Junkers Ju 88 - Citizendia

Junkers Ju 88
Ju 88A
Type	Dive bomber/Tactical bomber/Night fighter/Torpedo bomber
Manufacturer	Junkers
Maiden flight	21 December 1936
Introduced	1939
Retired	1951 (France)
Primary user	Luftwaffe
Number built	15,000
Variants	Junkers Ju 188

The Junkers Ju 88 was a World War II Luftwaffe twin-engine, multi-role aircraft. An aerospace manufacturer is a company or individual involved in the various aspects of designing building testing selling and maintaining Aircraft, Aircraft parts The maiden flight of an Aircraft is the first occasion on which an aircraft leaves the ground of its own accord Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian This is a list of Aviation -related events from 1936: Events February British Marine Aircraft Ltd This is a list of Aviation -related events from 1939: Events January January 12 - the RAF Auxiliary Air Force Reserve This is a list of Aviation -related events from 1951: Events February February 21 - an English Electric Canberra ( German 'luftvafe is a generic German term for an Air force. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including ( German 'luftvafe is a generic German term for an Air force. Designed by Hugo Junkers in the mid 1930s it became one of the most versatile combat aircraft of the war. Hugo Junkers ( 3 February 1859 - 3 February 1935) was an innovative German Engineer, as his many Patents The Ju 88 suffered from a number of technical problems during the later stages of its development and early operational roles. But, like a number of other Luftwaffe bombers, it was used successfully as a bomber, dive bomber, nightfighter, Torpedo bomber, reconnaissance aircraft, heavy fighter, and even as a flying warhead during the closing stages of conflict. A bomber is a Military aircraft designed to attack ground and sea targets primarily by dropping Bombs on them A dive bomber is a Bomber aircraft that Dives directly at its targets in order to provide greater accuracy and limit the exposure to and effectiveness of A night fighter (also all-weather fighter) is a Fighter aircraft adapted for use at night or in other times of bad visibility Types The torpedo bomber first appeared during the later years of World War I. Reconnaissance (also scouting) is a military and medical term denoting exploration conducted to gain information A heavy fighter is a Fighter aircraft designed to carry heavier weapons or operate at longer ranges Mistel (Mistletoe was a Luftwaffe aircraft bombing system from late in World War II. ^[1] Despite its protracted development, the aircraft became one of the Luftwaffe's most crucial assets. There were 15,000 Ju 88s built during World War II, more than any other twin-engined German aircraft of the period.

Design and development

In August 1935 the Reichsluftfahrtministerium submitted its requirements for an unarmed, three seat, high-speed bomber, with a payload of 800-1,000 kg. The Reich Air Ministry (Reichsluftfahrtministerium was a government department during the period of Nazi Germany (1933-45 ^[2] Junkers presented their initial design in June 1936, and were given clearance to build two prototypes (Werknummer 4941 and 4942). ^[2] The first two aircraft were to have a range of 2,000 km and were to be powered by two DB 600s. The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Three further aircraft, (Werknummer 4943, 4944 and 4945), were to be powered by Jumo 211 engines. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout ^[2] The first two prototypes, Ju 88 V1 and V2, were different from the V3, V4 and V5 in that the latter three models were equipped with three defensive armament positions to the rear of the cockpit, and were able to carry two 1,000 kg bombs under the inner wing. The first five prototypes had conventionally operating dual strut leg rearwards-retracting main gear, but starting with the V6 prototype, a main gear design that twisted the new, single-leg main gear strut through 90° during the retraction sequence debuted, much like the American P-40 fighter design used. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout This feature allowed the main wheels to end up above the lower end of the strut when fully retracted and was adopted as standard for all future production Ju 88 aircraft. These single-leg landing gear struts also made use of stacks of conical Belleville washers inside them, as their main form of suspension for takeoffs and landings. A Belleville washer, also known as a cupped spring washer, is a type of non-flat washer At this time radical modifications began to produce a "heavy" dive-bomber. The wings were strengthened, dive brakes were added, the fuselage was extended and the number of crew increased to four. Despite these advances, the Ju 88 was to enter the war as a medium bomber.

The aircraft's first flight was made by the prototype Ju 88 V1, which bore the civil registration D-AQEN, on 21 December 1936. Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. When it first flew, it managed about 580 km/h (360 mph) and Hermann Göring, head of the Luftwaffe was ecstatic. Hermann Wilhelm Göring (also spelled Goering) (12 January 1893 15 October 1946 was a German Politician, Military leader and a leading member ( German 'luftvafe is a generic German term for an Air force. It was an aircraft that could finally fulfill the promise of the Schnellbomber, a high-speed bomber. A Schnellbomber (German literally fast bomber) is the concept of a high-speed bomber aircraft developed in the 1930s when it was believed The streamlined fuselage was modeled after its contemporary, the Dornier Do 17, but with fewer defensive guns because the belief still held that it could outrun late 1930s-era fighters. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The fifth prototype set a 1,000 km (620 mile) closed-circuit record in March 1939, carrying a 2,000 kg (4,100 lb) payload at a speed of 517 km/h (320 mph). ^[3] However, by the time Luftwaffe planners had had their own "pet" features added (including dive-bombing), the Ju 88's top speed had dropped to around 450 km/h (280 mph). ( German 'luftvafe is a generic German term for an Air force.

Dr. Heinrich Koppenberg (managing director of Jumo) assured Göring in the autumn of 1938 that 300 Ju 88s per month was definitely possible. Göring was in favour of the A-1 variant for mass production. Goring gave priority for materials to be diverted to the production of the Ju 88.

Production was delayed drastically with developmental problems. Although planned for a service introduction in 1938, the Ju 88 finally entered squadron service (with only 12 aircraft) on the first day of the attack on Poland in 1939. The Invasion of Poland (1939 precipitated World War II. It was carried out by Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, and a small German-allied Production was painfully slow with only one Ju 88 manufactured per week, as problems continually kept cropping up. The Ju 88C series of heavy fighter was also designed very early in 1940, but kept secret from Göring, as he only wanted bombers.

Operational history

Polish Campaign

All combat-ready Ju 88s (some 133), were pressed into the Blitzkrieg, but very high combat losses and accidents forced a quick withdrawal from action to re-train crews to fly this very high performance beast. Blitzkrieg (German for "lightning war" is a popular name for an Offensive operational-level Military doctrine which involves an initial By this time, major performance deficiencies in the A-1 led to an all-out effort in a major design rework. The outcome was a longer, 20. 08 meter (65 ft 10. 5 in) wingspan, from extended rounded wingtips, that was deemed needed for all A-1s; thus the A-5 was born. Surviving A-1s were modified as quickly as possible, with new wings to A-5 specifications.

Battle of Norway

The Luftwaffe comitted II. /Kampfgeschwader 30 to the campaign under Fliegerkorps X for Operation Weserübung. Operation Weserübung was the codename for Nazi Germany 's assault on Denmark and Norway during World War II and the opening operation ^[4] The unit was equipped with Ju 88s and engaged Allied shipping as its main target. On 9 April 1940 Ju 88s of KG 30 dive-bombed, in cooperation with high-level bombing Heinkel He 111s of KG 26, helped damage the battleship HMS Rodney and sink the destroyer HMS Gurkha. Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Service From commissioning until World War II broke out in September 1939 Rodney spent her entire time with the British Atlantic Fleet or Home However the unit lost four Ju 88s in the action, the highest single loss of the aircraft in combat throughout the campaign. ^[5]

Battle of France

The Luftwaffe's order of Battle for the French Camapaign reveals all but one of the Luftwaffe's Fliegerkorps (Fliegerkorps I) contained Ju 88s in the combat role. The mixed bomber units, including the Ju 88, of Kampfgeschwader 51 (under the command of Luftflotte 3) helped claimed between 233 - 248 Allied aircraft on the ground between 10-13 May 1940. Luftflotte 3 (Air Fleet 3 was one of the primary divisions of the German Luftwaffe in World War II. Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[6] The Ju 88 was particularly effective at dive-bombing. Between 13-24 May I. and II. /KG 54 flew 174 attack against rail systems, paralysing French logistics and mobility. ^[7] On 17 June 1940 Junkers Ju 88s (mainly from Kampfgeschwader 30) destroyed a "10,000 tonne ship" which was the 16,243 grt Lancastria off St Nazaire killing some 5,800 Allied personnel^[8]. Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. History Launched on the Clyde Scotland in 1920 as the Tyrrhenia for the Anchor Line a subsidiary of Cunard, the 16243 ton, 578

Battle of Britain

The Battle of Britain proved very costly. The Battle of Britain (German ''Luftschlacht um England'' is the name given to the sustained strategic effort by the German Luftwaffe during the summer and Its faster speed did not prevent Ju 88 losses exceeding those of its Dornier Do 17 and Heinkel He 111 stablemates, despite being deployed in smaller numbers than either. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout A series of field kits were made to make it less vulnerable, including the replacement of the rear machine gun by a twin barreled machine gun, and additional cockpit armour.

It was during the closing days of the Battle of Britain that the flagship Ju 88 A-4 went into service. Although slower yet than the A-1, nearly all of the troubles of the A-1 were gone, and finally the Ju 88 matured into the superb warplane that it was designed to be. The A-4 actually saw additional improvements including more powerful engines, but, unlike other aircraft in the Luftwaffe, did not see a model code change. The Ju 88 C series also benefited from the A-4 changes, and when the Luftwaffe finally did decide on a new heavy fighter, the Ju 88 C was a powerful, refined aircraft.

Versatility and Operational Development

Dive bomber

In October 1937 Generalluftzeugmeister Ernst Udet had ordered the development of the Ju 88 as a heavy dive-bomber. Colonel General Ernst Udet ( April 26 1896 – November 17 1941) was the second-highest scoring German Flying This decision was influenced by the success of the Junkers Ju 87 Stuka in this role. The Junkers Ju 87 or Stuka (from Stu rz' ka' mpfflugzeug, " Dive bomber " was a two-seat (pilot and rear gunner The Junkers development center at Dessau gave priority to the study of pull-out systems, and dive brakes. Dessau is a town in Germany on the junction of the rivers Mulde and Elbe, in the Bundesland (Federal State of Saxony-Anhalt A dive bomber is a Bomber aircraft that Dives directly at its targets in order to provide greater accuracy and limit the exposure to and effectiveness of ^[9] The first prototype to be tested as a dive-bomber was the Ju 88 V4 followed by the V5 and V6. These models became the planned prototype for the A-1 series. The V5 made its maiden flight on 13 April 1938, and the V6 on 28 June 1938. Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. Both the V5 and V6 were fitted with four bladed propellers, an extra bomb bay and a central "control system". ^[9] As a dive bomber, the Ju 88 was capable of pinpoint deliveries of heavy loads; however, despite all the modifications, dive bombing still proved too stressful for the airframe, and in 1943, tactics were changed so that bombs were delivered from a shallower, 45° diving angle. Aircraft and bomb sights were accordingly modified and dive brakes were removed. With an advanced Stuvi dive-bomb sight, accuracy remained very good for its time. Maximum bomb load of the A-4 was 2,500 kg, but in practice, standard bomb load was 1,500 to 2,000 kg. ^[10] Junkers later used the A-4 airframe for the A-17 torpedo carrier. However the variant lacked a ventral gun position. ^[11]

Fighter-bomber

The standard fighter-bomber version became the Ju 88C-6, applying experience acquired with the A-4 bomber, equipped with the same Jumo 211J engines. The C-6 was used mostly as fighter-bomber and therefore assigned to bomber units. As a reaction to the increasing number of attacks on German shipping, especially on U-boats in the Bay of Biscay, Kampfgeschwader 40 started flying anti-shipping patrols and escort missions from bases in France, in September 1942. They were a significant threat to the antisubmarine aircraft and operated as escort fighters for the more vulnerable Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor bombers. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout After the Allied invasion in Normandy, KG 40 was mauled in a number of desperate attacks on the landing beaches and in July 1944, the unit was disbanded.

Heavy fighter and Night fighter

Ju 88C

The Ju 88C was originally intended for the use as fighter-bomber and heavy fighter by adding fixed, forward firing, guns to the nose while retaining some bomb carrying ability of the A-series bomber. It was later adopted for the night fighter role and this became the main role of the Ju 88C.

First night fighter version of Ju 88 was C-2, based on A-1 and armed with one 20 mm MG FF cannon and three 7. 92 mm MG 17 machine-guns placed in new metal nose. These examples entered service in Zerstörerstaffel of KG 30 and unit was renamed II. /NJG 1 in July 1940.

C-6b version was C-6 Zerstörer plane equipped with FuG 202 Lichtenstein BC low-UHF band airborne intercept radar. Lichtenstein Radar was a German airborne radar in use during World War II. The first four C-6b fighters were tested in early 1942 in NJG 1. The trials were successful and the aircraft was ordered into production. In October 1943, many C-6bs were upgraded with new radar systems. The first new radar equipment was the FuG 212 Lichtenstein C-1 and, in 1944, the FuG 220 Lichtenstein SN-2.

A small number of the C-series fighters had their new solid metal noses specially painted to resemble the bomber A-series' "beetle's eye" faceted clear view nose glazing, in an attempt to delude Allied pilots into thinking the C-series fighters were actually the A-series bomber aircraft, and the unusual "camouflage" attempt did result initially, in a number of Allied aerial losses from the resultant misidentification.

Ju 88R

Ju 88 R-1 night fighter, RAF Hendon

The Ju 88 R-series night fighter were basically versions of the Ju 88 C-6b powered by BMW 801 radial engines. Hendon Aerodrome was an aerodrome in Hendon, north London, England and between 1908 and 1968 was an important centre for Aviation. The R-1 had 1560 PS BMW 801L engines and the R-2 had 1,700 PS BMW 801 G-2 engines.

One of the first aircraft from the R-1 series that went into service (Werknummer 360043) was involved in one of the most significant defections which the Luftwaffe suffered. On 9 May 1943, this night fighter, which was stationed with 10. Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. /NJG 3 in Norway, flew to Dyce Airfield (now Aberdeen Airport) with its entire crew complement and complete electronic equipment on board. Nachtjagdgeschwader 3 (NJG 3 was a Luftwaffe Night fighter - wing of World War II. Aberdeen Airport is the third largest Airport in Scotland, and one of the UK 's top 10 by number of flight movements. The fact that Spitfire fighters escorted it towards the end of its flight could indicate that its arrival had been expected. It was immediately transferred to Farnborough Airfield, received RAF markings (PJ876), and was tested in great detail. Farnborough Airport or TAG London Farnborough Airport (previously called RAE Farnborough) is an airport situated in Farnborough, Hampshire ^[12] The preserved aircraft is on exhibit at the RAF Museum. The Royal Air Force Museum ( RAF Museum) is a Museum dedicated to the history of Aviation, and the British Royal Air Force in particular

Ju 88G

Ju 88 R-1 night fighter captured by British forces at Copenhagen-Kastrup airfield, May 1945

All previous night fighter versions of the Ju 88 used a modified A-series fuselage. The G-series fuselage was purpose-built for the special needs of a night fighter. G-1 aircraft were fitted with the enlarged squared-off vertical fin/rudder tail unit of the Ju 188, more powerful armament and 1,700 PS BMW 801 G-2 radial engines plus additional FuG 350 Naxos or FuG 227 Flensburg homing devices as well as the now-standard FuG 220 Lichtenstein SN-2 90 MHz VHF radar. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The FuG 350 Naxos Radar detector was a World War II German counter measure to centimetric radar produced by a Cavity magnetron. The FuG 227 Flensburg was a German passive radar receiver developed by Siemens AG and introduced into service in Spring 1944.

G-6 versions were equipped with 1750 PS Jumo 213A inline-V12 engines, enlarged fuel tanks and often one or two MG 151/20 cannons in a Schräge Musik ("Jazz Music", i. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Schräge Musik, derived from the German Colloquialism for Jazz Music (the German word "schräg" literally means "slanted" or "oblique" e. slanted) installation. Guns were firing obliquely upwards and forwards from the upper fuselage - usually at an angle of 70 degrees.

Some of the final G-series models received updates to the engine, a high-altitude Jumo 213E or to the radar, FuG 218 Neptun V/R or the even newer FuG 240 Berlin N-1 cavity magnetron based, 30 gigahertz-band (centimetric) radar. A cavity magnetron is a high-powered Vacuum tube that generates coherent Microwaves They are commonly found in Microwave ovens as well as various The hertz (symbol Hz) is a measure of Frequency, informally defined as the number of events occurring per Second. Only about 10-20 of those were completed, before V-E Day. Victory in Europe Day ( V-E Day or VE Day) was May 7 and May 8, 1945, the dates when the World War II Allies

Many Luftwaffe nightfighter aces, such as Helmut Lent (110 victories) and Heinrich von und zu Sayn-Wittgenstein (87 victories) flew Ju 88s during their careers. Helmut Lent (13 June 1918 - 7 October 1944 was an "Ace" German fighter pilot of World War II, and one of only 27 people awarded the Knight's Cross with Prince Heinrich Alexander Ludwig Peter zu Sayn-Wittgenstein ( Copenhagen, August 14 1916 - KIA January 21 1944) was the third highest scoring ace of night-fighters in

The Japanese Navy ordered the specifications of an antisubmarine patrol/escort fleet aircraft, based on a medium bomber. Kyūshū closely patterned the Kyūshū Q1W Tokai ("Eastern Sea", Allied codename "Lorna") antisubmarine patrol/fleet escort aircraft after the Ju 88. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

Finnish Air Force

In early 1943, as Finland was fighting its Continuation War against the USSR, the Finnish Air Force bought 24 Ju 88s from Germany. The Continuation War (Jatkosota Fortsättningskriget Советско-финская война ( 25 June 1941 &ndash 19 September 1944) The aircraft were transferred to No. 44 Sqn in April. The 44th Sqn, had previously been equipped with Bristol Blenheims, but these were instead transferred to No. 42 Sqn. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Due to the complexity of the Ju 88, most of 1943 was used for training the crews on the aircraft, and only a handful of bombing missions were undertaken. The most notable was the raid on the Lehto partisan village on 20 August 1943 (where the whole squadron participated), and the raid on the Lavansaari air field (leaving seven Ju 88 damaged from forced landing in inclement weather). Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In the summer 1943, the Finns noted stress damage on the wings. This had occurred when the aircraft were used in dive bombing. Restrictions followed: the dive brakes were removed and it was only allowed to dive at a 45 degree angle (compared to 60-80 degrees previously). In this way, they tried to spare the aircraft from unnecessary wear.

One of the more remarkable missions was the bombing raid on 9 March 1944 against the Kasimovo airfield near Saint Petersburg, and the raid against the Aerosan base at Petsnajoki on 22 March 1944. Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River An aerosan (aэросани aerosani, literally 'aerosled' is a type of propeller-powered Snowmobile, running on skis used for communications mail deliveries Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The whole bomber regiment took part in the defence against the Soviets during the fourth strategic offensive. All aircraft flew several missions per day, day and night, when the weather permitted.

No. 44 Sqn was subordinated Lentoryhmä Sarko during the Lapland War (now against Germany), and the Ju 88s were used both for reconnaissance and for bombing. The Lapland War (Finnish Lapin sota) were the hostilities between Finland and Nazi Germany between September 1944 and April 1945 fought in the Finland's The targets were mostly vehicle columns. Reconnaissance flights were also done over northern Norway. The last war mission was flown on 4 April 1945. Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar

Ju-88 cockpit hood preserved at the Finnish Aviation Museum in Vantaa

After the wars, Finland was prohibited from using bomber aircraft with internal bomb stores, consequently, the Finnish Ju 88s were used for training until 1948. The Finnish Aviation Museum is a museum specialised in aircraft located in Vantaa, Finland. Geography Location Vantaa encompasses 243 km² of which 190 km² is water The aircraft were then scrapped over the following years. No Finnish Ju 88s have survived, but an engine is on display at the Central Finland Aviation Museum, and the structure of a German Ju 88 cockpit hood is preserved at the Finnish Aviation Museum in Vantaa. The Aviation Museum of Central Finland is an aviation museum in Tikkakoski, Jyväskylän maalaiskunta, Finland. The Finnish Aviation Museum is a museum specialised in aircraft located in Vantaa, Finland. Geography Location Vantaa encompasses 243 km² of which 190 km² is water

Variants

Ju 88A: Main bomber type with Jumo 211 engines.
Ju 88A-0: Pre-production aircraft.
Ju 88A-1: Initial production variant. 895 kW (1,200 hp) Jumo 211B-1 engines
Ju 88A-2: Jumo 211G-1 engines.
Ju 88A-3: Conversion trainer. Dual controls.
Ju 88A-4: Improved variant. Long span wings.
Ju 88B: Prototype with all-new fully glazed "stepless" crew compartment nose, developed into Ju 188.
Ju 88B-0: Ten pre-production aircraft with "stepless" fully glazed nose.
Ju 88C: Zestörer, fighter-bomber and night fighter, based on A-series, but with sheet metal nose.
Ju 88C-1: Planned fighter variant, powered by two B. M. W. 801MA engines. Never built.
Ju 88C-2: Initial production variant.
Ju 88C-4: Heavy fighter, reconnaissance variant.
Ju 88C-5: Improved heavy fighter variant.
Ju 88C-6a: Improved Ju-88C-5 variant.
Ju 88C-6b: Night fighter variant.
Ju 88C-6c: Night fighter variant.
Ju 88C-7a: Intruder variant.
Ju 88C-7b: Intruder variant.
Ju 88C-7c: Heavy fighter variant.
Ju 88D.: Long-range photo-reconnaissance variants, based on the Ju 88A-4.
Ju 88D-1: long-range photo-reconnaissance variant.
Ju 88D-2
Ju 88D-3
Ju 88D-4
Ju 88D-5
Ju 88G: Night fighter, new fuselage, tail section from Ju 188, optional Schräge Musik.
Ju 88H: Long-range photo-reconnaissance, fighter variants, based on the stretched Ju 88G-series fuselage.
Ju 88H-1: Long-range photo reconnaissance variant.
Ju 88H-2: Fighter variant.
Ju-88H-3: Long-range photo-reconnaissance variant.
Ju-88H-4: Fighters variant.
Ju 88P: Anti-Tank and anti-bomber variant with single Bordkanone series 50 or 75 mm or twin 37 mm cannons, small series, conversion of A-series bomber.
Ju 88P-1: Anti-tank variant fitted with a 75 mm PaK 40 cannon.
Ju 88P-2
Ju 88P-4
Ju 88R: C-series night fighter with BMW 801 engines.
Ju 88S: High-speed bomber with ventral Bola gondola removed and GM-1 nitrous oxide boost, fastest of all variants. GM-1 (Göring Mischung 1 colloquially known as Haha-Gerät (Ha-Ha Device was a system for injecting Nitrous oxide (laughing gas into Aircraft engines
Ju 88T: Photo-reconnaissance version of S-series.

Operators

Finnish Air Force Junkers Ju 88 A-4. The Finnish Air Force (FAF ( Finnish: Ilmavoimat, Swedish: Flygvapnet) is one of the branches of the Finnish Defence Forces. The FAF aircraft code for Ju 88 was JK

Bulgaria

Finland

Finnish Air Force (24)

No. 44 Squadron

France: Armée de l'Air (captured aircraft)
Germany: Luftwaffe
Hungary
Italy: Regia Aeronautica
Romania
Soviet Union: Soviet Air Force (captured)
Spanish State: Spanish Air Force (15)

Survivors

Junkers Ju 88 D-1/Trop, the "Baksheesh" aircraft

Around 14 aircraft still exist, although many of these are little more than collections of wreckage recovered from remote crash sites. The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. The Finnish Air Force (FAF ( Finnish: Ilmavoimat, Swedish: Flygvapnet) is one of the branches of the Finnish Defence Forces. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The French Air Force ( French: Armée de l'Air (ALA literally Air Army) is the Air force of the French Armed Forces. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. ( German 'luftvafe is a generic German term for an Air force. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The Royal Air Force ( Regia Aeronautica) was the name of the Italian Air Force established as an independent service from 1923 until the See also Kings of Romania The Kingdom of Roumania (or ' Romania ' in post-1969 and also current spelling was the old Romanian state based on a form of The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Soviet Air Force, also known under the abbreviation VVS, transliterated from Russian: ВВС, Военно-воздушные силы ( Voenno-Vozdushnye The Spanish State ( Estado Español) was the formal name given to Spain from 1939 to 1978 by the régime of Francisco Franco The Spanish Air Force ( Spanish: Ejército del Aire; literally "Army of the Air" is the Air force of Spain. Several reasonably intact airframes have been recovered from underwater crash sites in recent years, some of these aircraft are under restoration for static display, such as WNr. 0881203 in Bodø and WNr. Bodø is a city and municipality in the county of Nordland, Norway 088119 at Oslo Airport, Gardermoen. Oslo Airport Gardermoen (Norwegian Oslo lufthavn Gardermoen) is located at Gardermoen in Ullensaker, Norway, 48 km north of Oslo Only two complete aircraft exist:

Ju 88 D-1/Trop, Werk Nr. 430650: Long-range photographic reconnaissance aircraft that was in the service of the Romanian Air Force. The Forţele Aeriene Regale ale României (Royal Romanian Air Force or simply Forţele Aeriene Române ( Romanian Air Force) was the Air Arm of Royal Romanian In July 1943, it was flown to Cyprus by a Romanian pilot who wanted to defect to the British forces on the island. Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía Given the name Baksheesh, it was subsequently handed over to the U. Baksheesh is a term used to describe tipping charitable giving, and certain forms of Political corruption and Bribery in the Middle East and S. Air Force for examination and test flying. It is displayed at the National Museum of the United States Air Force, presently finished in its original-style Romanian military insignia. The National Museum of the United States Air Force (formerly the United States Air Force Museum) is the official National Museum of the United States Air
Ju 88 R-1, Werk Nr. 360043: Aircraft taken to Scotland by its defecting crew, exhibited at the RAF Museum, which still has its Lichtenstein BC radar's "Matratze" nose-nounted aerial array in place. The Royal Air Force Museum ( RAF Museum) is a Museum dedicated to the history of Aviation, and the British Royal Air Force in particular Lichtenstein Radar was a German airborne radar in use during World War II.

Specifications Ju 88 A-4

General characteristics

Crew: 4
Length: 14. 36 m (47 ft 2⅞ in)
Wingspan: 20. The wingspan (or just span) of an airplane or a Bird, is the distance from the left wingtip to the right wingtip 08 m (65. 88 ft)
Height: 5. 07 m (16. 63 ft)
Wing area: 54. 7 m² (587 ft²)
Loaded weight: 9,000 kg (20,000 lb)
Max takeoff weight: 14,000 kg (30,865 lb)
Powerplant: 2× Junkers Jumo 211J liquid-cooled inverted V-12, 1,044 kW (1,420 PS, 1,401 hp) each

Performance

Maximum speed: 475 km/h (295 m) at 5,300 m (17,388 ft)
Range: 2,300 km (max internal fuel) (1,429 mi)
Service ceiling 8,500 m (26,900 ft)

Armament

Guns:
- 3-6 machine guns, either MG 15, MG 81, MG 81Z or MG 131
Bombs: up to 1400 kg (3,086 lb) internally or up to 3,000 kg (6,614 lb) externally

Specifications Ju 88 G-1

Data from ^[13]