In medieval England and Scotland, the Chief Justiciar (later known simply as the Justiciar) was roughly equivalent to a modern Prime Minister as the monarch's chief minister. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the political leader of the United Kingdom A minister or a secretary is a Politician who holds significant public office in a national or regional Government. Similar positions existed on the Continent, particularly in Norman Italy. The term is the English form of the medieval Latin justiciarius or justitiarius ('man of justice', i. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. e. judge).

Contents 1 England 1.1 List of (Chief) Justiciars 2 Scotland 3 Other jurisdictions 4 In popular culture 5 References 6 Sources

England

In the Kingdom of England the term Justiciar originally referred to any officer of the King's Court (Curia Regis), or, indeed, anyone who possessed a law court of their own or was qualified to act as a judge in the shire-courts. In each English shire, the Sheriff was the king's representative in all matters. A shire is an Administrative division of Great Britain and Australia. SHERIFF is a telecom fraud detection and management system originally developed by BT and MCI. The only appeal against decisions of the Sheriff or his courts was to the king. During the reign of William Rufus many sheriffs were severely overworked; Rufus eased the burden by appointing local justiciars to ease the burden in some shires. William II (c 1056 &ndash 2 August 1100) the third son of William I of England (William the Conqueror was King of England from 1087

The Norman kings were often overseas and appointed a Justiciar, Regent or Lieutenant to represent them in the kingdom, as the Sheriff did in the shire. Later this post became known as the Chief Justiciar (or royal capital justiciar), although the titles were not generally used contemporaneously. Some historians claim the first in the post was Roger of Salisbury; Frank Barlow argues in favour of Bishop Ranulf Flambard, a functionary within the household of William I of England, as the first, and points out that the role began, perhaps, with Odo of Bayeux in his relationship with William I. Roger (or Roger le Poer) (died 1139 was a Norman Medieval Bishop of Salisbury and the seventh Lord Chancellor and Lord Keeper Frank Barlow (born 1911 is a British historian known particularly for biographies of medieval figures Ranulf Flambard, also known as Ralph Flambard or Ranulph Flambard and sometimes Ranulf Passiflamme, (c William I of England ( 1027 His reign which brought Norman culture to England had an enormous impact on the subsequent course of England in the Middle Ages Odo of Bayeux (c 1036 &ndash February 1097 Palermo) Norman Bishop and English earl was the half-brother of William the Conqueror, and was for ^[1]

The Chief Justiciar was invariably a great noble or churchman, and the office became very powerful and important; enough indeed to be a threat to the King. The last great Justiciar, Hubert de Burgh, 1st Earl of Kent, was removed from office in 1231, and the Chancellor soon took the position formerly occupied by the Chief Justiciar as second to the King in dignity, as well as in power and influence. The Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, or Lord Chancellor is a senior and important functionary in the Government of the United Kingdom. Under King Edward I the office of Justiciar was replaced by separate heads for the three branches into which the King's Court was divided: Justices of the Court of Common Pleas, Justices of the Court of King's Bench and Barons of the Court of Exchequer. Edward I (17 June 1239 – 7 July 1307 popularly known as Longshanks, was a King of England who achieved historical fame by conquering large parts of Wales and almost The Court of Common Pleas, also known as the Common Bench, was a Common law court in the English legal system. The Queen's Bench (or during the reign of a male monarch the King's Bench) is the superior court in a number of jurisdictions within some of the Commonwealth realms

List of (Chief) Justiciars

name	term	King(s)
Roger of Salisbury		Henry I Stephen
Ralf Basset	1116	Henry I
Richard Basset		Henry I
Roger of Salisbury		Stephen
Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester		Henry II
Richard de Luci		Henry II
Ranulf de Glanville		Henry II Richard I
William de Mandeville, 3rd Earl of Essex		Richard I
Hugh de Puiset, Bishop of Durham	Dec. Roger (or Roger le Poer) (died 1139 was a Norman Medieval Bishop of Salisbury and the seventh Lord Chancellor and Lord Keeper Henry I (c 1068/1069 – 1 December 1135) was the fourth son of William I the Conqueror, the first King of England after the Norman Stephen often referred to in history as Stephen of Blois (c 1096 &ndash 25 October, 1154) was the last Norman King of England Henry I (c 1068/1069 – 1 December 1135) was the fourth son of William I the Conqueror, the first King of England after the Norman Henry I (c 1068/1069 – 1 December 1135) was the fourth son of William I the Conqueror, the first King of England after the Norman Roger (or Roger le Poer) (died 1139 was a Norman Medieval Bishop of Salisbury and the seventh Lord Chancellor and Lord Keeper Stephen often referred to in history as Stephen of Blois (c 1096 &ndash 25 October, 1154) was the last Norman King of England Robert de Beaumont 2nd Earl of Leicester (1104 &ndash 5 April 1168) was Justiciar of England 1155-1168 Richard de Luci (1089 - 14 July 1179 (also Richard de Lucy was first noted as Sheriff of the County of Essex. Ranulf de Glanvill (sometimes written Glanvil or Glanville) (died 1190 was chief justiciar of England during the reign of King Henry II Richard I (8 September 1157 &ndash 6 April 1199 was King of England from 6 July 1189 until his death William de Mandeville 3rd Earl of Essex (1st Creation (d 14 November, 1189) was a loyal councilor of Henry II and Richard I of England Richard I (8 September 1157 &ndash 6 April 1199 was King of England from 6 July 1189 until his death Hugh de Puiset (c 1125&ndash3 March 1195 was a medieval Bishop of Durham and Chief Justiciar of England under King Richard I. 1189-April 1190 [2]	Richard I
William Longchamp, Bishop of Ely		Richard I
Walter de Coutances, Archbishop of Rouen		Richard I
Hubert Walter, Bishop of Salisbury	1194–98	Richard I
Geoffrey Fitz Peter, 1st Earl of Essex	11 July 1198 - 14 October 1213[3]	Richard I John
Peter des Roches, Bishop of Winchester		John
Hubert de Burgh, 1st Earl of Kent		John Henry III
Stephen de Segrave	?-1234[2]	Henry III
Hugh Bigod	1258 to 1260	Henry III
Hugh le Despencer	1260-May 1261[2]	Henry III
Philip Basset	May 1261-?[2]	Henry III

^[4]

Scotland

In Scotland, Justiciars were the king's lieutenants for judicial and administrative purposes. Richard I (8 September 1157 &ndash 6 April 1199 was King of England from 6 July 1189 until his death William Longchamp (sometimes William de Longchamp or William de Longchamps) (died 1197 was a medieval chancellor of England Chief Jusiticar and Richard I (8 September 1157 &ndash 6 April 1199 was King of England from 6 July 1189 until his death Walter de Coutances (or Walter de Coutances or Walter of Coutances) (d Richard I (8 September 1157 &ndash 6 April 1199 was King of England from 6 July 1189 until his death Hubert Walter ( c 1160&ndash13 July 1205 was an influential royal adviser in the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries in the positions of Richard I (8 September 1157 &ndash 6 April 1199 was King of England from 6 July 1189 until his death Geoffrey Fitz Peter Earl of Essex, ( Piers de Lutegareshale) (c Richard I (8 September 1157 &ndash 6 April 1199 was King of England from 6 July 1189 until his death John (24 December 1167 &ndash 19 October 1216 reigned as a King of England from 6 April 1199 until his death Peter des Roches (died 9 June 1238 was Bishop of Winchester in the reigns of John of England and his son Henry III. John (24 December 1167 &ndash 19 October 1216 reigned as a King of England from 6 April 1199 until his death John (24 December 1167 &ndash 19 October 1216 reigned as a King of England from 6 April 1199 until his death Henry III (1 October 1207 &ndash 16 November 1272 was the son and successor of John "Lackland" as King of England, reigning for fifty-six years from 1216 Stephen de Segrave (or Stephen Sedgrave or Stephen Segrave) (c Henry III (1 October 1207 &ndash 16 November 1272 was the son and successor of John "Lackland" as King of England, reigning for fifty-six years from 1216 Hugh Bigod (c1211-1266 was Justiciar of England from 1258 to 1260 Henry III (1 October 1207 &ndash 16 November 1272 was the son and successor of John "Lackland" as King of England, reigning for fifty-six years from 1216 Sir Hugh (1223 &ndash August 4, 1265) was an important ally of Simon de Montfort during the reign of Henry III. Henry III (1 October 1207 &ndash 16 November 1272 was the son and successor of John "Lackland" as King of England, reigning for fifty-six years from 1216 Henry III (1 October 1207 &ndash 16 November 1272 was the son and successor of John "Lackland" as King of England, reigning for fifty-six years from 1216 Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. The office was established in the 12th century, either by Alexander I or by his successor, David I. Alexander I ( Mediaeval Gaelic: Alaxandair mac Maíl Coluim, Modern Gaelic: Alasdair mac Mhaol Chaluim) (c David I or Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim ( Modern: Daibhidh I mac Chaluim; b

The title of 'Justiciar' was reserved for two or three high officials, the chief one — the Justiciar of Scotia — having his jurisdiction to the north of the River Forth. The Justiciar of Scotia (in Norman - Latin, Justiciarus Scotie) was the most senior legal office in the High Medieval Kingdom of The Justiciar of Lothian dealt with the part of the kingdom south of the Forth-Clyde line. The Justiciar of Lothian (in Norman - Latin, Justiciarus Laudonie) was an important legal office in the High Medieval Kingdom of

The role of Justiciar evolved into the current Lord Justice-General, the head of the High Court of Justiciary, head of the judiciary in Scotland and a member of the Royal Household. The Lord President of the Court of Session is head of the judiciary in Scotland and presiding Judge (and Senator of the College of Justice and Court of Session The High Court of Justiciary is the supreme criminal court of Scotland.

The Duke of Argyll still holds the hereditary title of High Justiciar of Argyll, but no responsibilities now attach to it. The title Duke of Argyll was created in the Peerage of Scotland in 1701 and in the Peerage of the United

Other jurisdictions

The title Justiciar was given by Henry II of England to the Seneschal of Normandy. A seneschal was an officer in the houses of important nobles in the Middle Ages. Normandy (Normandie Norman: Normaundie) is a geographical region corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy.

In the 12th century, a magister justitiarius appeared in the Norman kingdom of Sicily, presiding over the Royal Court (Magna Curia), empowered, with his assistants, to decide, inter alia, all cases reserved to the Crown. Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. There is no clear evidence that this title and office were borrowed from England; it was probably based on a Norman practice instituted in both realms. In the 13th century the office of justiciar was instituted in several principal localities around Sicily.

In medieval Sweden, the lagman ("lawreader") was the judge, or person learned in law, for a province, an area with several local district courts. Since the position corresponds to the general meaning of 'justiciar', 'justiciar' is often used to translate 'lagman' in English texts. Lagmän were generally also members of the Senate of the realm, an institution corresponding to the English Privy Council. Finally, the Swedish term 'riksdrots' is often translated as 'Lord High Justiciar of Sweden'.

In popular culture

White Wolf's roleplaying game Vampire: The Masquerade adapted the title of Justiciar, but changed the spelling to Justicar. A role-playing game ( RPG; often roleplaying game) is a Game in which the participants assume the roles of Fictional characters. Created by Mark Rein·Hagen, Vampire The Masquerade was the first of White Wolf Game Studio's World of Darkness live-action Spelling is the Writing of a Word or words with the necessary letters and Diacritics present in an accepted standard order In Vampire: The Masquerade, Justicars are the enforcers of the Traditions of the Camarilla. The Masquerade is a Fictional term found in White Wolf Game Studio 's Vampire The Masquerade Books and Role-playing games In a meeting of the Inner Circle every thirteen years, each of the seven clans of the Camarilla each elect a single vampire to serve for the next thirteen years as Justicar for their clan. Vampires are mythological or folkloric revenants who subsist by feeding on the blood of the living ^[5]

Years later, the MMORPG World of Warcraft later picked up the same term, spelling it as Justicar like White Wolf did. A massively multiplayer online role-playing game ( MMORPG) is a genre of Computer role-playing games (CRPGs in which a large number of players interact with World of Warcraft (commonly acronymed as WoW) is a Massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG Justicar is a PvP title awarded to Alliance players since patch 2. PvP, also known as Player vs Player, is a Webcomic, written and drawn by Scott Kurtz, with around 100000 unique visitors per day A title is a prefix or suffix added to a person's name to signify either veneration an official position or a professional or academic qualification 1, which was released on May 22, 2007. ^[6]

References

Sources

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
• William Stubbs, Constitutional History of England
• Du Cange, Glossarium (Niort, f885) s. William Stubbs ( 21 June 1825 &ndash 22 April 1901) was an English Historian and Bishop of Oxford. Charles du Fresne sieur du Cange or Ducange ( Amiens, December 18, 1610 &ndash Paris, October 23, 1688) was v. Justitiarius (in Latin).

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