or Hijra, the Muslim community became a political and military force. The Hijra (هِجْرَة or withdrawal is the migration of Muhammad and his followers to the city of Medina in 622 ( Common Era) Ummah (أمة is an Arabic word meaning Community or Nation. It is commonly used to mean either the collective nation of states, or (in the In 630 AD, Muhammad and his followers returned to Mecca as conquerors and the Kaaba was re-dedicated as an Islamic house of worship. A place of worship or house of worship is a building or other location where a group of people (a congregation) comes to perform acts of religious praise honour Henceforth, the annual pilgrimage was to be a Muslim rite, the Hajj. The Hajj (حج is a pilgrimage to Mecca (Makkah It is the largest annual pilgrimage in the world [31]

Islamic histories also mention a reconstruction of the Kaaba around 600 AD. A story found in Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah (as reconstructed and translated by Guillaume) shows Muhammad settling a quarrel between Meccan clans as to which clan should set the Black Stone cornerstone in place. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Muhammad ibn Ishaq ibn Yasar (محمد بن إسحاق بن يسار or simply Ibn The Black Stone (called الحجر الأسود al-Hajar-ul-Aswad in Arabic) is a Muslim object of reverence which according to Islamic His solution was to have all the clan elders raise the cornerstone on a cloak, and then Muhammad set the stone into its final place with his own hands. [32][30][33] Ibn Ishaq says that the timber for the reconstruction of the Kaaba came from a Greek ship that had been wrecked on the Red Sea coast at Shu'ayba, and the work was undertaken by a Coptic carpenter called Baqum. The Red Sea is a Salt water Inlet of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia. [34]

It is also claimed by the Shi'a that the Kaaba is the birth place of Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth caliph and the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah Muslims regard as Prophets of Islam ( Arabic: نبي) those non-divine humans chosen by Allah as Prophets [31]

Since Muhammad's time

The Kaaba has been repaired and reconstructed many times since Muhammad's day.

Apart from repair work, the basic shape and structure of the Kaaba have not changed since then. [37]

Cleaning

A rare look of the interior of the Kaaba during cleaning.
A rare look of the interior of the Kaaba during cleaning.

The building is opened twice a year for a ceremony known as "the cleaning of the Kaaba. " This ceremony takes place roughly fifteen days before the start of the month of Ramadan and the same period of time before the start of the annual pilgrimage. Ramadan or Ramazan ( Arabic: رمضان Ramaḍān) is a Muslim religious observance that takes place during the ninth month of the Islamic

The keys to the Kaaba are held by the Banī Shaybat (بني شيبة) tribe. The Bani Shaiba (or Banī Shaybat are an Islamic Tribe that hold the keys to the Kaaba. Members of the tribe greet visitors to the inside of the Kaaba on the occasion of the cleaning ceremony. A small number of dignitaries and foreign diplomats are invited to participate in the ceremony. The governor of Mecca leads the honored guests who ritually clean the structure, using simple brooms. Washing of the Kaaba is done with a mixture of Zamzam and rosewater. The Well of Zamzam (or the Zamzam Well, or just Zamzam; Arabic: زمزم) is a well located within the Masjid al Haram in thumb|right|250px|Rose water Rose water or rose syrup (گلاب Golâb, Gül suyu ماء ورد Māʾ ward, Urdu: گلاب رس [38]

Qibla and prayer

Main article: Qibla
Supplicating pilgrim at Masjid al Haram
Supplicating pilgrim at Masjid al Haram

For any reference point on the Earth, the Qibla is the direction to the Kaaba. Qiblah ( ar قبلة, also transliterated as Kiblah) is an Arabic word for the direction that should be faced when a Muslim prays during Reference Point is the first album by Acoustic Alchemy for jazz label GRP and their fourth album overall Qiblah ( ar قبلة, also transliterated as Kiblah) is an Arabic word for the direction that should be faced when a Muslim prays during Muslims are ordered to face this direction during prayer (Qur'an 2:143-144). The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran While it may appear to some non-Muslims that Muslims worship the Kaaba, the Kaaba is simply the focal point for prayer. This article refers to the religious act For the album by Michael W

Like Jews, the earliest Muslims prayed facing Jerusalem. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the According to Islamic tradition, when Muhammad was praying in the Al-Qiblatain mosque (in Medina), he was ordered by God to change the qibla direction from Jerusalem to Mecca and the Kaaba. Masjid al-Qiblatain ( المسجد القبلتین) ( Mosque of the two Qiblas) is a Mosque in Medina that is historically important for Medina mɛˈdiːnə (المدينة المنورة ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة ælmæˈdiːnæ also transliterated into English as Various theories are advanced as to the reason for the change, and most historians find it was the reluctance of the Jews of Medina to convert to his religion that prompted the move. There are numerous written accounts of Muhammad having had contact with many Jews from tribes living in and around Medina. [39]

Muslim groups in the United States differ as to how the qibla should be oriented - some believe that the direction should be calculated as a straight line drawn on a flat map, like the familiar Mercator projection of the globe; others say that the direction is determined by the shortest line on the globe of the earth, or a great circle. The Mercator projection is a cylindrical map projection presented by the Flemish geographer and cartographer Gerardus Mercator, in 1569 A great circle is a Circle on the surface of a Sphere that has the same circumference as the sphere dividing the sphere into two equal Hemispheres. At times this controversy has led to heated disputes. Flat-map Muslims in the United States pray east and slightly south; great-circle Muslims face in a north-easterly direction. In both cases, the exact orientation will vary from city to city. [40]

Qibla compasses are available that tell Muslims which direction to face no matter where they are. A qibla compass or qiblih compass (sometimes also called qibla/qiblih indicator) is a modified Compass designed to indicate the direction of prayer This method requires one to align the north arrow with a particular point on the compass corresponding to one's location. Once so aligned, one simply turns toward the direction indicated by the compass's Qibla pointer, which is often in the shape of a minaret. "Qibla numbers" for various locations are listed in an accompanying booklet and also indexed online. [41]

Notes

  1. ^ Also known as al-Kaʿbatu l-Mušarrafah (الكعبة المشرًّفة "The Noble Kaʿbah), al-Baytu l-ʿAtīq (البيت العتيق "The Primordial House"), or al-Baytu l-Ḥarām (البيت الحرام "The Sacred House")
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Wensinck, A. J; Ka`ba. Encyclopaedia of Islam IV p. The Encyclopaedia of Islam ( EI) is the standard Encyclopaedia of the Academic discipline of Islamic studies. 317
  3. ^ Peterson, Andrew (1996). Dictionary of Islamic Architecture.. London: Routledge.  
  4. ^ a b Hawting, G. R; Ka`ba. Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an p. 76
  5. ^ 'House of God' Kaaba gets new cloth. The Age Company Ltd. (2003). Retrieved on 2006-08-17. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli
  6. ^ The Kiswa - (Kaaba Covering). Al-Islaah Publications. Retrieved on 2006-08-17. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli
  7. ^ SaudiCities - The Saudi Experience. Makkah - The Holy Mosque:The Black Stone. Retrieved on August 13, 2006. Events 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury correlation the start of the Maya calendar. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
  8. ^ Elliott, Jeri (1992). Your Door to Arabia. ISBN 0-473-01546-3.  
  9. ^ Mohamed, Mamdouh N. (1996). Hajj to Umrah: From A to Z. Amana Publications. ISBN 0-915957-54-x.  
  10. ^ Kaaba Colloquium
  11. ^ Grunebaum, p. 18
  12. ^ a b Wensinck, A. J; Ka`ba. Encyclopaedia of Islam IV p. The Encyclopaedia of Islam ( EI) is the standard Encyclopaedia of the Academic discipline of Islamic studies. 318 (1927, 1978)
  13. ^ Grunebaum, p. 19
  14. ^ Imoti, Eiichi. "The Ka'ba-i Zardušt", Orient, XV (1979), The Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan, pp. 65-69.
  15. ^ Grunebaum, p. 24
  16. ^ Karen Armstrong (2000,2002). Islam: A Short History, 11. ISBN 0-8129-6618-x.  
  17. ^ Armstrong, Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths, p. 221-222
  18. ^ "Ask the Globe", Boston Globe, April 23, 1999. The Boston Globe (and Boston Sunday Globe) is the most widely circulated daily Newspaper in Boston and in New England,  
  19. ^ Armstrong, Jerusalem, p. 221
  20. ^ Hafiz Ghulam Sarwar. Muhammad the Holy Prophet, 18-19.  
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  22. ^ Crone, Patricia (2004). Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias.   pp. 134-137
  23. ^ Crone, Patricia (2004). Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias.   p. 137
  24. ^ Britannica 2002 Deluxe Edition CD-ROM, "Ka'bah. CD-ROM (an initialism of "Compact Disc Read-Only Memory " is a pre-pressed Compact Disc that contains data accessible to but not writable "
  25. ^ AL-BAQARA (THE COW). University of Southern California. The University of Southern California (commonly referred to as USC, SC, Southern California, and incorrectly Retrieved on 2008-01-25. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate
  26. ^ Hajj-e-Baytullah. Baytullah - The House of Allah. Retrieved on August 13, 2006.
  27. ^ Azraqi, Akhbar Makkah, vol. 1, pp. 58-66
  28. ^ a b c Islam, iconography and the Taliban
  29. ^ a b c Conquest of Makkah - USC MSA
  30. ^ a b University of Southern California. The Prophet of Islam - His Biography. Retrieved on August 12, 2006. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Battle of Ascalon - Crusaders under the command of Godfrey of Bouillon defeat Fatimid Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
  31. ^ a b [1915] The Book of History, a History of All Nations From the Earliest Times to the Present, Viscount Bryce (Introduction), The Grolier Society.  
  32. ^ Guillaume, A. (1955). The Life of Muhammad. Oxford: Oxford University Press.   pp. 84-87
  33. ^ Saifur Rahman al-Mubarakpuri, translated by Issam Diab (1979). Muhammad's Birth and Forty Years prior to Prophethood. Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum (The Sealed Nectar): Memoirs of the Noble Prophet. Retrieved on 2007-05-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV
  34. ^ Cyril Glasse, New Encyclopedia of Islam, p. 245. Rowman Altamira, 2001. ISBN 0759101906
  35. ^ Sahih Bukhari 1506, 1508;Sahih Muslim 1333
  36. ^ Sahih Bukhari 1509; Sahih Muslim 1333
  37. ^ Javed Ahmad Ghamidi. Sahih Muslim ( Arabic: صحيح مسلم ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, full title "Al-Musnadu Al-Sahihu bi Naklil Adli" is one of the Six major collections Sahih Muslim ( Arabic: صحيح مسلم ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, full title "Al-Musnadu Al-Sahihu bi Naklil Adli" is one of the Six major collections Javed Ahmad Ghamidi ( Urdu: جاوید احمد غامدی) (b The Rituals of Hajj and ‘Umrah, Mizan, Al-Mawrid
  38. ^ Islam Online.net - Saudi Arabia Readies for Hajj Emergencies (December 29 2005), Retrieved November 30 2006. worship javedjpg|100px|right]]manner javedjpg|100px|right]] Mizan ( English: balance; scale, Urdu: ميزان) is a comprehensive Al-Mawrid is an Islamic research institute in Lahore, Pakistan founded in 1983 and then re-established in 1991.
  39. ^ Islam's Stake: Why Jerusalem Was Central to Muhammad. Time (2001). Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and Retrieved on 2008-02-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states
  40. ^ A Sine on the Road to Mecca. American Scientist (2001). American Scientist (ISSN 0003-0996 (not to be confused with Scientific American) is an illustrated bimonthly Magazine about Science and Retrieved on 2008-02-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states
  41. ^ Numbers for the Islamic Qibla Compasses 1999 Update (most recent). Retrieved on 2008-02-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states

References

External links

Dictionary

Kaaba

-proper noun

  1. alternative spelling of Caaba
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