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Justus Mühlenpfordt (22 April 1911 in Lübeck – 2 October 2000) was a German nuclear physicist. Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil. Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Lübeck ( is the second largest City in Schleswig-Holstein, in Northern Germany, and one of the major Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Nuclear physics is the field of Physics that studies the building blocks and interactions of Atomic nuclei. He received his doctorate from the Technische Hochschule Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig, in 1936. He then worked in Gustav Hertz’s laboratory at Siemens. Gustav Ludwig Hertz ( July 22 1887, Hamburg &ndash October 30 1975, Berlin) was a German Experimental In 1945, he was sent to Institute G, near Sukhumi and under the directorship of Hertz, to work on the Soviet atomic bomb project. Sukhumi, also spelled as Sukhum ( Abkhaz: Аҟəа Aqwa; სოხუმი Sokhumi, Сухуми/Сухум is the capital The Soviet project to develop an atomic bomb began during World War II in the Soviet Union. Released from Russia, Mühlenpfordt arrived in East Germany in 1955. The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state He was appointed director of the Institut für physikalische Stofftrennung of the Academy of Sciences, in Leipzig. This sort of fix restores section edit linkpoints to where they belong From 1969 until his retirement in 1974, Mühlenpfordt was director of the Forschungsbereiches Kern- und Istopentechnik der Akademie.

Contents

Early Years

Mühlenpfordt’s father, Carl, was an architect and university professor, and his mother, Anna Dräger-Mühlenpfordt, was a painter and graphic designer. An architect is a licensed individual who leads a design team in the Planning and Design of buildings and participates in oversight of Building Construction Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e A graphic designer (also known as a graphic artist and communication designer) is a professional within the Graphic design and Graphic arts industry [1] Anna was the daughter of Henry Dräger, founder of Drägerwerk AG. The Drägerwerk AG is a German company based in Lübeck with a focus on breathing and protection equipment as well as gas detection and analysis systems Carl was a professor at the Technische Hochschule Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig (in the late 1960s or early 1970s, reorganized and renamed the Technische Universität Braunschweig) and a practicing architect.

Education

Mühlenpfordt received his doctorate, in 1936, from the Technische Hochschule Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig. [2] [3]

Career

In Germany

In 1935, Mühlenpfordt, went to work for Gustav Hertz at Siemens. Gustav Ludwig Hertz ( July 22 1887, Hamburg &ndash October 30 1975, Berlin) was a German Experimental Among other things, Mühlenpfordt’s research activities involved x-rays; an x-ray tube with a cross-shaped anode was named after him. X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of Electromagnetic radiation. An X-ray tube is a Vacuum tube that produces X-rays They are part of X-ray machines X-rays are part of the Electromagnetic spectrum, an An anode is an Electrode through which Electric current flows into a polarized electrical device [4] Hertz conducted research activities in isotope separation, which effected Mühlenpfordt’s career interests. Isotope separation is the process of concentrating specific Isotopes of a Chemical element by removing other isotopes for example separating Natural uranium

In Russia

How Mühlenpfordt got to Russia and his activities there are best understood in the context of four prominent Berlin scientists. Manfred von Ardenne, director of his private laboratory Forschungslaboratoriums für Elektronenphysik,[5] Gustav Hertz, Nobel laureate and director of Research Laboratory II at Siemens, Peter Adolf Thiessen, ordinarius professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin and director of the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für physikalische Chemi und Elektrochemie in Berlin-Dahlem, and Max Volmer, ordinarius professor and director of the Physical Chemistry Institute at the Berlin Technische Hochschule, had made a pact. Manfred von Ardenne ( January 20, 1907 in Hamburg - May 26, 1997 in Dresden) was a German research and applied Gustav Ludwig Hertz ( July 22 1887, Hamburg &ndash October 30 1975, Berlin) was a German Experimental Peter Adolf Thiessen ( 6 April 1899 &ndash 5 March 1990) was a German Physical chemist. For other universities in Berlin see List of Universities in Berlin. This article refers to the neighborhood in Berlin For other places with the same name please see Dahlem (disambiguation. Max Volmer ( 3 May 1885 in Hilden &ndash 3 June 1965 in Potsdam) was a German physical chemist, The Technical University of Berlin ( Berlin Institute of Technology, TUB, TU Berlin, German Technische Universität Berlin) is located The pact was a pledge that whoever first made contact with the Russians would speak for the rest. The objectives of their pact were threefold: (1) Prevent plunder of their institutes, (2) Continue their work with minimal interruption, and (3) Protect themselves from prosecution for any political acts of the past. [6] Before the end of World War II, Thiessen, a member of the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, had Communist contacts. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The, officially National Socialist German Workers' Party, ( abbreviated NSDAP) was a Political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945 [7] On 27 April 1945, Thiessen arrived at von Ardenne’s institute in an armored vehicle with a major of the Soviet Army, who was also a leading Soviet chemist. Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar [8] All four of the pact members were taken to the Soviet Union along with colleagues from their institutes. Hertz was made head of Institute G, in Agudseri (Agudzery),[9] [10] about 10 km southeast of Sukhumi and a suburb of Gul’rips (Gulrip’shi). Sukhumi, also spelled as Sukhum ( Abkhaz: Аҟəа Aqwa; სოხუმი Sokhumi, Сухуми/Сухум is the capital Topics assigned to Gustav Hertz’s Institute G included: (1) Separation of isotopes by diffusion in a flow of inert gases, for which Gustav Hertz was the leader, (2) Development of a condensation pump, for which Justus Mühlenpfordt was the leader, (3) Design and build a mass spectrometer for determining the isotopic composition of uranium, for which Werner Schütze was the leader, (4) Development of frameless (ceramic) diffusion partitions for filters, for which Reinhold Reichmann was the leader, and (5) Development of a theory of stability and control of a diffusion cascade, for which Heinz Barwich was the leader;[11] [12] Barwich had been deputy to Hertz at Siemens. Heinz Barwich ( 22 July 1911 in Berlin &ndash 10 April 1966 in Cologne) was a German Nuclear physicist [13] Other members of Institute G were Werner Hartmann, Werner Schütze[14] and Karl-Franz Zühlke. Werner Hartmann ( 30 January 1912 in Berlin -Friedenau &ndash 8 March 1988) was a German Physicist who introduced [15] Von Ardenne was made head of Institute A,[16] [17] in Sinop,[18] [19] a suburb of Sukhumi. Sukhumi, also spelled as Sukhum ( Abkhaz: Аҟəа Aqwa; სოხუმი Sokhumi, Сухуми/Сухум is the capital Volmer went to the Nauchno-Issledovatel’skij Institut-9 (NII-9, Scientific Research Institute No. 9),[20] in Moscow; he was given a design bureau to work on the production of heavy water. Heavy water is water which contains a higher proportion than normal of the Isotope Deuterium, as deuterium oxide, D2O or ²H2O [21] In Institute A, Thiessen became leader for developing techniques for manufacturing porous barriers for isotope separation. [22]

After Mühlenpfordt’s successful work at Institute G, he became chief of a design bureau in Leningrad, no earlier than 1950. [23]

In preparation for release from the Soviet Union, it was standard practice to put personnel into quarantine for a few years if they worked on projects related to the Soviet atomic bomb project. Mühlenpfordt spent his quarantine at a facility in Agudzery (Agudseri), as did other German scientists. Additionally, in 1954, in preparation sending the German scientists to the Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR, German Democratic Republic), the DDR and the Soviet Union prepared a list of scientists they wished to keep in the DDR, due to their having worked on projects related to the Soviet atomic bomb project; this list was known as the “A-list”. On this A-list were the names of 18 scientists; nine, possibly 10, of the names were associated with the Nikolaus Riehl group which worked at Plant No. Nikolaus Riehl (1901 in Saint Petersburg, Russia &ndash 1990 was a German industrial Nuclear chemist. 12 in Ehlektrostal' (Электросталь[24]). Elektrostal (Электроста́ль known as Zatishye (ru Зати́шье until 1938 is a city in Moscow Oblast, Russia, located Mühlenpfordt was on the list. [25] [26] [27]

Back in Germany

Mühlenpfordt arrived in the DDR in 1955. He was appointed director of the Institut für physikalische Stofftrennung of the Academy of Sciences, in Leipzig; in 1964, the institute was renamed the Institut für stabile Isotope (Institute for Stable Isotopes). This sort of fix restores section edit linkpoints to where they belong In 1960, he was also appointed a professor of the Academy of Sciences. In 1968, he was additionally appointed Beauftragter (Representative) of the Academy of Sciences. [28] [29]

From 1969 until his retirement in 1974, Mühlenpfordt was director of the Forschungsbereiches Kern- und Istopentechnik der Akademie der Wissenschaften (Research Division for Nuclear and Isotope Technology of the Academy of Sciences); the organization was later renamed the Forschungsbereich Kernwissenschaften der Akademie der Wissenschaften (Nuclear Science Research Division of the Academy of Sciences), and still later renamed the Forschungsbereich Physik der Akademie der Wissenschaften (Physics Research Division of the Academy of Sciences). [30] [31]

Upon his retirement, Mühlenpfordt devoted his interests to art, history, and philosophy, while still retaining active interests in scientific research – improvement of television and investigating methods of earthquake prediction. [32]

Professional Honors & Memberships

Literature

Books

Bibliography

External Links

Notes

  1. ^ See the pages for Mühlenpfordt’s mother and father on the German Wikipedia Website.
  2. ^ Justus Mühlenpfordt Untersuchung über die Möglichkeit, auf photoelektrischem Wege die Messempfindlichkeit des Interferentialrefraltors nach Jamin zu Erhöhen, Doctoral Dissertation Thesis (Technische Hochschule Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig, 1937).
  3. ^ Hartkopf, 1992, 251.
  4. ^ Leibniz Society – Obituary Justus Mühlenpfordt.
  5. ^ sachen.de - Zur Ehrung von Manfred von Ardenne.
  6. ^ Heinemann-Grüder, 2002, 44.
  7. ^ Hentschel, 1996, Appendix F; see the entry for Thiessen.
  8. ^ Oleynikov, 2000, 5.
  9. ^ Oleynikov, 2000, 11-12.
  10. ^ Naimark, 1995, 213.
  11. ^ Oleynikov, 2000, 12-13 and 18.
  12. ^ Kruglov, 2002, 131.
  13. ^ Naimark, 1995, 209.
  14. ^ Oleynikov, 2000, 13 and 18.
  15. ^ Maddrell, 2006, 179-180.
  16. ^ Goals of Manfred von Ardenne’s Institute A included: (1) Electromagnetic separation of isotopes, for which von Ardenne was the leader, (2) Techniques for manufacturing porous barriers for isotope separation, for which Peter Adolf Thiessen was the leader, and (3) Molecular techniques for separation of uranium isotopes, for which Max Steenbeck was the leader. Max Christian Theodor Steenbeck ( 21 March 1904 in Kiel &ndash 15 December 1981 in East Berlin) was a German In his first meeting with Lavrentij Beria, von Ardenne was asked to participate in building the bomb, but von Ardenne quickly realized that participation would prohibit his repatriation to Germany, so he suggested isotope enrichment as an objective, which was agreed to. Lavrentiy Pavlovich Beria (ლავრენტი პავლეს ძე ბერია Lavrenti Pavles dze Beria; Russian: Лаврентий Павлович By the end of the 1940s, nearly 300 Germans were working at the institute, and they were not the total work force. See Oleynikov, 2000, 10-11.
  17. ^ Institute A was used as the basis for the Sukhumi Physical-Technical Institute. See Oleynikov, 2000, 12.
  18. ^ Oleynikov, 2000, 11-12.
  19. ^ Naimark, 1995, 213.
  20. ^ Today, NII-9 is the Bochvar All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Inorganic Materials, Bochvar VNIINM. See Oleynikov, 2000, 4.
  21. ^ Oleynikov, 2000, 13.
  22. ^ Oleynikov, 2000, 11.
  23. ^ Oleynikov, 2000, 13.
  24. ^ ”Электросталь” is sometimes transliterated as “Elektrostal”. A one-to-one transliteration scheme transliterates the Cyrillic letter “Э” as “Eh”, which distinguishes it from that for the Cyrillic letter “Е” given as “E”. Transliterations often also drop the soft sign “ь”.
  25. ^ The A-list, prepared by East Germany and the Soviet Union in 1954, had 18 names on it. These Germans were to be encouraged to stay in East Germany, as they had done work on the Soviet atomic bomb project. At least nine members worked in Riehl’s group at Ehlektrostal’:
    • Hans-Joachim Born, Alexander Catsch, Werner Kirst, Przybilla, Nikolaus Riehl, Herbert Thieme, Tobein, Günter Wirths, and Karl Zimmer. Hans-Joachim Born was a German radiochemist trained and educated at the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Chemie. Alexander Catsch (Katsch (1913 &ndash 1976 in Karlsruhe) was a German-Russian medical doctor and radiation biologist Nikolaus Riehl (1901 in Saint Petersburg, Russia &ndash 1990 was a German industrial Nuclear chemist. Günter Wirths was a German chemist who was an authority on Uranium production especially reactor-grade Karl Günter Zimmer ( 12 July 1911 &ndash 29 February 1988) was a German Physicist and radiation Biologist,
    • Schmidt may be may be a tenth Riehl group member Herbert Schmitz, or the name may refer to Fritz Schmidt, another nuclear scientist who was returned to Germany.
    Others on the list were:
    • Heinz Barwich, Justus Mühlenpfordt, and Karl-Franz Zühlke, who all worked at Institute G headed by Gustav Hertz,
    • Ingrid Schilling and Alfred Schimohr, who both worked at Institute A headed by Manfred von Ardenne,
    • Willi Lange, Gerhard Siewert, and Ludwig Ziehl. Heinz Barwich ( 22 July 1911 in Berlin &ndash 10 April 1966 in Cologne) was a German Nuclear physicist Gustav Ludwig Hertz ( July 22 1887, Hamburg &ndash October 30 1975, Berlin) was a German Experimental Manfred von Ardenne ( January 20, 1907 in Hamburg - May 26, 1997 in Dresden) was a German research and applied
    See Maddrell, 2006, 179-180.
  26. ^ Riehl and Seitz, 1996, 137-139.
  27. ^ Maddrell, 2006, 179-180.
  28. ^ Hartkopf, 1992, 251.
  29. ^ Wissenschaftspark-Leipzig
  30. ^ Hartkopf, 1992, 251.
  31. ^ Leibniz Society – Obituary Justus Mühlenpfordt.
  32. ^ Leibniz Society – Obituary Justus Mühlenpfordt.
  33. ^ Leibniz Society – Obituary Justus Mühlenpfordt
  34. ^ Leibniz-Sozietät - Bekannte Mitglieder
  35. ^ Hartkopf, 1992, 251.
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