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Jumping spiders
A tiny spider of genus Sandalodes, approx 10 mm in size
A tiny spider of genus Sandalodes, approx 10 mm in size
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Section: Entelegynae
Superfamily: Salticoidea
Family: Salticidae
Blackwall, 1841
Diversity
553 genera, 5025 species

Subfamilies

Aelurillinae
Agoriinae
Amycinae
Ballinae
Dendryphantinae
Euophryinae
Hasariinae
Heliophaninae
Hisponinae
Lyssomaninae
Marpissinae
Myrmarachninae
Pelleninae
Plexippinae
Salticinae
Spartaeinae
Synagelinae
Synemosyninae
See List of Salticidae genera

The jumping spider family (Salticidae) contains more than 500 described genera and over 5,000 species, making it the largest family of spiders with about 13% of all species (Peng et al. Sandalodes is a Spider genus of the Salticidae family (jumping spiders Arthropods are Animals belonging to the Phylum Arthropoda (from Greek ἄρθρον arthron, " Joint " Arachnids are a class ( Arachnida) of joint-legged Invertebrate Animals in the subphylum Chelicerata. Spiders are Predatory Invertebrate Animals that have two body segments, eight legs no chewing mouth parts and no wings The Entelegynae are a subgroup of araneomorph spiders Almost all members of this group unlike most members of Haplogynae, have eight eyes and females have John Blackwall ( January 20, 1790 - May 1881 was a British naturalist. Aelurillinae is a Subfamily of Jumping spiders Amycinae is a Subfamily of Jumping spiders The Dendryphantinae are a subfamily of Jumping spiders that occur mainly in the New World. Euophryinae is a Subfamily of Jumping spiders The Lyssomaninae are a Subfamily of Jumping spiders with eight described genera Salticus is a Spider genus of the Salticidae family (jumping spiders The Spartaeinae are a subfamily of the spider family Salticidae (jumping spiders See also List of Salticidae species This is a list of all (about 550 described Genera of Salticidae spiders (jumping spiders as In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. Spiders are Predatory Invertebrate Animals that have two body segments, eight legs no chewing mouth parts and no wings , 2002). Jumping spiders have good vision and use it for hunting and navigating. They are capable of jumping from place to place, secured by a silk tether. Spider silk, also known as Gossamer, is a Protein Fiber spun by Spiders Spiders use their silk to make webs or other structures which function Both their book lungs and the tracheal system are well-developed, as they depend on both systems (bimodal breathing). A book lung is a type of Respiration organ used for atmospheric gas exchange and is found in Arachnids such as Scorpions and Spiders Each of these

Contents

Habitat

Jumping spiders live in a variety of habitats. Tropical forests harbor the most species, but they are also found in temperate forests, scrub lands, deserts, the intertidal zone (in Malaysia), even mountains one species is reported to have been the spider collected at the highest elevation, on the slopes of Mt. Everest (Wanless, 1975). The Tropics are centered on the Equator and limited in Latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere at approximately 23°26' (23 A forest is an area with a high density of Trees There are many definitions of a forest based on various criteria A desert is a Landscape or region that receives very little precipitation. For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and Euophrys omnisuperstes (the specific name means standing above everything) is a small black Jumping spider that lives at elevations of up to 6700 Mount Everest, also called Sagarmatha (सगरमाथा meaning Head of the Sky) or Chomolungma, Qomolangma or Zhumulangma (in Certain species of Salticidae are quite common in Europe, such as the Zebra Jumping Spider Salticus scenicus, which is commonly found resting on sun-warmed stone or brick walls. The zebra spider ( Salticus scenicus) is a common Household jumping spider.

Appearance

Jumping spiders are generally recognized by their eye pattern. Eyes are organs that detect Light, and send signals along the Optic nerve to the visual areas of the brain They typically have eight eyes arranged in two or three rows. The front, and most distinctive row is enlarged and forward facing to enable stereoscopic vision. Stereopsis (from stereo meaning solidity and opsis meaning vision or Sight) is the process in Visual perception leading to the sensation The others are situated back on the cephalothorax. The cephalothorax (call prosoma in some groups is an anatomical term used in Arachnids and Malacostracan Crustaceans for the

Colours and patterns vary widely. Several species of jumping spiders appear to mimic ants, beetles, or pseudoscorpions. Ant mimicry is Mimicry of Ants by other organisms Ants are abundant all over the world and insect Predators that rely on vision to identify their prey such Beetles are the group of Insects with the largest number of known Species. A pseudoscorpion, (also known as a false scorpion or book scorpion) is an Arachnid belonging to the order Pseudoscorpionida, also known Others may appear to be parts of grass stems, bumps on twigs, bark, part of a rock or even part of a sand surface. Grass is the common word that generally describes Monocotyledonous green Plants The family Gramineae ( Poaceae) are the "true grasses" and include

Behavior

Jumping spiders are generally diurnal, active hunters. In Animal behavior, diurnality indicates an Animal that is active during the Daytime and rests during the Night. Their well developed internal hydraulic system extends their limbs by altering the pressure of body fluid (blood) within them. For the mechanical technology see Hydraulic machinery and Hydraulic cylinder Hydraulics is a topic of science and Engineering This enables the spiders to jump without having large muscular legs like a grasshopper. Grasshoppers are Insects of the suborder Caelifera in the order Orthoptera. The jumping spider can therefore jump 20 to 60 or even 80 times the length of their body. When a jumping spider is moving from place to place, and especially just before it jumps, it tethers a filament of silk to whatever it is standing on. Should it fall for one reason or another, it climbs back up the silk tether.

Unlike almost all other spiders, they can quite easily climb on glass. Minute hairs and claws on their feet enable them to grip imperfections in the glass.

Jumping spiders also use their silk to weave small tent-like dwellings where females can protect their eggs, and which also serve as a shelter while moulting. In most Birds and Reptiles an egg ( Latin ovum) is the Zygote, resulting from Fertilization of the Ovum. Ecdysis is the Molting of the Cuticula in Arthropods and related groups ( Ecdysozoa)

Jumping spiders are known for their curiosity. If approached by a human hand, instead of scuttling away to safety as most spiders do, the jumping spider will usually leap and turn to face the hand. Further approach may result in the spider jumping backwards while still eyeing the hand. The tiny creature will even raise its forelimbs and "hold its ground. " Because of this contrast to other arachnids, the jumping spider is regarded as inquisitive as it is seemingly interested in whatever approaches it.

Vision

The four front eyes of a jumping spider (there are eight eyes total).
The four front eyes of a jumping spider (there are eight eyes total).

Jumping spiders have very good vision centered in their anterior median eyes (AME). In Psychology, visual perception is the ability to interpret information from Visible light reaching the Eyes The resulting Perception is also In fields of Anatomy, anatomical terms of location are descriptive terms to help identify relative positions or directions within a species Their eyes are able to create a focused image on the retina, which has up to four layers of receptor cells in it (Harland & Jackson, 2000). Physiological experiments have shown that they may have up to four different kinds of receptor cells, with different absorption spectra, giving them the possibility of up to tetrachromatic color vision, with sensitivity extending into the ultra-violet range. A material's absorption spectrum shows the fraction of incident Electromagnetic radiation absorbed by the material over a range of Frequencies. Tetrachromacy is the condition of possessing four independent channels for conveying Color information or possessing four different cones. Color vision is the capacity of an organism or machine to distinguish objects based on the Wavelengths (or frequencies) of the Light they reflect or emit Ultraviolet ( UV) light is Electromagnetic radiation with a Wavelength shorter than that of Visible light, but longer than X-rays It seems that all salticids, regardless of whether they have two, three or four kinds of color receptors, are highly sensitive to UV light (Peaslee & Wilson, 1989). Ultraviolet ( UV) light is Electromagnetic radiation with a Wavelength shorter than that of Visible light, but longer than X-rays Some species (for example, Cosmophasis umbratica) are highly dimorphic in the UV spectrum, suggesting a role in sexual signaling (Lim & Li, 2005). Cosmophasis umbratica is a species of Jumping spider that occurs from India to Sumatra. Color discrimination has been demonstrated in behavioral experiments.

The principal eyes have high resolution (11 min. visual angle) [1], but the field of vision is narrow, from 2-5 degrees.

Because the retina is the darkest part of the eye and it moves around, one can sometimes look into the eye of a jumping spider and see it changing color. When it is darkest, you are looking into its retina and the spider is looking straight at you. [2]

Diet

Hunting

Jumping spiders capture their prey by jumping on it from several inches away, and they may jump from twig to twig or leaf to leaf. They can jump many times their body length. They can carry out complex maneuvers such as detours around obstacles in order to reach their prey. Their eyesight is much better than the other spiders and most, if not all, insects. Most other spiders will only eat prey that they have captured live because they are unable to see dead prey (some long-legged sac spiders and anyphaenid sac spiders are exceptions as they recognize insect eggs as food) but jumping spiders will eat flies that have been killed for them. The long-legged sac spiders ( family Miturgidae) include nearly 400 Species in about 30 genera worldwide The anyphaenid sac spiders (family Anyphaenidae) are distinguished from the sac spiders and other Spiders by having the abdominal spiracle placed one One jumping spider (Evarcha culicivora) is even known to only capture mosquitos full of blood, using their eyesight and smell. Evarcha culicivora is a species of Jumping spider from Kenya. Mosquitoes are insects in the family Culicidae. They have a pair of scaled wings a pair of Halteres, a slender body and long legs

Nectar and pollen

Even if there are no spiders that are pure herbivores, there are some jumping spiders which include nectar and pollen in their diet (Jackson et al. Herbivory is a form of Predation in which an Organism, known as a herbivore, consumes principally Autotrophs ref name=Campbell>Campbell Nectar is a Sugar -rich liquid produced by plants It is produced either by the Flowers in which it attracts pollinating animals or by extrafloral Pollen is a fine to coarse powder consisting of microgametophytes ( pollen grains) which produce the male Gametes (sperm cells of , 2001). So far none are known to feed on seeds. When insects land on plants such as the partridge pea, which offers the spiders nectar through their extrafloral nectaries, the jumping spiders help protect the plant in return by killing and eating insects that might damage the plant.

Gliding

At least one species of jumping spiders, known as the Gliding Spider (Maratus volans) from Australia, has an abdomen with two wing-like flaps that can be tucked underneath it when not in use. The Peacock spider or Gliding spider ( Maratus volans) is a species of Jumping spider. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. When the spider is leaping, it can use its flaps to extend the jump and glide short distances through the air.

Venom

Some jumping spiders may bite to protect themselves if disturbed. However, jumping spiders usually escape and hide, and will only bite if provoked and cornered. While the bite of a larger jumping spider can be painful, only a few species produce any other effects. Almost all spiders (except hackled orb-weavers) have venom, but the venom of most spiders is no worse than the venom of a bee. The hackled orbweavers (family Uloboridae) have the special distinction of being non- venomous Spiders Their lack of poison glands is a secondary evolved This article is about the class of Biotoxins For other uses see Venom (disambiguation and Venomous (disambiguation. Bees are flying Insects closely related to Wasps and Ants Bees are a Monophyletic lineage within the superfamily Apoidea For more information of envenomation see the Spider bite article. '''Spiders''' occasionally bite humans Although 98-99% of spider bites are harmless more rarely the symptoms of their bites can include necrotic wounds systemic

Reproduction

Jumping spiders use their vision in complex visual courtship displays. Males are often quite different in appearance than females and may have plumose hairs, colored or metallic hairs, front leg fringes, structures on other legs and other, often bizarre, modifications. These are used in visual courtship in which the colored or metallic parts of the body are displayed and complex sideling, vibrational or zigzag movements are performed in a courtship "dance. " A 2008 study of Phintella vittatain in Current Biology suggested that female spiders reacted to the male reflecting ultraviolet B light before mating, a finding that challenges the previously held assumption that animals did not register ultraviolet B light. Phintella is a Spider genus of the Salticidae family (jumping spiders Current Biology is a scientific journal that covers all areas of Biology, especially Molecular biology, Cell biology, Genetics, Ultraviolet ( UV) light is Electromagnetic radiation with a Wavelength shorter than that of Visible light, but longer than X-rays [1] In recent years it has been discovered that many jumping spiders may have auditory signals as well, with amplified sounds produced by the males sounding like buzzes or drum rolls.

Gallery

Salticus scenicus

male Saitis barbipes

Phidippus audax

Phidippus workmani

Marpissa muscosa

Paraphidippus aurantius

ant mimic spider

Eris species

male Plexippus setipes

Female Phidippus mystaceus

Metacyrba undata

Holoplatys semiplanata

Phidippus johnsoni, the so-called "red-backed jumping spider"

Salticus scenicus

Probably Phidippus sp. The zebra spider ( Salticus scenicus) is a common Household jumping spider. Saitis barbipes is a common jumping spider in the Mediterranean region where it can be found on houses and rocks Phidippus audax is a common Jumping spider of North America. It is commonly referred to as the Daring Jumping Spider, or Bold Jumping Marpissa muscosa is a Jumping spider. Females reach about 8-11mm length males only 6-8mm Paraphidippus aurantius is a species of Jumping spider. Distribution P Ant mimicry is Mimicry of Ants by other organisms Ants are abundant all over the world and insect Predators that rely on vision to identify their prey such Eris is a Genus of the Spider family Salticidae ( Jumping spiders. Phidippus mystaceus is a species of Jumping spider that is found in North America. "Platycryptus" undatus, also called tan jumping spider, is a Species of Jumping spider. The redbacked jumping spider ( Phidippus johnsoni) is one of the largest and most commonly encountered Jumping spider of western North America. Phidippus is a genus in the family Salticidae (jumping spiders

Mopsus mormon Devouring a fly

For many more pictures see

See also

References

  1. ^ Rebecca Morelle, " Study sheds light on spider sex", BBC News, 2 May 2008. Mopsus is an Australian Spider genus of the Salticidae family (jumping spiders See also List of Salticidae species This is a list of all (about 550 described Genera of Salticidae spiders (jumping spiders as Spider taxonomy is the Alpha taxonomy of the Spiders members of the Araneae order of the arthropod

PDF

External links

Dictionary

jumping spider

-noun

  1. any of very many spiders, of the family Salticidae, that jump from place to place with the aid of a silk tether.
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