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This article is about the former German city now known as Kaliningrad. Kaliningrad (Калининград is a Seaport and the administrative center of Kaliningrad Oblast, the Russian Exclave between Poland For other uses, see Königsberg (disambiguation).
Königsberg in Preußen
Königsberg Castle before World War I
Königsberg Castle before World War I
Image:Altstadt.gif
Seal
Coordinates: 54°43′00″N 20°31′00″E / 54.716667, 20.516667
Former Country Prussia/German Reich

Königsberg pronunciation (help·info) (Lithuanian: Karaliaučius; Low German: Königsbarg; Polish: Królewiec; see also other names) was the capital of eastern Prussia from the Late Middle Ages until 1945. The Königsberg Castle (Königsberger Schloss Кёнигсбергский замок was a Castle in Königsberg, Germany (since 1946 Kaliningrad Russia This page attempts to list the many extinct States, countries, Nations Empires or territories that have ceased to exist as political Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state Deutsches Reich was the name for Germany from 1871 to 1945 in the German language. Lithuanian ( lietuvių kalba) is the official state language of Lithuania and is recognised as one of the official languages of the European Union. Low German or Low Saxon (in Germany: Plattdüütsch or Nedderdüütsch; in Netherlands: Nedersaksisch or Nederduuts Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. East Prussia (Ostpreußen; Rytų Prūsija or Rytprūsiai; Prusy Wschodnie Восточная Пруссия or Vostochnaya Prussiya) refers to the main part The Late Middle Ages is a term used by historians to describe European history in the period of the 14th and 15th centuries (AD 1300–1499 Founded by the Teutonic Knights just south of the Sambian peninsula in 1255 during the Northern Crusades, the city successively became the capital of their monastic state, the Duchy of Prussia, and East Prussia. The Teutonic Order is a German Roman Catholic religious order. Sambia (Земландский полуостров Zemlandsky poluostrov) or Samland ( is a Peninsula in the Kaliningrad Oblast of The Northern Crusades or Baltic Crusades were Crusades undertaken by the Catholic kings of Denmark and Sweden, the German Livonian A city is an Urban area with a large Population and a particular Administrative, Legal, or Historical status The monastic state of the Teutonic Knights (Deutschordensland sometimes known in English by the German term Ordensstaat (ˈɔːdn̩ˌʃtɑːt or "Order-State" The Duchy of Prussia or Ducal Prussia (Herzogtum Preußen Prūsijos kunigaikštystė Prusy Książęce was a Duchy in the eastern part of Prussia from The Baltic port developed into a German cultural center, being the residence of, among others, Immanuel Kant, E. T. A. Hoffmann, and David Hilbert. The Baltic Sea is a Brackish inland sea located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N Latitude and from 20°E to 26°E Longitude. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Immanuel Kant (ɪmanuəl kant 22 April 1724 12 February 1804 was an 18th-century German Philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg Ernst Theodor Wilhelm Hoffmann ( January 24, 1776 &ndash June 25, 1822) better known by his Pen name E David Hilbert ( January 23, 1862 &ndash February 14, 1943) was a German Mathematician, recognized as one of the most

Königsberg was heavily damaged by Allied bombing in 1944 during World War II, and was subsequently conquered by the Red Army after the Battle of Königsberg in 1945. In 1944 during World War II, the city of Königsberg was extensively bombed from the air by the British Royal Air Force and burned for several days World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya The Battle of Königsberg, better known as the Königsberg Offensive Operation, was one of the last operations of the East Prussian Strategic Offensive operation The city was annexed by the Soviet Union according to the post-war Potsdam Agreement and largely repopulated with Russians. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Potsdam Agreement was an agreement on policy for the occupation and reconstruction of Germany and other nations after fighting in the European Theatre of World War II The Russian people (Русские— Russkie) are an East Slavic Ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries Briefly Russified as Кёнигсберг (Kyonigsberg), it was renamed Kaliningrad in 1946 after Soviet leader Mikhail Kalinin. Russification (in Russian: русификация rusifikátsiya)is an adoption of the Russian language or some other Russian attribute (whether voluntarily Kaliningrad (Калининград is a Seaport and the administrative center of Kaliningrad Oblast, the Russian Exclave between Poland Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin (Михаи́л Ива́нович Кали́нин ( – June 3, 1946) was a Bolshevik revolutionary and the titular Head The city is now the capital of Russia's Kaliningrad Oblast. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Kaliningrad Oblast (Калинингра́дская о́бласть Kaliningradskaya oblast; informally called Yantarny kray (ru Янта́рный край meaning

Contents

History

Teutonic Order

The later location of Königsberg was preceded by an Old Prussian fort known as Twangste (Tuwangste, Tvankste) as well as several Prussian settlements. "Prussians" redirects here "Prussians" may also refer to citizens of the former German state of Prussia. During the conquest of the Prussian Sambians by the Teutonic Knights in 1255, Twangste was destroyed and replaced with a new fortress known as Conigsberg. The Sambians were one of the Prussian clans. They inhabited the peninsula of Sambia, north of the city of Königsberg (now Kaliningrad) The Teutonic Order is a German Roman Catholic religious order. Its name meant "King's Mountain" (Latin: castrum Koningsberg, Mons Regius, Regiomonti), honoring King Ottokar II of Bohemia, who paid for the erection of the first fortress there during the Prussian Crusade. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Ottokar II (Přemysl II Otakar c 1230 &ndash August 26, 1278) called The Iron and Golden King, was the King of Bohemia from 1253 until 1278 The Prussian Crusade was a series of 13th-century campaigns of Roman Catholic crusaders, primarily led by the Teutonic Knights, to Christianize [1][2] Near this new Königsberg Castle developed the towns of Altstadt (Old Town), Kneiphof, and Löbenicht along the Pregel River, roughly 4. The Königsberg Castle (Königsberger Schloss Кёнигсбергский замок was a Castle in Königsberg, Germany (since 1946 Kaliningrad Russia Königsberg (Karaliaučius Low German: Königsbarg; Królewiec see also other names) was until 1946 the name of Kaliningrad. Kneiphof (Knipawa Кнайпхоф was one of three Towns in the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights that became the city of Königsberg (now Kaliningrad Königsberg (Karaliaučius Low German: Königsbarg; Królewiec see also other names) was until 1946 the name of Kaliningrad. The Pregolya or Pregola (Преголя Pregel Prieglius is a River in the Russian Kaliningrad Oblast exclave 5 miles from the Vistula Lagoon. The Vistula Lagoon (Zalew Wiślany or Zatoka Fryska in 1910 Калининградский залив or Kaliningradskiy Zaliv; Frisches Haff Aismarės is a [3] Altstadt was founded in 1256 on the Steindamm (now Leninprospekt), while Kneiphof developed on an island of the same name (now Kant Island) in the Pregel. To the east of the other two towns was Löbenicht, lying between the Schlossteich and the new Pregel.

Königsberg Castle
Königsberg Castle

The Teutonic Order used Königsberg to fortify their conquests in Samland and as a base for campaigns against pagan Lithuania. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė old literary Lithuanian Didi Kunigiste Letuvos, Ruthenian: Wialikaje Kniastwa Litowskaje Under siege during the Prussian uprisings in 1262–63, Königsberg was relieved by the Master of the Livonian Order. Siege of Königsberg was a Siege laid upon the city of Königsberg (now Kaliningrad Russia one of the main strongholds of the Teutonic Knights, by the The Prussian uprisings were two major and three smaller uprisings by the Prussians, one of the Baltic tribes, against the Teutonic Knights that took The Livonian Order was autonomous Livonian branch of the Teutonic Order and a member of the Livonian Confederation from 1418&ndash1561 [4][5] After being destroyed by the Prussians during the rebellion, Altstadt was rebuilt in the valley below the castle hill. Altstadt received Culm rights in 1286, while Kneiphof received its charter in 1327. Kulm law, Culm law or Chełmno Law (Kulmer Recht Kulmer Handfeste; Jus Culmense vetus Prawo chełmińskie was a German legal Constitution

Within the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights, Königsberg was the residence of the marshal, one of the chief administrators of the military order. The monastic state of the Teutonic Knights (Deutschordensland sometimes known in English by the German term Ordensstaat (ˈɔːdn̩ˌʃtɑːt or "Order-State" [6] The city was also the seat of the Bishopric of Samland, one of the four dioceses into which Prussia had been divided in 1243 by the papal legate, William of Modena. The Bishopric of Samland (Bistum Samland was a bishopric in Samland (Sambia in medieval Prussia. In many rites of the Roman Catholic Church and in Anglican churches, a diocese is an administrative territorial unit administered by a Bishop. Prussia is a historical region in Central Europe extending from the south-eastern coast of the Baltic Sea to the Masurian Lake District. A Papal Legate – from the Latin authentic Roman title Legatus – is a personal representative of the Pope to Foreign nations or to some part of the Catholic William of Modena, also known as William of Sabina, Guglielmo de Chartreaux, Guglielmo de Savoy, Guillelmus (c Adalbert of Prague became the main patron saint of Königsberg Cathedral, a landmark of the city located in Kneiphof. Saint Adalbert ( Czech:; Wojciech c 956&ndash April 23, 997) a Bishop of Prague, was martyred in his efforts to convert the Baltic The patron saint of a particular group of people is a Saint who would protect and 'love' the group and its members Königsberg Cathedral (Königsberger Dom Кафедральный собор Кёнигсберга is a Brick Gothic style building in Kaliningrad (formerly

Königsberg became a member of the Hanseatic League in 1340 and developed into an important port for the southeastern Baltic region, trading goods throughout Prussia, the Kingdom of Poland, and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Hanseatic League (also known as the Hansa) was an alliance of trading cities and their Guilds that established and maintained trade The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė old literary Lithuanian Didi Kunigiste Letuvos, Ruthenian: Wialikaje Kniastwa Litowskaje The chronicler Peter of Dusburg probably wrote his Chronicon terrae Prussiae in Königsberg from 1324–1330. Peter of Dusburg (Peter von Dusburg Petrus de Dusburg died ca [7] After the Teutonic Order's victory over pagan Lithuanians in the 1348 Battle of Strawen, Grand Master Winrich von Kniprode established a Cistercian nunnery in the city. Lithuanians are the Baltic Ethnic group native to Lithuania, where they number a little over 3 million Winrich von Kniprode was the 22nd Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights. An abbey (from Latin abbatia derived from Syriac abba "father" is a Christian Monastery or [8] Aspiring students were educated in Königsberg before continuing on to higher education elsewhere, such as Prague or Leipzig. The University of Leipzig (Universität Leipzig located in Leipzig in the Free State of Saxony, Germany, is one of the oldest universities [9]

Although the knights suffered a crippling defeat in the Battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg), Königsberg remained under the control of the Teutonic Knights throughout the Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War. The Battle of Grunwald (or 1st Battle of Tannenberg) took place on 15 July 1410 with the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, led by Livonian knights replaced the Prussian branch's garrison at Königsberg, allowing them to participate in the recovery of towns occupied by Jogaila's troops. Jogaila, later Władysław II Jagiełło (b about 1362 d 1 June 1434 was Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland. [10]

The Prussian Confederation rebelled against the Teutonic Knights in 1454 and sought the assistance of Poland. The Prussian Confederation (Preußischer Bund or Bund vor Gewalt; Związek Pruski was an organization formed in 1440 by a group of 53 gentry and clergy and 19 cities in Kneiphof supported the rebellion, although the rest of Königsberg reaffirmed its loyalty to the order. Grand Master Ludwig von Erlichshausen fled from the crusaders' capital at Castle Marienburg to Königsberg in 1457; the city's magistrate presented Erlichshausen with a barrel of beer out of compassion. Ludwig von Erlichshausen (1410 &ndash 1467 was the 31st Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, serving from from 1449/1450 to 1467 Malbork Castle (Ordensburg Marienburg was built by the Teutonic Order as an Ordensburg and named Marienburg (literally "Mary's Castle" [11] When western Prussia was transferred to victorious Poland in the Second Peace of Thorn (1466), which ended the Thirteen Years' War, Königsberg became the new capital of the reduced monastic state, which became a fief of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom. Royal Prussia ( Prusy Królewskie was a province of the Kingdom of Poland from 1466 and then the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1569 to 1772 The Second Peace of Thorn of 1466 (Zweiter Friede von Thorn Drugi Pokój Toruński was a Peace treaty signed in the Hanseatic city of Thorn (Toruń on The Thirteen Years' War was also the name of an Austrian-Ottoman War Thirteen Years War in Hungary The Thirteen Years' War (Dreizehnjähriger Krieg Wojna trzynastoletnia [12] The grand masters took over the quarters of the marshal. During the Polish-Teutonic War (1519–1521), Königsberg was unsuccessfully[13] besieged by Polish forces led by Grand Crown Hetman Mikołaj Firlej.

Duchy of Prussia

The 14th century Königsberg Cathedral
The 14th century Königsberg Cathedral

Through the preachings of the Bishop of Samland, Georg von Polenz, Königsberg became predominantly Lutheran during the Protestant Reformation. Königsberg Cathedral (Königsberger Dom Кафедральный собор Кёнигсберга is a Brick Gothic style building in Kaliningrad (formerly Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time [14] After summoning a quorum of knights to Königsberg, Grand Master Albert of Brandenburg from the Hohenzollern dynasty secularised the Teutonic Knights' remaining territories in Prussia in 1525 and converted to Lutheranism. In Law, a quorum is the minimum number of members of a Deliberative body necessary to conduct the business of that group Albert (Albrecht Albertus 16 May 1490 – 20 March 1568 was the 37th Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights and after converting to Lutheranism, [15] By paying feudal homage to his uncle, King Sigismund I of Poland, Albert became the first duke of the new Duchy of Prussia, a fief of Poland. The Prussian Homage or Tribute (Preußische Huldigung hołd pruski was the formal investment of Albert of Prussia as duke of the Polish Fief Sigismund I the Old (Zygmunt I Stary Žygimantas II Senasis 1 January 1467 – 1 April 1548) of the Jagiellon dynasty reigned as The Duchy of Prussia or Ducal Prussia (Herzogtum Preußen Prūsijos kunigaikštystė Prusy Książęce was a Duchy in the eastern part of Prussia from While the Prussian estates quickly allied with the duke, the Prussian peasantry would only swear allegiance to Albert in person at Königsberg, seeking the duke's support against oppressive nobility. After convincing the rebels to lay down their arms, Albert had several of their leaders executed. [16]

Königsberg, the capital of the duchy, became one of the biggest cities and ports of Prussia, having considerable autonomy, a separate parliament and currency, and with German as its dominant language. TalkParliament#Screen-size. -->A  parliament is a Legislature, especially in those The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. The city flourished through the export of wheat, timber, hemp, and furs,[17] as well as pitch, tar, and ash. Wheat ( Triticum spp is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Levant area of the Middle East. Lumber or timber is Wood in any of its stages from felling through readiness for use as structural Material for Construction, or This article is about the cultivation and uses of industrial hemp not its psychoactive cousin Cannabis (drug. Fur is a body hair of any non-human Mammal, also known as the Pelage. Tar is a viscous black Liquid derived from the Destructive distillation of organic matter [18] Königsberg was one of the few Baltic ports regularly visited by more than one hundred ships annually in the latter 16th century, the others being Danzig and Riga. Gdańsk ( Polish pronunciation; 'Danzig', Gduńsk Gedania Dantiscum is the City at the centre of the fourth-largest Metropolitan area in Poland Riga (Rīga riːga) the Capital of Latvia, is situated on the Baltic Sea coast on the mouth of the river Daugava. [19] The University of Königsberg, founded by Albert in 1544, became a center of Protestant teachings. The University of Königsberg (Albertus-Universität Königsberg was the University of Königsberg, East Prussia.

The capable Duke Albert was succeeded by his feeble-minded son, Albert Frederick. Albert Frederick (Albrecht Friedrich 7 May 1553 &ndash 28 August 1618 was Duke of Prussia from 1568 until his death Anna, daughter of Albert Frederick, married Elector John Sigismund of Brandenburg, who was granted the right of succession to Prussia on Albert Frederick's death in 1618. John Sigismund (Johann Sigismund 8 November, 1572 &ndash 23 December, 1619) was a Prince-elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg The Margraviate of Brandenburg (Markgrafschaft Brandenburg was a major Principality of the Holy Roman Empire from 1157 to 1806 An order of succession is a formula or algorithm that determines who inherits an office upon the death resignation or removal of its current occupant From this time the Duchy of Prussia and Königsberg were ruled by the Electors of Brandenburg, the rulers of Brandenburg-Prussia. This article lists the Margraves and Electors of Brandenburg during the period of time that Brandenburg was a constituent state of the Holy Roman Empire Brandenburg-Prussia (Brandenburg-Preußen was a German Monarchy established by the Personal union between the Duchy of Prussia and the

Brandenburg-Prussia

Map of Königsberg from 1651.
Map of Königsberg from 1651.

Because Brandenburg was overrun by Sweden during the Thirty Years' War, the Hohenzollern court fled to Königsberg. Sweden was between 1611 and 1718 one of the Great powers of Europe For the Mauritanian Thirty Years' War see Char Bouba war. For the band see The 30 Years War. On 1 November 1641, Elector Frederick William persuaded the Prussian diet to accept an excise tax. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Frederick William (Friedrich Wilhelm February 16 1620 &ndash April 29 1688) was the Elector of Brandenburg and the Excise or Excise tax (sometimes called an excise duty) is a type of Tax charged on goods produced within the country (as opposed to Customs duties [20] In the Treaty of Königsberg of January 1656, the elector recognized his Duchy of Prussia as a fief of Sweden and allied with that country. In the Treaty of Wehlau in 1657, however, he negotiated the release of Prussia from Polish sovereignty in return for an alliance with Poland. The Treaty of Wehlau (Vertrag von Wehlau Traktat Welawski was a Treaty signed in the eastern Prussian town of Wehlau ( Welawa, now Znamensk) The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, officially the Commonwealth of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania also known as the Most Serene Republic The 1660 Treaty of Oliva confirmed Prussian independence from both Poland and Sweden. The Treaty of Oliva, (or Peace of Oliva; Vertrag von Oliva pokój oliwski Freden i Oliva was a Peace treaty ending the "Deluge" (Swedish

In 1661 Frederick William informed the Prussian diet he possessed jus supremi et absoluti domini, and that the Prussian Landtag could only be convened with his permission. Preußischer Landtag or Prussian Landtag was the Prussian diet which existed from the 15th century to the 20th century in various forms and states in the The Königsberg burghers, led by Hieronymus Roth of Kneiphof, opposed "the Great Elector's" absolutist claims, but Frederick William succeeded in imposing his authority after arriving with 2,000 troops in October 1661. Refusing to request mercy, Roth was imprisoned in Peitz until his death in 1678. Peitz ( Lower Sorbian Picnjo) is a town in the district of Spree-Neiße, in southeastern Brandenburg, Germany.

The Prussian estates, which swore fealty to Frederick William in Königsberg on October 18, 1663,[21] refused the elector's requests for military funding, and Colonel Christian Ludwig von Kalckstein sought assistance from neighboring Poland. Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid After Kalckstein was abducted by the elector's agents, he was executed in 1672. The Prussian estates' submission to Frederick William followed; in 1673 and 1674 the elector received taxes not granted by the estates and Königsberg received a garrison without the estates' consent. [22] The economic and political weakening of Königsberg strengthened the power of the Junker nobility within Prussia. Junkers (English pronunciation ə German pronunciation kɐ were the Landed nobility of Prussia and eastern Germany. [23]

Königsberg was for long a center of Lutheran resistance to Calvinism within Brandenburg-Prussia; Frederick William forced the city to accept Calvinist citizens and property-holders in 1668. Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the [24]

Kingdom of Prussia

Coronation of Frederick I, King in Prussia, in 1701.
Coronation of Frederick I, King in Prussia, in 1701. Biography Born in Königsberg, he was the third son of Frederick William Elector of Brandenburg by his father's first marriage to Louise Henriette King in Prussia (König in Preussen was a title used by the Electors of Brandenburg from 1701 to 1772

By the act of coronation in Königsberg Castle on 18 January 1701, Frederick William's son, Elector Frederick III, became Frederick I, King in Prussia. The Königsberg Castle (Königsberger Schloss Кёнигсбергский замок was a Castle in Königsberg, Germany (since 1946 Kaliningrad Russia Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Biography Born in Königsberg, he was the third son of Frederick William Elector of Brandenburg by his father's first marriage to Louise Henriette King in Prussia (König in Preussen was a title used by the Electors of Brandenburg from 1701 to 1772 The elevation of the Duchy of Prussia to the Kingdom of Prussia was possible because the Hohenzollerns' authority in Prussia was independent of Poland and the Holy Roman Empire. The Kingdom of Prussia (Königreich Preußen was a German kingdom from 1701 to 1918 and from 1871 was the leading state of the German Empire, comprising The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in Since "Kingdom of Prussia" was increasingly used to designate all of the Hohenzollern lands, former ducal Prussia became known as the Province of Prussia, with Königsberg as its capital. However, Berlin and Potsdam in Brandenburg were the main residences of the Prussian kings. Also see Potsdam New York (in the USA For the Potsdam Conference see Potsdam Conference.

The city was wracked by plague and other illnesses from September 1709 to April 1710, losing 9,368 people, or roughly a quarter of its populace. Plague is a deadly Infectious disease caused by the enterobacteria Yersinia pestis (Pasteurella pestis. [25] On June 13, 1724, Altstadt, Kneiphof, and Löbenicht amalgamated to formally create the larger city Königsberg. Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for Year 1724 ( MDCCXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Königsberg (Karaliaučius Low German: Königsbarg; Królewiec see also other names) was until 1946 the name of Kaliningrad. Kneiphof (Knipawa Кнайпхоф was one of three Towns in the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights that became the city of Königsberg (now Kaliningrad Königsberg (Karaliaučius Low German: Königsbarg; Królewiec see also other names) was until 1946 the name of Kaliningrad. Joining two or more political units such as municipalities, counties, or cities into one entity is referred to as amalgamation when the process occurs Suburbs that later became city quarters included Sackheim, Rossgarten, and Tragheim. [3]

Königsberg Cathedral
Königsberg Cathedral

Imperial Russian troops occupied eastern Prussia at the beginning of 1758 during the Seven Years' War. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya The Seven Years' War (1756&ndash1763 involved all of the major European powers of the period causing 900000 to 1400000 deaths On December 31, 1757, Empress Elizabeth I of Russia issued a ukase about the incorporation of Königsberg into Russia. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. Year 1757 ( MDCCLVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Yelizaveta Petrovna (Елизаве́та (Елисаве́т Петро́вна (December 29 1709 – January 5 1762 (New Style December 18 1709 – December 25 1761 ( Ukase (указ ukaz) in Imperial Russia was a proclamation of the Tsar, government or a religious leader ( Patriarch) that had the force of On January 24, 1758, the leading burghers of Königsberg submitted to Elizabeth. Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled Year 1758 ( MDCCLVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common [26] Five Imperial Russian general-governors administered the city during the war from 1758–62; the Russian army did not abandon the town until 1763. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya

After the First Partition of Poland in 1772, Königsberg became the capital of the province of East Prussia in 1773, which replaced the Province of Prussia in 1773. The Partitions of Poland or Partitions of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in the second half of the 18th century and ended the existence of the The Province of East Prussia (Provinz Ostpreußen) was a province of Prussia from 1773-1829 and 1878-1945 By 1800 the city was approximately five miles in circumference and had 60,000 inhabitants, including a military garrison of 7,000, making it one of the most populous German cities of the time. [27]

After Prussia's defeat at the hands of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1806 during the War of the Fourth Coalition, King Frederick William III of Prussia fled with his court from Berlin to Königsberg. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. The Fourth Coalition against Napoleon's French Empire was defeated in a war spanning 1806&ndash1807 Early life The son of King Frederick William II of Prussia, Frederick William was born in Potsdam and became Crown Prince in 1786 when his father ascended [28] The city was a center for political resistance to Napoleon. In order to foster liberalism and nationalism among the Prussian middle class, the "League of Virtue" was founded in Königsberg in April 1808. Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation The French forced its dissolution in December 1809, but its ideals were continued by the Turnbewegung of Friedrich Ludwig Jahn in Berlin. The Empire of the French (1804-1814 also known as the Empire of France, Greater French Empire, First French Empire, French Empire, or Friedrich Ludwig Jahn ( August 11 1778 &ndash October 15 1852) was a German Prussian Gymnastics educator [29] Königsberg officials, such as Johann Gottfried Frey, formulated much of Stein's 1808 Städteordnung, or new order for urban communities, which emphasized self-administration for Prussian towns. [30] The East Prussian Landwehr was organized from the city after the Convention of Tauroggen. Landwehr, or Landeswehr, is a German language term used in referring to certain national armies, or Militias found in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century The Convention of Tauroggen was a Truce signed 30 December 1812 at Tauroggen (now Tauragė, Lithuania) between Generalleutnant [31]

In 1819 Königsberg had a population of 63,800. [32] It served as the capital of the united Province of Prussia from 1824–1878, when East Prussia was merged with West Prussia. West Prussia ( Prusy Zachodnie was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1773&ndash1824 and 1878&ndash1918 which was created out of the earlier Polish It was also the seat of the Regierungsbezirk Königsberg, an administrative subdivision. Regierungsbezirk Königsberg was a Regierungsbezirk, or government region of the Prussian Province of East Prussia from 1815-1945

Led by the provincial president Theodor von Schön and the Königsberger Zeitung newspaper, Königsberg was a stronghold of liberalism against the conservative government of King Frederick William IV. Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal Life Frederick William was educated by private tutors many of whom were experienced civil servants such as Friedrich Ancillon. [33] During the revolution of 1848, there were 21 episodes of public unrest in the city;[34] major demonstrations were suppressed. " Germany " at the time of the Revolutions of 1848 had been a collection of 39 States loosely bound together in the German Confederation. [35] Königsberg became part of the German Empire in 1871 during the Prussian-led unification of Germany. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification The unification of Germany took place on January 18, 1871, when Prussian Chief Minister Otto von Bismarck managed to unify a number of independent A sophisticated for its time series of fortifications around the city that included fifteen forts was completed in 1888.

The extensive Prussian Eastern Railway linked the city to Breslau, Thorn, Insterburg, Eydtkuhnen, Tilsit, and Pillau. The Prussian Eastern Railway (Preußische Ostbahn was the Railway in the eastern Kingdom of Prussia until 1918 Wrocław (Breslau Vratislav Vratislavia or Wratislavia Yiddish: ברעסלוי) is the chief City of the historical region of Lower Silesia Toruń Lublin Voivodeship Toruń (Thorn Torń Thorunium see also other names) is a city in northern Poland, on the Vistula River with population Chernyakhovsk (Черняхо́вск; Įsrūtis Wystruć is a town in the centre of Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia, at the confluence of the rivers Chernyshevskoye (Черныше́вское prior to 1948 known by its German name Eydtkuhnen (Eydtkuhnen EjtkunyEjtkuny is a settlement in Nesterovsky Sovetsk (Сове́тск prior to 1945 known by its German name Tilsit (Tilžė Tylża is a town now in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia Baltiysk (Балти́йск prior to 1945 known by its German name Pillau (Piława Piliava is a Russian seaport town in Kaliningrad Oblast In 1860 the railroad connecting Berlin with St. Petersburg was completed and increased Königsberg's commerce. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Extensive electric tramways were in operation by 1900; and regular steamers plied to Memel, Tapiau and Labiau, Cranz, Tilsit, and Danzig. Klaipėda ( ˈklaɪpɛdə Memel is a City in Lithuania situated at the mouth of the Curonian Lagoon where it flows into the Baltic Sea Gvardeysk (; Tepliava/Tepliuva Tapiawa/Tapiewo is a town in the Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia, located on the right bank of the Pregolya River Polessk (Поле́сск prior to 1945 known by its German name Labiau (Labiawa Labguva is a town in and the administrative center of Polessky Gdańsk ( Polish pronunciation; 'Danzig', Gduńsk Gedania Dantiscum is the City at the centre of the fourth-largest Metropolitan area in Poland The completion of a canal to Pillau in 1901 increased the trade of Russian grain in Königsberg, but, like much of eastern Germany, the city's economy was generally in decline. [36] By 1900 the city's population had grown to 188,000, with a 9,000-strong military garrison. [3] By 1914 Königsberg had a population of 246,000;[37] Jews flourished in the culturally pluralistic city. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ [38]

Weimar Republic

Königsberg within the borders of East Prussia from 1919 to 1939.
Königsberg within the borders of East Prussia from 1919 to 1939. The Province of East Prussia (Provinz Ostpreußen) was a province of Prussia from 1773-1829 and 1878-1945

Following the defeat of the Central Powers in World War I, Imperial Germany was replaced with the democratic Weimar Republic. The Central Powers ( German: "Mittelmächte" Hungarian: "Központi hatalmak" Turkish: "İttifak World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The term Weimar Republic ( ˈvaɪmarɐ repuˈbliːk is used by historians to signify the democratic and Republican period of Germany from 1919 to 1933 The Kingdom of Prussia ended with the abdication of the Hohenzollern monarch, William, and the kingdom was succeeded by the Free State of Prussia. Königsberg and East Prussia, however, were separated from the rest of Weimar Germany by the creation of the Polish Corridor. Background Giving Poland access to the sea was one of the guarantees proposed by the United States President Woodrow Wilson in his Fourteen The Ostmesse (Eastern Fair) at the Königsberg Tiergarten was organized every year since 1920; it was intended to compensate for the geographical distance that handicapped the economic development of East Prussia and Königsberg. The Kaliningrad Zoo was founded in 1896 as the Königsberg Tiergarten in the then German town of Königsberg, which in 1945 became part of Russia and was renamed In 1922 the first permanent airport and commercial terminal solely for commercial aviation was built at Königsberg-Devau. An airport is a location where Aircraft such as airplanes, Helicopters and blimps take off and land In 1929, Königsberg amalgamated with some surrounding suburbs. Joining two or more political units such as municipalities, counties, or cities into one entity is referred to as amalgamation when the process occurs

Nazi Germany

In 1932 Prussia's legal (Social Democratic) government under Otto Braun was ousted by the Reich Government, and Gauleiter Erich Koch replaced the elected local government during Nazi rule from 1933 to 1945. This article is about the Prime Minister of Prussia For the Geman Communist and once the Comintern military adviser to the Chinese Commmunist revolution see Otto Braun (Li De A Gauleiter was the party leader of a regional branch of the NSDAP (more commonly known as the Nazi Party) or the head of a Gau or of a Erich Koch ( June 19, 1896 &ndash November 12, 1986) was a Gauleiter of the Nazi Party (NDSAP in East Prussia Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers

In 1935, the Wehrmacht designated Königsberg as the Headquarters for Wehrkreis I, (under the command of General der Artillerie Albert Wodrig) which originally took in all of East Prussia. Wehrmacht (literally "defense force" was the name of the unified Armed forces of Germany from 1935 to 1945 The Province of East Prussia (Provinz Ostpreußen) was a province of Prussia from 1773-1829 and 1878-1945 Wehrkreis I was extended in March 1939 to include the Memel area. The Klaipėda Region (Klaipėdos kraštas or Memel Territory (Memelland or Memelgebiet Territoire de Memel was defined by the Treaty of Versailles In October 1939, it was extended again to include the Ciechanów and Suwałki areas. Ciechanów is a Town in north-central Poland with 47900 inhabitants (2002 Suwałki ( Lithuanian: Suvalkai, Yiddish: Suwałk; German: Suwalken and Sudauen between 1939-1944 is a town In 1942, the Wehrkreis was again expanded to include the Białystok district. Białystok Lublin Voivodeship Białystok (also known by alternative names) is the largest City in northeastern Poland. Army units that called Königsberg home included the I Infantry Corps, which was part of the pre-Nazi era Standing Army, and the 61st Infanterie Division, which was formed upon mobilization from reservists from East Prussia. It took part in the invasion of Belgium, which was part of Case Yellow, and Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those In World War II, the Battle of France, also known as the Fall of France, was the German invasion of France and the Low Countries Operation Barbarossa ( Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the Codename for Nazi Germany 's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 In Book XII of his World War II, Winston Churchill referred to Königsberg as "a modernised heavily defended fortress". Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874

According to the census of May 17, 1939, Königsberg had a population of 372,164. Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason. Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [39]

One-third of East Prussia's 13,000 Jews lived in Königsberg after World War I. The city's Jewish population shrank from 3,200 in 1933 to 2,100 in October 1938. The New Synagogue of Königsberg, constructed in 1896, was destroyed during Kristallnacht; 500 Jews left the city after November 9, 1938. Kristallnacht ( literally "Crystal night" or the Night of Broken Glass was a Pogrom in Nazi Germany on November 9–10 1938 Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. After the Wannsee Conference of January 20, 1942, Königsberg's Jews began to be deported to camps such as Maly Trostenets, Theresienstadt, and Auschwitz. The Wannsee Conference was a Meeting of senior officials of the Nazi German regime held in the Berlin suburb of Wannsee on Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Maly Trascianiec extermination camp (see alternate spellings) a small village on the outskirts of Minsk, Belarus, was the site of a Nazi Theresienstadt concentration camp (often referred to as Terezín) was a Nazi Concentration camp during World War II. "Auschwitz" redirects here For the town see Oświęcim Auschwitz-Birkenau () was the largest of Nazi Germany [40]

World War II

The city hosted Radio Königsberg, a propaganda station, during World War II. Radio Königsberg was a Radio station which transmitted news related to Germany and Nazism during World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

In 1944 Königsberg suffered heavy damage from British bombing attacks and burned for several days. In 1944 during World War II, the city of Königsberg was extensively bombed from the air by the British Royal Air Force and burned for several days The historic city center, especially the original quarters Altstadt, Löbenicht, and Kneiphof, was completely destroyed, among it the cathedral, the castle, all churches of the old city, the old and the new universities, and the old shipping quarters

Many people fled Königsberg ahead of the Red Army's advance after October 1944, particularly after word spread of the alleged Soviet atrocities at Nemmersdorf and Gumbinnen. The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya Mayakovskoye (Маяко́вское Nemmersdorf Nemirkiemis is a settlement in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia, located Gusev (Гу́сев Gumbinnen Gumbinė Głąbin/Gąbin is a town in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia. [41][42] Soviet forces under General Chernyakhovsky reached the city on January 13, 1945, and had encircled the city by the end of the month, but a temporary German breakout allowed many of the remaining civilians to escape via train and naval evacuation from the nearby port of Pillau. Ivan Danilovich Chernyakhovsky, also Cherniakhovsky, (Ива́н Дани́лович Черняхо́вский Uman, current Cherkasy Events 532 - Nika riots in Constantinople. 888 - Odo Count of Paris becomes King of the Franks Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar The siege of Königsberg, which had been declared a "fortress" (Festung) by the Germans and fanatically defended, raged all through February and March.

On 21 January during the Red Army's East Prussian Offensive, mostly Polish and Hungarian Jews from Seerappen, Jesau, Heiligenbeil, Schippenbeil, and Gerdauen (subcamps of Stutthof concentration camp) were gathered in Königsberg. Events 1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade. The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya The East Prussian Offensive, known officially to the Soviets as the East Prussian Strategic Offensive Operation (Восточно-Прусская стратегическая Heiligenbeil was a subcamp of the German concentration camp Stutthof near Danzig. Stutthof was the first concentration camp built by the Nazi Germany regime outside of Germany. Up to 7,000 of them were forced on a death march to Samland; those that survived were subsequently executed at Palmnicken. The death marches refer to the forcible movement between Autumn 1944 and late April 1945 by Nazi Germany of thousands of prisoners mostly Jews from German Concentration Sambia (Земландский полуостров Zemlandsky poluostrov) or Samland ( is a Peninsula in the Kaliningrad Oblast of Yantarny may also refer to Yantarni Volcano. Yantarny (; Palvininkai Palmniki is an Urban-type settlement in Kaliningrad [40]

On April 9 — one month before the end of the war in Europe — the German military commander of Königsberg, General Otto Lasch, surrendered the remnants of his forces following a Red Army assault. Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) Otto Lasch ( 25 June 1893 - 29 April 1971) was a German General in the Wehrmacht. The Battle of Königsberg, better known as the Königsberg Offensive Operation, was one of the last operations of the East Prussian Strategic Offensive operation At the time of the surrender, military and civilian dead in the city were estimated at 42,000, with the Red Army claiming over 90,000 prisoners. Lasch's subterranean command bunker has been preserved as a museum, with the rest of the 19th century fortification complex being abandoned after use by the Soviet Army until the 1980s as a storage facility.

About 120,000 survivors remained in the ruins of the devastated city. These survivors, mainly women, children and the elderly and a few others who returned immediately after the fighting ended, were held as virtual prisoners until 1949. The large majority of German citizens remaining in Königsberg after 1945 died of either disease, torture, mass rape or starvation. [43] The remaining 20,000 German residents were expelled in 1949-50. The expulsion of Germans after World War II was the Forced migration and Ethnic cleansing of German nationals ( Reichsdeutsche) and ethnic [44]

What remained of Königsberg City Centre in 1949
What remained of Königsberg City Centre in 1949

Russian Kaliningrad

At the end of World War II in 1945, the city was annexed by the Soviet Union pending the final determination of territorial questions at the peace settlement (as part of the Russian SFSR) as agreed upon by the Allies at the Potsdam Conference:

VI. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Potsdam Conference was held at Cecilienhof, the home of Crown Prince Wilhelm Hohenzollern, in Potsdam, Germany, from July 16, CITY OF KOENIGSBERG AND THE ADJACENT AREA
The Conference examined a proposal by the Soviet Government that pending the final determination of territorial questions at the peace settlement the section of the western frontier of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics which is adjacent to the Baltic Sea should pass from a point on the eastern shore of the Bay of Danzig to the east, north of Braunsberg and Goldap, to the meeting point of the frontiers of Lithuania, the Polish Republic and East Prussia. The Baltic Sea is a Brackish inland sea located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N Latitude and from 20°E to 26°E Longitude. Gdańsk Bay or the Bay of Gdańsk (Zatoka Gdańska Gduńskô Hôwinga Гданьская бухта also known as Danzig Bay (Danziger Bucht is a southeastern Braniewo ( former Brunsberga Prūsa is a Town in northeastern Poland, in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, with a population of 18068 (2004 Gołdap ( Geldapė is a Town and the seat of Gołdap County in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship in Poland. The Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (Lietuvos Tarybų Socialistinė Respublika Литовская Советская Социалистическая Республика The People's Republic of Poland or Polish People's Republic ( Polish: Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa, PRL Russian East Prussia (Ostpreußen; Rytų Prūsija or Rytprūsiai; Prusy Wschodnie Восточная Пруссия or Vostochnaya Prussiya) refers to the main part
The Conference has agreed in principle to the proposal of the Soviet Government concerning the ultimate transfer to the Soviet Union of the city of Koenigsberg and the area adjacent to it as described above, subject to expert examination of the actual frontier.
The President of the United States and the British Prime Minister have declared that they will support the proposal of the Conference at the forthcoming peace settlement. Clement Richard Attlee 1st Earl Attlee, KG, OM, CH, PC ( 3 January 1883 &ndash 8 October 1967 [1]

Old Königsberg remains amid modern Kaliningrad
Old Königsberg remains amid modern Kaliningrad

After Königsberg's conquest by the Red Army, the city was briefly Russified as Kyonigsberg (Кёнигсберг). Kaliningrad (Калининград is a Seaport and the administrative center of Kaliningrad Oblast, the Russian Exclave between Poland Russification (in Russian: русификация rusifikátsiya)is an adoption of the Russian language or some other Russian attribute (whether voluntarily It was renamed Kaliningrad on July 4, 1946, after the death of the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Mikhail Kalinin, one of the original Bolsheviks. Kaliningrad (Калининград is a Seaport and the administrative center of Kaliningrad Oblast, the Russian Exclave between Poland Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The President of the Soviet Union was the Head of State of the USSR from March 15, 1990 to December 25, 1991. Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin (Михаи́л Ива́нович Кали́нин ( – June 3, 1946) was a Bolshevik revolutionary and the titular Head The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction The German population was either deported to the Western Zones of occupied Germany, or deported into Siberian labor camps, where about half of them perished of hunger or diseases. The expulsion of Germans after World War II was the Forced migration and Ethnic cleansing of German nationals ( Reichsdeutsche) and ethnic The Allied powers who defeated Nazi Germany in World War II divided the country west of the Oder-Neisse line into four occupation zones for administrative Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving The Gulag was the government agency that administered the penal labor camps of the Soviet Union. [45]

After the ethnic cleansing, the city's former population was entirely replaced with Russian citizens. Ethnic cleansing is a Euphemism referring to the persecution through imprisonment expulsion or killing of members of an ethnic minority by a majority to achieve ethnic homogeneity Life changed dramatically: the city had a new name (Kaliningrad), and German was replaced by Russian as the language of everyday life. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Parts of the city were rebuilt, although the former Altstadt remained an urban fallow with few buildings that survived the destruction. The city went through industrialisation and modernisation. is a process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a Pre-industrial society into an industrial one The idea of modernization comes from a view of societies as having a standard Evolutionary pattern as described in the Social evolutionism theories As one of the westernmost territories of the Soviet Union, the Kaliningrad Oblast became a strategically important area during the Cold War. Kaliningrad Oblast (Калинингра́дская о́бласть Kaliningradskaya oblast; informally called Yantarny kray (ru Янта́рный край meaning Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the The Soviet Baltic Fleet was headquartered in the city in the 1950s. The Twice Red Banner Baltic Fleet - (Дважды Краснознамённый Балтийский флот was the Imperial later Soviet and is now the Russian Navy's Because of its strategic importance, Kaliningrad was closed to foreign visitors. A closed city or closed town is a settlement in the former Soviet Union with travel and residency restrictions

Culture

Further information: List of people from Königsberg

Königsberg was the birthplace of the mathematician Christian Goldbach and the writer E.T.A. Hoffmann, as well as the home of the philosopher Immanuel Kant. The following is a list of people from the former city of Königsberg (Królewiec ( Duchy of Prussia, Kingdom of Prussia, Germany) which was renamed to Christian Goldbach ( March 18, 1690 &ndash November 20, 1764) was a Prussian Mathematician who also studied Law Ernst Theodor Wilhelm Hoffmann ( January 24, 1776 &ndash June 25, 1822) better known by his Pen name E Immanuel Kant (ɪmanuəl kant 22 April 1724 12 February 1804 was an 18th-century German Philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg In 1736, the mathematician Leonhard Euler used the arrangement of the city's bridges and islands as the basis for the Seven Bridges of Königsberg Problem, which led to the mathematical branches of topology and graph theory. The Seven Bridges of Königsberg is a famous historical problem in mathematics Topology ( Greek topos, "place" and logos, "study" is the branch of Mathematics that studies the properties of In Mathematics and Computer science, graph theory is the study of graphs: mathematical structures used to model pairwise relations between objects In the 19th century Königsberg was the birthplace of the influential mathematician David Hilbert. David Hilbert ( January 23, 1862 &ndash February 14, 1943) was a German Mathematician, recognized as one of the most

The dialect spoken by most citizens was Low Prussian. Low Prussian (Niederpreußisch sometimes known simply as Prussian ( Preußisch) is a Dialect of East Low German that developed in East A popular dish from the city was Königsberger Klopse. Königsberger Klopse, also known as Soßklopse, are a German dish consisting of Meatballs in a White sauce with Capers They are

The Königstor (King's Gate) in the 19th century
The Königstor (King's Gate) in the 19th century

In the König Strasse (King Street) stood the Academy of Art with a collection of over 400 pictures. About 50 works were by Italian masters; and some early Dutch paintings were also to be found there. Etruscans See also Etruscan art Etruscan bronze figures and terracotta funerary reliefs include examples of a vigorous Central Italian tradition which had waned Dutch art describes the history of Visual arts in the Netherlands, after the United Provinces separated from Flanders. [46] At the Königs Tor (King's Gate) stood statues of King Ottakar I of Bohemia, Albert of Prussia, and Frederick I of Prussia. Ottokar I (Přemysl I Otakar c 1155 &ndash 15 December 1230) king of Bohemia (1198 &ndash 1230 was a younger son of King Vladislav II Albert (Albrecht Albertus 16 May 1490 – 20 March 1568 was the 37th Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights and after converting to Lutheranism, Biography Born in Königsberg, he was the third son of Frederick William Elector of Brandenburg by his father's first marriage to Louise Henriette Königsberg had a magnificent Exchange (completed in 1875) with fine views of the harbor from the staircase. Along Bahnhof Strasse ("Railway Street") were the offices of the famous Royal Amber Works — Samland was celebrated as the "Amber Coast". There was also an observatory fitted up by the astronomer Friedrich Bessel, a botanical garden, and a zoological museum. Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel (22 July 1784 &ndash 17 March 1846 was a German Mathematician, Astronomer, and systematizer of the Bessel functions The "Physikalisch", near the Heumarkt, contained botanical and anthropological collections and prehistoric antiquities. Two large theatres built during the Wilhelmine era were the Stadt (city) Theatre and the Appollo. Wilhelmine is a term for the period of German history also known as the German Empire.

Eastern side of Königsberg Castle, ca. 1900.
Eastern side of Königsberg Castle, ca. 1900.

Königsberg Castle was one of the city's most notable structures. The Königsberg Castle (Königsberger Schloss Кёнигсбергский замок was a Castle in Königsberg, Germany (since 1946 Kaliningrad Russia The former seat of the Grand Masters of the Teutonic Knights and the Dukes of Prussia, it contained the Schloßkirche, or palace church, where Frederick I was crowned in 1701 and William I in 1861. The grand master (Hochmeister Magister generalis is the holder of the supreme office of the Teutonic Order. The Duchy of Prussia or Ducal Prussia (Herzogtum Preußen Prūsijos kunigaikštystė Prusy Książęce was a Duchy in the eastern part of Prussia from Biography Born in Königsberg, he was the third son of Frederick William Elector of Brandenburg by his father's first marriage to Louise Henriette It also contained the spacious Moscowiter-Saal, one of the largest halls in the German Reich, and a museum of Prussian history. Deutsches Reich was the name for Germany from 1871 to 1945 in the German language.

Königsberg became a centre of education when the Albertina University was founded by Duke Albert of Prussia in 1544. The University of Königsberg (Albertus-Universität Königsberg was the University of Königsberg, East Prussia. The university was situated opposite the north and east side of the Königsberg Cathedral. Königsberg Cathedral (Königsberger Dom Кафедральный собор Кёнигсберга is a Brick Gothic style building in Kaliningrad (formerly Lithuanian scholar Stanislovas Rapalionis, one of founding fathers of the university, was the first professor of theology. Stanislovas Rapalionis (Stanislaus Rapagellanus or Stanislaus Lituanus; 1485 &ndash 1545 was a founder of the first Lithuanian language school in Vilnius [47]

Numerous German and Polish publications were printed in Königsberg espousing the Protestant Reformation. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. [48] The city was a center for the publication of books in the Lithuanian language, especially by educated Prussian Lithuanians from Lithuania Minor. Lithuanian ( lietuvių kalba) is the official state language of Lithuania and is recognised as one of the official languages of the European Union. The term Prussian Lithuanians, Lietuwininkai (singular Lietuwininkas) Lietuvininkai refers to a Western Lithuanian ethnic group which did not form Lithuania Minor (Mažoji Lietuva Kleinlitauen Litwa Mniejsza Máлая Литвá or Prussian Lithuania (Prūsų Lietuva Preußisch-Litauen Litwa Pruska is a historical After the territory became Lutheran, prayer books were printed in the Lithuanian vernacular. Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther The first non-religious Lithuanian books were published later as well. With the support of the government, Ruhig and Mielcke published Lithuanian dictionaries in 1747 and 1800, respectively. [49]

Sports clubs which played in Königsberg included VfB Königsberg and SV Prussia-Samland Königsberg. VfB Königsberg was a German football club from the city of Königsberg, East Prussia. SV Prussia-Samland Königsberg was a German football club from the city of Königsberg, East Prussia (today Kaliningrad

Notes

  1. ^ Biskup
  2. ^ Koch, p. 10
  3. ^ a b c Baedeker, p. 174
  4. ^ Seward, p. 107
  5. ^ Turnbull, p. 13
  6. ^ Christiansen, p. 205
  7. ^ Christiansen, p. 224
  8. ^ Christiansen, p. 222
  9. ^ Christiansen, p. 224
  10. ^ Urban, pp. 225–226
  11. ^ Koch, p. 19
  12. ^ Christiansen, p. 243
  13. ^ Urban, p. 254
  14. ^ Koch, p. 33
  15. ^ Christiansen, p. 247
  16. ^ Koch, p. 34
  17. ^ Koch, p. 44
  18. ^ Kirby, Northern Europe, p. 8
  19. ^ Kirby, Northern Europe, p. 13
  20. ^ Koch, p. 46
  21. ^ Clark, p. 53
  22. ^ Koch, p. 57
  23. ^ Holborn, 1648-1840, p. 61
  24. ^ Clark, pp. 121-2
  25. ^ Kirby, Northern Europe, p. 352
  26. ^ Holborn, 1648-1840, p. 245
  27. ^ For comparison: Berlin ca. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. 170,000, Cologne and Frankfurt ca. 50,000 each, and Munich ca. Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. 30,000.
  28. ^ Koch, p. 160
  29. ^ Koch, p. 192
  30. ^ Holborn, 1648-1840, p. 401
  31. ^ Clark, p. 361
  32. ^ Holborn, 1840-1945, p. 8
  33. ^ Clark, pp. 440-2
  34. ^ Clark, p. 476
  35. ^ Holborn, 1840-1945, p. 51
  36. ^ Kirby, The Baltic World, p. 303
  37. ^ Kirby, The Baltic World, p. 205
  38. ^ Clark, p. 584
  39. ^ GRC, p. 37
  40. ^ a b Ostpreussen. net
  41. ^ Berlin , Antony Beevor
  42. ^ A Writer at War Vasily Grossman, Edited & Translated by Antony Beevor and Luba Vinoradova, Pimlico, 2006
  43. ^ de Zayas, Alfred-Maurice: A Terrible Revenge: The Ethnic Cleansing of the Eastern European Germans 1944-1950, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994
  44. ^ Michael Wieck: A Childhood Under Hitler and Stalin: Memoirs of a "Certified Jew," University of Wisconsin Press, 2003, ISBN 0-299-18544-3, Hans Lehndorff: East Prussian Diary, A Journal of Faith, 1945-1947 London 1963
  45. ^ de Zayas, Alfred-Maurice: A Terrible Revenge: The Ethnic Cleansing of the Eastern European Germans 1944-1950, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994
  46. ^ Baedeker, p. 176
  47. ^ Zinkevičius, p. 32
  48. ^ Kirby, Northern Europe, p. 88
  49. ^ Clark, p. 134

References

External links

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