Juno was the protector and special counselor of the Roman state. She is a daughter of Saturn and sister (but also the wife) of the chief god Jupiter and the mother of Juventas, Mars, and Vulcan. In Roman mythology, Jupiter was the king of the gods and the god of Sky and Thunder. In Greek mythology, Hēbē ( Greek:) is the Goddess of youth ( Roman equivalent Juventas) Mars was the Roman Warrior god, the son of Juno and Jupiter, husband of Bellona, and the lover of Venus. In ancient Roman religion and Hellenic neopaganism, Vulcan is the god of beneficial and hindering fire including the fire of Volcanoes He is also
As the patron goddess of Rome and the Roman empire she was called Regina ("queen") and, together with Jupiter and Minerva, was worshipped as a triad on the Capitol (Juno Capitolina) in Rome. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The MInisterial NEtwoRk for Valorising Activities in digitisation, or MINERVA, is a European Union organization concerned with the digitisation of cultural and
As the Juno moneta (she who warns) she guarded over the finances of the empire and had a temple on the Arx (one of two Capitoline hills), close to the Royal Mint. In Roman mythology, Moneta ( Latin Monēta) was a title given to two separate goddesses the goddess of memory (identified with the Greek She was also worshipped in many other cities, where temples were built in her honor.
Every year, on the first of March, women held a festival in honor of Juno called the Matronalia . Matronalia (or Matronales Feriae) was a festival celebrating the goddess of childbirth ("Juno who brings children into the light" On this day, lambs and other cattle were sacrificed in her honor. Another festival called the Nonae Caprotinae ("The Nones of the Wild Fig") was held on July 7. Many people consider the month of June, which is named after the goddess who is the patroness of marriage, to be the most favorable time to marry. Lucina was an epithet for Juno as "she who brings children into light. "
Juno's own warlike aspect among the Romans is apparent in her attire. She often appeared armed and wearing a goatskin cloak, which was the garment favoured by Roman soldiers on campaign. This warlike aspect was assimilated from the Greek goddess Athena, whose goatskin was called the 'aegis. '
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Etymology and origin
There is a strong possible etymology for Juno in the Proto-Indo-European root *yeu-, "vital force", which has such derivatives as the English youth. The Petit Palais (Small Palace is a Museum in Paris, France. Built for the Universal Exhibition in 1900 to Charles Girault 's [1] Although such a derivation could possibly be consistent with an origin as a mother goddess, it is more likely that the root *yeu- is used in the same sense as other Latin words derived from it, such as iuvenis ("young man", with derivatives such as juvenile and rejuvenate), which would imply that Juno's nature prior to the syncretism of Greek and Roman mythology was more akin to Diana's, as a maiden goddess of birth or midwifery. A mother goddess is a Goddess, often portrayed as the Earth Mother who serves as a general Fertility deity the bountiful embodiment of the Earth. Syncretism consists of the attempt to reconcile disparate or contradictory beliefs often while melding practices of various schools of thought In Roman mythology, Diana was the goddess of the hunt, being associated with wild animals and woodland and also of the Moon. Birth is the act or process of bearing or bringing forth Offspring. Midwifery is a Health care profession where providers give Prenatal care to expecting Mothers attend the birth of the Infant However, the Roman absorption of Greek myth replaced earlier characteristics of Juno with those of Hera, extending her domain from birth to marriage and promoting her to the role of Jupiter's wife and the queen of the gods. Greek mythology is the body of stories belonging to the ancient Greeks concerning their gods and Heroes the nature of the world and the origins and significance In the Olympian pantheon of classical Greek Mythology, Hera (ˈhɪərə or /ˈhɛrə/ Greek) or Here ( in Ionic and Homer She could also throw lightning bolts like Jupiter. [2]
More immediately, Juno's Etruscan equivalent was Uni. The Etruscans were a people of unknown origin living in Northern Italy, who were eventually integrated into Roman culture and politically became part of the Roman Republic Uni was the supreme Goddess of the Etruscan pantheon and the patron goddess of Perugia. It is likely that one of these goddesses inspired the other, but whether Juno comes from Uni, or vice versa, remains disputed. Although there is currently more support for the theory that Uni is derived from Juno, if instead Juno's name is of Etruscan origin, it cannot have an Indo-European link to *yeu-, and its root meaning will remain ambiguous. There is some support for the theory of Uni being the original; Livy states (Book V, Ab Urbe Condita ) that Juno was an Etruscan goddess from Veii, who was ceremonially adopted into the Roman pantheon when Veii was sacked in 396BC. Titus Livius (traditionally 59 BC &ndash AD 17 known as Livy in English, was a Roman historian who wrote a monumental history of Rome Ab Urbe condita (literally "from The Etruscans were a people of unknown origin living in Northern Italy, who were eventually integrated into Roman culture and politically became part of the Roman Republic Veii (pron WAY-ee or VAY-ee also Veius) was in ancient times an important Etrurian city 16 km NNW of Rome, Italy; its site lies in the modern
Worship
Every year, women held a festival in honor of Juno called the Matronalia. Matronalia (or Matronales Feriae) was a festival celebrating the goddess of childbirth ("Juno who brings children into the light" Another festival in her honor, the Nonae Caprotinae ("The Nones of the Wild Fig") was held on July 7. Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death Many considered the month of June, which is named after Juno, the patroness of marriage, to be the most favorable time to marry. The Kalends of every month was also sacred to Juno, and she had festivals on July 1 and September 13. The Calends ( Latin Kalendae "the called" gen plural - arum) correspond to the first days of each month of the Roman calendar. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September
She held a special place in pantheon of the gods as "Queen of Sex" and was associated with genitals. Juno, as the genitals-goddess was associated with all aspects and the cycles of womanhood. Juno's own warlike aspect among the Romans is apparent in her attire. She often appeared armed and wearing a goatskin cloak, which was the garment favored by Roman soldiers on campaign. A cloak is a type of loose Garment that is worn over indoor Clothing and serves the same purpose as an Overcoat &mdashit protects the wearer from the cold This warlike aspect was assimilated from the Greek goddess Athena, whose goatskin was called the aigis. ATHENA was an Antimatter research project that took place at the AD Ring at CERN. "Aegis" (ˈiːdʒɨs has entered modern English to mean a shield protection or sponsorship originally from the name of the mythological protective shield of Zeus
Epithets
Even more than other major Roman deities, Juno held a large number of significant and diverse epithets, names and titles representing various aspects and roles of the goddess. An epithet (from Greek ἐπίθετον - epitheton, neut of ἐπίθετος - epithetos, "attributed added" is a In accordance with her central role as a goddess of marriage, these included Interduca ("she who leads the bride into marriage"), Domiduca ("she who leads the bride to her new home"), Cinxia ("she who loses the bride's girdle"). However, many other epithets of Juno are less thematically linked.
Juno was very frequently called Juno Regina ("Juno the Queen"). This aspect was the one named in the Temple of Jupiter as part of the Capitoline Triad, emphasizing that Juno's role as the wife of Jupiter and queen of the gods was the most important in that context. See Temple of Jupiter for temples to him in other places The Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus ("Jupiter greatest and best" also known The Capitoline Triad was a group of three supreme deities in Roman religion who were worshipped in an elaborate temple on Rome 's Capitoline Hill, the There were also temples of Juno Regina on the Aventine Hill, in the Circus Flaminius and in the area that became the Porticus Octaviae. The Aventine Hill is one of the seven hills on which ancient Rome was built The Circus Flaminius was a large circular area of land in Rome that contained a small race-track reserved for mysterious games and various other buildings and monuments Not to be confused with the Porticus Octavia. The Porticus Octaviae ( Portico of Octavia Italian: Portico di Ottavia On September 1, the festival of Juno took place. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. [3]
Juno protected the finances of the Roman Empire as Juno Moneta ("Juno who Warns" or "Juno the alone"). The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial
Lucina was an epithet for Juno as "she who brings children into the light", and Lucetia as "bringer of light" in general. She was also referenced as Pomona ("goddess of fruit"), Pronuba ("matron of honor") and Ossipagina ("bone setter" or "bone strengthener"). Some of these titles may have been invented as poetic descriptions, however, and may not have been actually used in the cult worship of Juno.
In Virgil's Aeneid, book I, verse 23, she is referred to as Saturnia, daughter of Saturnus. For the group of nine Ancient Egyptian deities see Ennead. The Aeneid (əˈniːɪd in
Statue at Samos
In The Netherlands, in Maastricht, which was founded as Trajectum ad Mosam about 2000 years ago, the remains of the foundations of a substantial temple for Juno and Jupiter are to be found in the cellars of Hotel Derlon. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Maastricht ( Dutch; Limburgish and city dialect Mestreech; French: Maestricht or Maëstricht; Spanish: Over part of the Roman remains the first Christian church of the Netherlands was built in the 4th century A. D.
The story behind these remains begins with Juno and Jupiter being born as twins of Saturn and Opis. Saturn ( Latin: Saturnus) was a major Roman God of agriculture and harvest Ops, more properly Opis, ( Latin: "Plenty" was a fertility deity and earth-goddess in Roman mythology of Sabine origin Juno was sent to Samos Island when yet a very young child. Samos (Σάμος is a Greek island in the North Aegean Sea, south of Chios, north of Patmos and the Dodecanese, and off She was carefully raised there until puberty, when she then married her brother. A statue was made representing Juno, the bride, as a young girl on her wedding day. It was carved out of Parian marble and placed in front of her temple at Samos for many centuries. Parian marble is a fine-grained semitranslucent pure-white Marble quarried during the classical era on the Greek island of Paros. Ultimately this statue of Juno was brought to Rome and placed in the sanctuary of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on the Capitoline Hill. In Roman mythology, Jupiter was the king of the gods and the god of Sky and Thunder. The Capitoline Hill, between the Forum and the Campus Martius, is one of the seven hills of Rome. For a long time the Romans honored her with many ceremonies under the name Queen Juno. The remains were moved then sometime between the first century and the four century to the Netherlands. [4]
In literature
- Perhaps Juno's most prominent appearance in Roman literature is as the primary antagonistic force in Virgil's Aeneid, where she is depicted as a cruel and savage goddess intent upon supporting first Dido and then Turnus and the Rutulians against Aeneas' attempt to found a new Troy in Italy. Latin literature, the body of written works in the Latin language remains an enduring legacy of the culture of Ancient Rome. Publius Vergilius Maro ( October 15, 70 BCE &ndash September 21, 19 BCE later called Virgilius, and known in English as Virgil or For the group of nine Ancient Egyptian deities see Ennead. The Aeneid (əˈniːɪd in Dido was according to Greek and Roman sources the founder and first Queen of Carthage (in modern-day Tunisia) In Virgil 's Aeneid, Turnus was the King of the Rutuli, and the chief antagonist of the hero Aeneas. The Rutuli or Rutulians were members of a legendary Italic tribe This article is about the Roman hero For other uses see Aeneas (disambiguation. Troy ( Greek: grc Τροία Troia, also, Ilion; Latin: Trōia, Īlium, Hittite: Wilusa or There has been some speculation—such as by Maurus Servius Honoratus, an ancient commentator on the Aeneid—that she is perhaps a conflation of Hera with the Carthaginian storm-goddess Tanit in some aspects of her portrayal here. "Servius" redirects here For the Roman king see Servius Tullius. In the Olympian pantheon of classical Greek Mythology, Hera (ˈhɪərə or /ˈhɛrə/ Greek) or Here ( in Ionic and Homer Carthage (Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Carthago from the Phoenician קרת חדשת phn-Latn Qart-ḥadašt meaning new town) refers Tanit was a Phoenician lunar Goddess, worshiped as the Patron goddess at Carthage where from the fifth century BCE onwards her name is associated
- Juno is also mentioned in The Tempest in Act IV, Scene I. In this, she relates to Prospero as they are both leaders in their realm and have spirit like messengers who are very loyal (Juno has Iris, Prospero has Ariel).
Pop Culture
Juno is the name of the sixteen-year-old title character who faces an unplanned pregnancy in a 2007 film of the same name. Juno is a 2007 American comedy-drama film directed by Jason Reitman and written by Diablo Cody. In the words of the movie's young protagonist, "My dad went through this huge obsession with Roman and Greek mythology, so he decided to name me after Zeus' wife. And Zeus, like, he had tons of lays, but I'm pretty sure Juno was his only wife. And she was supposed to be, like, really beautiful, but really mean. Like Diana Ross. " Strictly speaking Zeus' wife is named Hera after the Greek model. Juno is the Roman analogue of Hera, however, and her husband is Jupiter, the Roman analogue to Zeus.
In the manga Sailor Moon the character Sailor Juno, is named for the asteroid Juno and the Roman goddess Juno. The is a group of Fictional characters from the Sailor Moon Metaseries.
Notes
- ^ The American Heritage Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-82517-2.
- ^ Puhvel, Jaan (1987). Comparative Mythology (p. 151). Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-3938-6.
- ^ Scullard, H. H. (1981). Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic (p. 183). London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-8014-1402-4.
- ^ Virginia Brown's translation of Giovanni Boccaccio’s Famous Women, p. 13 - 14; Harvard University Press 2001; ISBN 0-674-01130-9
Ancient source references
- Servius, In Aeneida ii. 225
- Lactantius, Divinae institutions i. 17. 8
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