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The July Monarchy (1830-1848) was a period of liberal monarchy rule of France under Louis-Philippe. Charles X of the House of Bourbon was overthrown in the July Revolution,[1] and was succeeded on August 9, 1830 by Louis-Philippe of the House of Orléans (a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon). Following the ousting of Napoleon I of France in 1814 the Allies restored the Bourbon Dynasty to the French throne History Revolution of 1848 See also Mid-nineteenth century France The industrial population of the Faubourgs The National flag of France (known in French as drapeau tricolore, drapeau français,and in military parlance les couleurs The current emblem of France has been a symbol of France since 1953 although it does not have any legal status as an official coat of arms Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national Capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist the capital was moved or the capital Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A constitutional monarchy, or a limited monarchy, is a form of Constitutional Government, wherein either an elected or hereditary Monarch is List of Queens and Empresses of France Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below Louis Philippe ( 6 October 1773 &ndash 26 August 1850) was King of the French from 1830 to 1848 in what was known as the A legislature is a type of representative Deliberative assembly with the power to create amend and change Laws The law created by a legislature is called Legislation This article is for the post-Revolutionary and present-day institution Peerage of France (Pairie de France was a distinction within the French nobility which appeared in the Middle Ages. Chamber of Deputies (la Chambre des députés was the name given to several parliamentary bodies in France in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries 1814–1848 The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution, saw the overthrow of King Charles X, the French The February 1848 Revolution in France ended the reign of King Louis-Philippe, and led to the creation of the French Second Republic (1848-1852 A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is The franc (represented by the franc sign ₣ or more commonly just F) is a former Currency of France. Louis Philippe ( 6 October 1773 &ndash 26 August 1850) was King of the French from 1830 to 1848 in what was known as the Charles X (9 October 1757 – 6 November 1836 ruled as King of France and Navarre from 20 May 1824 until the French Revolution of 1830, when he abdicated The House of Bourbon is an important European Royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution, saw the overthrow of King Charles X, the French Orléans is the name used by several branches of the Royal House of France all descended in the legitimate male line from the dynasty's royal founder Hugh Capet The House of Bourbon is an important European Royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. Proclaiming himself the "King of the French" (roi des Françaises) instead of "King of France" (roi de France), thus underscoring the supremacy of popular sovereignty, Louis-Philippe established a moderate, constitutional monarchy. Popular Monarchy is a system of monarchical governance in which the monarch's title is linked with the people rather than a unitary state Popular sovereignty or the sovereignty of the people is the belief that the legitimacy of the State is created by the will or consent of its people, who A constitutional monarchy, or a limited monarchy, is a form of Constitutional Government, wherein either an elected or hereditary Monarch is The new regime's ideal was explicated by Louis-Philippe's famous statement in January 1831: "We will attempt to remain in a juste milieu (the just middle), in an equal distance from the excesses of popular power and the abuses of royal power. "[2]
Pushed to the throne by an alliance between the people of Paris, the Republicans, who had set up barricades in the capital, and the liberal bourgeoisie, the "Citizen King" was overthrown by similar barricades during the February Revolution of 1848, which led to the proclamation of the Second Republic. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Republicanism is the Ideology of governing a nation as a Republic, with an emphasis on Liberty, Rule of law, Popular sovereignty A barricade is any object or structure that creates a barrier or obstacle to control block passage or force the flow of Traffic in the desired direction Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal The February 1848 Revolution in France ended the reign of King Louis-Philippe, and led to the creation of the French Second Republic (1848-1852 History Revolution of 1848 See also Mid-nineteenth century France The industrial population of the Faubourgs After his ousting and subsequent exile to England, the liberal, Orleanist faction, continued to support a return of the House of Orléans to the throne, opposed by the counter-revolutionary Legitimists, but the July Monarchy was to be the last monarchy of France. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The Orléanists were a French Right-wing / Center-right Political faction or party which arose out of the French Revolution Orléans is the name used by several branches of the Royal House of France all descended in the legitimate male line from the dynasty's royal founder Hugh Capet A counter-revolutionary is anyone who opposes a Revolution, particularly those who act after a revolution to try to overturn or reverse it in full or in part Legitimists are Royalists in France who believe that the King of France and Navarre must be chosen according to the simple application of the The Legitimists withdrew from the political stage to their castles, leaving the stage opened for the struggle between the Orleanists and the Republicans.
The July Monarchy (1830-1848) is generally seen as a period during which the haute bourgeoisie was dominant, and marked the shift from the counter-revolutionaries Legitimists to the Orleanists, who were willing to make some compromises with the changes brought by the 1789 Revolution. The Orléanists were a French Right-wing / Center-right Political faction or party which arose out of the French Revolution The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an Louis-Philippe was crowned “King of the French,” instead of "King of France": this marked his acceptance of the popular sovereignty, which replaced the Ancien Régime 's divine right. Popular Monarchy is a system of monarchical governance in which the monarch's title is linked with the people rather than a unitary state Popular sovereignty or the sovereignty of the people is the belief that the legitimacy of the State is created by the will or consent of its people, who Ancien Régime ( pronounced: /ɑ̃sjɛ̃ ʁeʒim/ refers primarily to the aristocratic social and political system established in The Divine Right of Kings is a general term that refers to the philosophy and ideas used to justify the authority and legitimacy of Monarchs in Medieval and Louis-Philippe clearly understood his base of power: the wealthy bourgeoisie had carried him aloft during the July Revolution through their work in the Parliament, and throughout his reign, he kept their interests in mind. The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution, saw the overthrow of King Charles X, the French This article is for the post-Revolutionary and present-day institution
Louis-Philippe, who had flirted with liberalism in his youth, rejected much of the pomp and circumstance of the Bourbons and surrounded himself with merchants and bankers. Liberalism and radicalism in France do not form the same type of ideology The House of Bourbon is an important European Royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. The July Monarchy, however, remained a time of turmoil. A large group of Legitimists on the right demanded the restoration of the Bourbons to the throne. In Politics, right-wing, the political right, and the Right are positions that uphold traditional values and/or authorities On the left, Republicanism and, later Socialism, remained a powerful force. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Late in his reign Louis-Philippe became increasingly rigid and dogmatic and his President of the Council, François Guizot, had become deeply unpopular, but Louis-Philippe refused to remove him. The Prime Minister of France ( Premier ministre français) in Fifth Republic is the functional Head of the government and Council of Ministers François Pierre Guillaume Guizot (4 October 1787 -12 September 1874 was a French Historian, Orator, and Statesman. The situation gradually escalated until the Revolutions of 1848 saw the fall of the monarchy and the creation of the Second Republic. The February 1848 Revolution in France ended the reign of King Louis-Philippe, and led to the creation of the French Second Republic (1848-1852 History Revolution of 1848 See also Mid-nineteenth century France The industrial population of the Faubourgs
However, during the first several years of his regime, Louis-Philippe appeared to move his government toward legitimate, broad-based reform. The government found its source of legitimacy within the Charter of 1830, written by reform-minded members of Chamber of Deputies upon a platform of religious equality, the empowerment of the citizenry through the reestablishment of the National Guard, electoral reform, the reformation of the peerage system, and the lessening of royal authority. The Charter of 1830 (Charte de 1830 instigated the July Monarchy in France. Chamber of Deputies (la Chambre des députés was the name given to several parliamentary bodies in France in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries 1814–1848 The National Guard ( la Garde nationale) was the name given at the time of the French Revolution to the Militias formed in each city in imitation of Peerage of France (Pairie de France was a distinction within the French nobility which appeared in the Middle Ages. And indeed, Louis-Phillipe and his ministers adhered to policies that seemed to promote the central tenets of the constitution. However, the majority of these policies were veiled attempts to shore up the power and influence of the government and the bourgeoisie, rather than legitimate attempts to promote equality and empowerment for a broad constituency of the French population. Thus, though the July Monarchy seemed to move toward reform, this movement was largely illusory.
During the years of the July Monarchy, enfranchisement roughly doubled, from 94,000 under Charles X to more than 200,000 by 1848. Suffrage (from the Latin suffragium, meaning "voting tablet" and figuratively "right to vote" probably from suffrago "hough" and originally However, this represented only roughly one percent of population, and as the requirements for voting were tax-based, only the wealthiest gained the privilege. Suffrage (from the Latin suffragium, meaning "voting tablet" and figuratively "right to vote" probably from suffrago "hough" and originally By implication, the enlarged enfranchisement tended to favor the wealthy merchant bourgeoisie more than any other group. Beyond simply increasing their presence within the Chamber of Deputies, this electoral enlargement provided the bourgeoisie the means by which to challenge the nobility in legislative matters. Chamber of Deputies (la Chambre des députés was the name given to several parliamentary bodies in France in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries 1814–1848 Thus, while appearing to honor his pledge to increase suffrage, Louis-Philippe acted primarily to empower his supporters and increase his hold over the French Parliament. The inclusion of only the wealthiest also tended to undermine any possibility of the growth of a radical faction in Parliament, effectively serving socially conservative ends.
The reformed Charter of 1830 limited the power of the King – stripping him of his ability to propose and decree legislation, as well as limiting his executive authority. However, the King of the French still believed in a version of monarchy that held the king as much more than a figurehead for an elected Parliament, and as such, he was deeply involved in legislative affairs. One of the first acts of Louis-Philippe in constructing his cabinet was to appoint the rather conservative Casimir Perier as the premier of that body. Perier, a banker, was instrumental in shutting down many of the Republican secret societies and labor unions that had formed during the early years of the regime. A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming In addition, he oversaw the dismemberment of the National Guard after it proved too supportive of radical ideologies. He performed all of these actions, of course, with royal approval. He was once quoted as saying that the source of French misery was the belief that there had been a revolution. “No Monsieur,” he said to another minister, “there has not been a revolution: there is simply a change at the head of state. ”
Further expressions of this conservative trend came under the supervision of Perier and the then Minister of the Interior, François Guizot. François Pierre Guillaume Guizot (4 October 1787 -12 September 1874 was a French Historian, Orator, and Statesman. The regime acknowledged early on that radicalism and republicanism threatened it, undermining its laissez-faire policies. For opposition to all forms of government social hierarchy or authority see Anarchism. Thus, the Monarchy declared the very term republican illegal in 1834. Guizot shut down republican clubs and disbanded republican publications. Republicans within the cabinet, like the banker Dupont, were all but excluded by Perier and his conservative clique. Distrusting the sole National Guard, Louis-Philippe increased the size of the army and reformed it in order to ensure its loyalty to the government. The French Army, officially the Armée de Terre (Land Army is the land-based component of the French Armed Forces and its largest
Though two factions always persisted in the cabinet, split between liberal conservatives like Guizot (le parti de la Résistance, the Party of Resistance) and liberal reformers like the aforementioned journalist Adolphe Thiers (le parti du Mouvement, the Party of Movement), the latter never gained prominence. Louis-Adolphe fr Thiers ( Marseille, 16 April 1797&ndash3 September 1877 was a French politician and Historian. After Perier came count Molé, another conservative. Louis Mathieu comte Molé (24 January 1781 - 23 November 1855 was a French Statesman Biography Molé was born in Paris. After Molé came Thiers, a reformer later sacked by Louis-Philippe after attempting to pursue an aggressive foreign policy. After Thiers came the conservative Guizot. In particular, the Guizot administration was marked by increasingly authoritarian crackdowns on republicanism and dissent, and an increasingly pro-business laissez-faire policy. Authoritarianism describes a Form of government characterized by an emphasis on the Authority of the State in a republic or union This policy included protective tariffs that defended the status quo and enriched French businessmen. For other uses of this word see Tariff (disambiguation. A tariff is a tax imposed on goods when they are moved across a political boundary Guizot’s government granted railway and mining contracts to the bourgeois supporters of the government, and even contributing some of the start-up costs. "Railroad" and "Railway" both redirect here For other uses see Railroad (disambiguation. As workers under these policies had no legal right to assemble, unionize, or petition the government for increased pay or decreased hours, the July Monarchy under Perier, Molé, and Guizot generally proved detrimental to the lower classes. In fact, Guizot’s advice to those who were disenfranchised by the tax-based electoral requirements was a simple “enrichissez-vous” – enrich yourself.
Background
- Further information: France in the nineteenth century
Following the ouster of Napoléon Bonaparte in 1814, the Allies restored the Bourbon Dynasty to the French throne. Following the ousting of Napoleon I of France in 1814 the Allies restored the Bourbon Dynasty to the French throne The History of France from 1789 to 1914 ( The long 19th century) extends from the French Revolution to World War I and includes Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. Year 1814 ( MDCCCXIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The House of Bourbon is an important European Royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. The ensuing period is called in French "The Restoration" and is characterized by a sharp conservative reaction and the re-establishment of the Roman Catholic Church as a power in French politics. Louis XVIII, brother of the deposed Louis XVI, ruled from 1814–1824 and was succeeded by his brother Charles X in 1824. Louis XVIII (17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824 Louis Stanislas Xavier de France, was a King of France and Navarre. Louis XVI ( 23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) Louis-Auguste de France, ruled as King of France and Navarre Year 1814 ( MDCCCXIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1824 ( MDCCCXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Charles X (9 October 1757 – 6 November 1836 ruled as King of France and Navarre from 20 May 1824 until the French Revolution of 1830, when he abdicated Year 1824 ( MDCCCXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year
Despite the return of the House of Bourbon to power, France was much changed from the era of the Ancien Régime. Ancien Régime ( pronounced: /ɑ̃sjɛ̃ ʁeʒim/ refers primarily to the aristocratic social and political system established in The egalitarianism and liberalism of the revolutionaries remained an important force and the autocracy and hierarchy of the earlier era could not be fully restored. The economic changes, which had been underway long before the revolution, had been further enhanced during the years of turmoil and were firmly entrenched by 1815. These changes had seen power shift from the noble landowners to the urban merchants. The administrative reforms of Napoleon, such as the Napoleonic Code and efficient bureaucracy, also remained in place. The Napoleonic Code, or Code Napoléon (originally called the Code civil des Français) is the French Civil code, established under These changes produced a unified central government that was fiscally sound and had much control over all areas of French life, a sharp difference from the situation the Bourbons had faced before the Revolution.
Louis XVIII, for the most part, accepted that much had changed. Louis XVIII (17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824 Louis Stanislas Xavier de France, was a King of France and Navarre. However, he was pushed on his right by the Ultra-royalists, led by the comte de Villèle, who condemned the Doctrinaires' attempt to reconcile the Revolution with the monarchy through a constitutional monarchy. In Politics, right-wing, the political right, and the Right are positions that uphold traditional values and/or authorities The term Ultra-Royalists or simply Ultras refers to a Reactionary faction which sat in the French parliament from 1815 Jean-Baptiste Guillaume Joseph Marie Anne Séraphin comte de Villèle (14 April 1773 - 13 March 1854 was a French statesman Doctrinaires was the name given during the Bourbon Restoration (1814-1830 to the little group of French Royalists who hoped to reconcile the A constitutional monarchy, or a limited monarchy, is a form of Constitutional Government, wherein either an elected or hereditary Monarch is Instead, the Chambre introuvable elected in 1815 banished all Conventionnels who had voted Louis XVI's death and passed similar reactionary laws. La Chambre introuvable ( French for "Unobtainable Chamber" was the first Chamber of Deputies after the Second Bourbon Restoration (1815-1830 During the French Revolution, the National Convention or Convention, in France, comprised the Constitutional and legislative assembly Reactionary (also reactionist) is a derogatory term usually used by the Left wing in regards to movements which oppose radical change in society and seeks a return Louis XVIII was forced to dissolve this Chamber, dominated by the Ultras, in 1816, fearing a popular uprising. The liberals thus governed until the 1820 assassination of the duc de Berry, nephew of the king and known supporter of the Ultras, which brought Villèle's ultras back to power (vote of the Anti-Sacrilege Act in 1825, and of the loi sur le milliard des émigrés, Act on the émigrés' billions). Charles Ferdinand duc de Berry ( Charles Ferdinand d'Artois; January 24, 1778 – February 14, 1820) was the younger son of Charles The Anti-Sacrilege Act (1825&ndash1830 was a French law against Blasphemy and Sacrilege passed in January 1825 under King Charles Charles X of France, however, took a far more conservative line. Charles X (9 October 1757 – 6 November 1836 ruled as King of France and Navarre from 20 May 1824 until the French Revolution of 1830, when he abdicated He attempted to compensate the aristocrats for what they had lost in the revolution, curbed the freedom of the press, and reasserted the power of the Church. In 1830 the discontent caused by these changes and Charles X' authoritarian nomination of the Ultra prince de Polignac as minister culminated in an uprising in the streets of Paris, known as the 1830 July Revolution (or, in French, "Les trois Glorieuses" - The three Glorious days - of 27, 28 and 29 July). For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display Jules Auguste Armand Marie Prince de Polignac ( Versailles, 14 May 1780 Paris, 2 March 1847 was a French Statesman. The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution, saw the overthrow of King Charles X, the French Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England. Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason. Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat Charles was forced to flee and Louis-Philippe d'Orléans, a member of the Orléans branch of the family, and son of Philippe Égalité who had voted the death of his cousin Louis XVI, ascended the throne. Louis Philippe ( 6 October 1773 &ndash 26 August 1850) was King of the French from 1830 to 1848 in what was known as the Orléans is the name used by several branches of the Royal House of France all descended in the legitimate male line from the dynasty's royal founder Hugh Capet Louis-Philippe ruled, not as "King of France" but as "King of the French" (an evocative difference for contemporaries).
Initial period (August 1830 - November 1830)
The Symbolic establishment of the new regime
On August 7, 1830, the 1814 Charter was revised. Events 322 BC - Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon following the death of Alexander the Great. For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display The French Charter of 1814 was a Constitution granted by King Louis XVIII of France shortly after his restoration The preamble recalling the Ancien Régime was suppressed, and the King of France became the "King of the French," (also known as the "Citizen King") establishing the principle of national sovereignty over the principle of the divine right. Ancien Régime ( pronounced: /ɑ̃sjɛ̃ ʁeʒim/ refers primarily to the aristocratic social and political system established in List of Queens and Empresses of France Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below List of Queens and Empresses of France Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself The new Charter was a compromise between the Doctrinaires opposition to Charles X and the Republicans. Doctrinaires was the name given during the Bourbon Restoration (1814-1830 to the little group of French Royalists who hoped to reconcile the Catholicism was not anymore a state religion, censorship repealed and the Republican, the tricolor flag re-established. In standard conditions France does not have Censorship laws being a Liberal democracy respectful of Freedom of press. The National flag of France (known in French as drapeau tricolore, drapeau français,and in military parlance les couleurs
Louis-Philippe pledged his oath to the 1830 Charter on August 9 and got crowned, setting up the beginnings of the July Monarchy. The Charter of 1830 (Charte de 1830 instigated the July Monarchy in France. Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus Two days later, the first cabinet was formed, gathering the Constitutionalist opposition to Charles X, among whom Casimir Perier, the banker Jacques Laffitte, Count Molé, the duke of Broglie, François Guizot, etc. Charles X (9 October 1757 – 6 November 1836 ruled as King of France and Navarre from 20 May 1824 until the French Revolution of 1830, when he abdicated Jacques Laffitte (24 October 1767&ndash26 May 1844 was a French banker and Politician. Louis Mathieu comte Molé (24 January 1781 - 23 November 1855 was a French Statesman Biography Molé was born in Paris. Achille-Léonce-Victor-Charles 3rd duc de Broglie (28 November 1785&ndash26 January 1870 was a French statesman and Diplomat. François Pierre Guillaume Guizot (4 October 1787 -12 September 1874 was a French Historian, Orator, and Statesman. The new government's first aim being to bring back the public order, while at the same time feinting to acclaim the revolutionary forces which had just triumphed. Assisted by the people of Paris in overthrowing the Legitimists, the Orleanist bourgeoisie had to establish its new order.
Louis-Philippe decided on August 13, 1830 to establish the armoiries of the House of Orléans as state symbols. Events 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury correlation the start of the Maya calendar. For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display Orléans is the name used by several branches of the Royal House of France all descended in the legitimate male line from the dynasty's royal founder Hugh Capet Reviewing on August 29 a parade of the Parisian National Guard which acclaimed it, he in turn exclaimed to its leader, La Fayette: "This is worth more to me than coronation at Reims!". Reims (alternative English spelling Rheims; riːmz in English and /ʁɛ̃s/ in French) is a city of the Champagne-Ardenne région of northern [3] The new regime then decided on October 11 that all people injured during the Three Glorious Days (500 orphans, 500 widows and 3,850 people injured) would be given an award and presented a draft law indemnifying them to the height of 7 million, and created a commemorative medal for the July Revolutionaries. Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed
Ministers lost their style of Monseigneur and Excellence to become simply Monsieur le ministre. A style of office, or honorific, is a term which by Tradition or Law precedes a reference to a person who holds a post or Title, or to the Monseigneur is an Honorific in the French language. It has occasional English use as well as it may be a Title before the name of a French Prelate Excellency is a Honorific style given to certain members of an organization or state fr Monsieur ( Plural: fr ''Messieurs'' meant "my lord" (fr ''Mon seigneur'' in Middle French, and is now generally used in French as an honorific The new king's older son, Ferdinand-Philippe, was given the title of duke of Orléans and royal prince, while his daughters and his sister, Adélaïde d'Orléans, were named princesses of Orléans — and not of France, since there was no more any "King of France" nor "House of France. Ancestors Trivia Ferdinand-Philippe was used by Hanns Heinz Ewers as a character in his novella "Die Herzen der Könige" Duke of Orléans (Duc d'Orléans is one of the most important titles in the French peerage, dating back at least to the 14th century Louise Marie Adélaïde Eugénie d'Orléans ( August 23, 1777 - December 31, 1847) was one of the twin daughters of Louis Philippe II d'Orléans "
Unpopular laws taken during the Restoration were repealed, including the 1816 amnesty law which had banished the regicides — apart of its article 4, concerning the Bonaparte family. The broad definition of regicide is the deliberate killing of a Monarch, or the person responsible for it Bonaparte is a French family name of Italian origin Originally Buonaparte, this family claims numerous influential descendents including Corsican The Church of Sainte-Geneviève was once again returned to its functions of a laic temple, under the name of Panthéon. The Panthéon ( Latin Pantheon, from Greek Pantheon meaning "All the gods" is a building in the Latin Quarter Various budget restrictions struck the Catholic Church, while the 1825 Anti-Sacrilege Act which envisioned death penalties for sacrileges was repealed. The Church of France, sometimes called the "eldest daughter of the Church" owing to its early communion (second century with the bishop of Rome is part of the worldwide The Anti-Sacrilege Act (1825&ndash1830 was a French law against Blasphemy and Sacrilege passed in January 1825 under King Charles
A permanent disorder
Civil unrest continued during three months, supported by the left-wing press. The Left in France at the beginning of the 20th century was represented by two main Political parties, the Republican Radical and Radical-Socialist Party Louis-Philippe's government was not able to put an end to it, mostly because the National Guard was headed by one of the Republican leaders, the marquis de La Fayette. The National Guard ( la Garde nationale) was the name given at the time of the French Revolution to the Militias formed in each city in imitation of The latter requested a "popular throne surrounded by Republican institutions. " The Republicans then gathered themselves in popular clubs, in the tradition established by the 1789 Revolution. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an Some of thoses were fronts for secret societies (for example, the Blanquist Société des Amis du Peuple), which requested political and social reforms, or the execution of Charles X' ministers (Jules de Polignac, Jean de Chantelauze, the Count de Peyronnet and the Count de Guernon-Ranville). Secret society is a term used to describe a variety of organizations In Left-wing discourse ' Blanquism' refers to a conception of revolution generally attributed to Louis Auguste Blanqui which holds that socialist revolution should Jules Auguste Armand Marie Prince de Polignac ( Versailles, 14 May 1780 Paris, 2 March 1847 was a French Statesman. Pierre-Denis comte de Peyronnet ( Bordeaux, 9 October 1778 was the President of the Bordeaux Court in France in 1815 Minister of Justice from Strikes and demonstrations were permanent.
In order to relaunch the economy and finally establish public order, the government had the Assembly vote in autumn 1830 a credit of 5 million Francs to subside public works, mostly roads. Then, to prevent bankruptcies and the increase of unemployment, especially in Paris, the government granted its guaranty for firms which encountered themselves in difficult situations, granting them 60 million. Those subsidies mainly went in the pockets of big entrepreneurs dedicated to the new regimes, such as the printer Firmin Didot. Firmin Didot ( April 14 1764 &ndash April 24 1836) was a French printer Engraver, and type founder
The death of the Prince of Condé on August 27, 1830, found hanged, set up the first scandal of the July Monarchy. Louis Henri de Bourbon-Condé (Louis VI Prince de Condé, Duc de Bourbon, Baron de Candé) ( April 13 1756 ? August 30 Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display The Legitimists quickly accused, without proofs, Louis-Philippe and the Queen Marie-Amélie of having assassinated the ultra-royalist Prince, with the alleged motive of letting their son, the duc d'Aumale, to set hands on his fortune. Maria Amalia Teresa of the Two Sicilies ( 26 April 1782 - 24 March 1866) was Queen of the French from 1830-1848 consort to King Louis-Philippe The term Ultra-Royalists or simply Ultras refers to a Reactionary faction which sat in the French parliament from 1815 Henri Eugène Philippe Louis d'Orléans duc d'Aumale ( January 16 1822 – May 7 1897) was born in Paris. It is commonly accepted that he died following sexual games with his mistress, the baroness de Feuchères. Sophie Dawes Baronne de Feuchères (c 1795-1840 was an English-born "adventuress" best known as a mistress of Louis Henry II Prince of Condé.
Purge of the Legitimists
In the meanwhile, the government expelled out of the administration all of the Legitimists supporters who refused to pledge allegiance to the new regime, leading to the return to political affairs of most of the staff of the First Empire who had been expelled during the Second Restoration. Legitimists are Royalists in France who believe that the King of France and Navarre must be chosen according to the simple application of the The Empire of the French (1804-1814 also known as the Empire of France, Greater French Empire, First French Empire, French Empire, or Following the ousting of Napoleon I of France in 1814 the Allies restored the Bourbon Dynasty to the French throne This renewal of political and administrative staff was humorously illustrated by a vaudeville of Jean-François Bayard [4]. Vaudeville was a Genre of variety entertainment prevalent on the stage in the United States and Canada, from the early 1880s Jean-François Alfred Bayard ( 17 March 1796, Charolles - 20 February 1853, Paris) was a French playwright The Minister of the Interior, Guizot, renewed all the prefectoral administration and the mayors of large cities. A prefect (préfet in France is the State's representative in a department or region. The Minister of Justice, Dupont de l'Eure, assisted by his secretary general, Mérilhou, dismissed most of the public prosecutors. Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure (27 February 1767 3 March 1855 was a French lawyer and statesman In the Army, the General de Bourmont, a follower of Charles X who was commanding the invasion of Algeria, was replaced by Bertrand Clauzel. Louis-Auguste-Victor Count de Ghaisnes de Bourmont ( September 2, 1773 - October 27, 1846) was a Marshal of France. French rule of Algeria lasted from 1830 to 1962 under a variety of governmental systems Bertrand comte Clausel (or Clauzel) ( December 12, 1772 &ndash April 21, 1842) Marshal of France, was born at Mirepoix Generals, ambassadors, plenipotentiary ministers and half of the Conseil d'Etat were replaced. This article is about the present-day French institution For institutions with the same name during the Ancien Régime in France see Conseil du Roi. In the Chamber of Deputies, a quarter of the seats (119) were submitted to a new election in October, leading to the defeat of the Legitimists. Chamber of Deputies (la Chambre des députés was the name given to several parliamentary bodies in France in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries 1814–1848
In sociological terms, however, this renewal of the political staff did not mark any great change of elites: land-owners, civil servants and liberal professions continued to dominate the state of affairs, leading the historian David Pinkney to deny any claim of a "new regime of a grande bourgeoisie". David "Dave" Pinkney (born July 5, 1957 in Harpenden, is a British businessman and Auto racing driver [5] Historian Guy Antonetti also underscores the similar sociological membership of the new elites, the main difference residing in the "substitution, inside the same social group, of the followers of a mentality in favour of the 1789 spirit to those who were opposed to it: socially similar, ideologically different. 1830 has only been a change of team in the same side, and not a change of side. [6]
The "Resistance" and The "Movement"
Although some voices began to push for the closure of the Republican clubs, which fomented revolutionary agitation, le Minister of Justice, Dupont de l'Eure, and the Parisian public prosecutor, Bernard, both Republicans, refused to prosecute revolutionary associations (although the French law prohibited meetings of more than 20 persons). Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure (27 February 1767 3 March 1855 was a French lawyer and statesman In academic terms French law can be divided into two main categories private law (" droit privé " and public law (" droit public "
However, on 25 September 1830, the Minister of Interior Guizot responded to a deputy's question on the subject by stigmatizing the "revolutionary state," conflated with chaos, to which he opposed the "Glorious Revolution. François Pierre Guillaume Guizot (4 October 1787 -12 September 1874 was a French Historian, Orator, and Statesman. ". [7] Two political currents thereafter made their appearance on stage, and would structure political life under the July Monarchy: the "Parti du mouvement" (Party of the Movement) and the "Parti de la résistance" (Party of the Resistance). The first one was reformist and in favor of support to the nationalists which were trying, all over of Europe, to shake the grip of the various Empires in order to create nation-states. Socialist Reformism is the belief that gradual democratic changes in a Society can ultimately change a society's fundamental economic relations and political structures The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation For the online game see Jennifer Government NationStates. The nation-state is a certain form of State that derives its legitimacy Its mouthpiece was Le National. Le National may refer to Le National (newspaper a French newspaper founded in 1830 by Adolphe Thiers, Armand Carrel, François-Auguste The second one was conservative and supported peace with European monarchs, and had as mouthpiece Le Journal des débats. Journal des débats ("Journal of Debates" was a French Newspaper, published between 1789 and 1944 that changed title several times
The trial of Charles X's ministers, arrested in August 1830 while they were fleeing, became the major political issue. The left requested their heads, but was opposed by Louis-Philippe who feared a spiral of violence and the renewal of revolutionary Terror. The Left in France at the beginning of the 20th century was represented by two main Political parties, the Republican Radical and Radical-Socialist Party Saint justjpg|thumbnail|200px| Louis Antoine Léon de Saint-Just]] The Reign of Terror' (5 September 1793 &ndash 28 July 1794 or simply The Terror (la Terreur was Thus, the Chamber of Deputies voted on 27 September 1830 a resolution charging the former ministers, but at the same time invited in an 8 October 1830 address to the king Louis-Philippe to present a draft law repealing the death penalty, at least concerning political matters. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display Events 314 - Roman Emperor Licinius is defeated by his colleague Constantine I at the Battle of Cibalae, and loses For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display Capital punishment in France existed officially from the Middle Ages and was abolished in 1981 This in turn provoked popular discontent on 17 and 18 October, with the masses marching on the Fort of Vincennes where the ministers were detained. Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid The Château de Vincennes is a massive 14th and 17th century French royal castle in the town of Vincennes, to the
Following these riots, Interior Minister Guizot requested the resignation of the prefect of the Seine, Odilon Barrot, who had criticized the parliamentarians' address to the king. A prefect (préfet in France is the State's representative in a department or region. Camille Hyacinthe Odilon Barrot (19 September 1791 - 6 August 1873 was a French Politician. Supported by Victor de Broglie, Guizot considered that an important civil servant could not criticize an act of the Chamber of Deputies, moreover when the latter had been approved by the King and his government. Achille-Léonce-Victor-Charles 3rd duc de Broglie (28 November 1785&ndash26 January 1870 was a French statesman and Diplomat. Dupont de l'Eure took Barrot's side, threatening to resign if the King disavowed him. Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure (27 February 1767 3 March 1855 was a French lawyer and statesman The banker Laffitte, one of the main figure of the Parti du mouvement, thereafter offered himself to coordinate the ministers between themselves with the title of "President of the Council. Jacques Laffitte (24 October 1767&ndash26 May 1844 was a French banker and Politician. The Prime Minister of France ( Premier ministre français) in Fifth Republic is the functional Head of the government and Council of Ministers " This immediately led Broglie and Guizot, of the Parti de l'Ordre, to resign, followed by Casimir Perier, André Dupin, the Count Molé and Joseph-Dominique Louis. André Marie Jean Jacques Dupin ( February 1, 1783 - November 8, 1865) commonly called Dupin the Elder, was a French Louis Mathieu comte Molé (24 January 1781 - 23 November 1855 was a French Statesman Biography Molé was born in Paris. Joseph Dominique baron Louis ( November 13, 1755 - August 26, 1837) French statesman and financier was born at Toul ( Meurthe Confronted to the Parti de l'Ordre 's defeat, Louis-Philippe decided to put Laffitte to trial, hoping that the exercise of power would discredit him. He thus called him to form a new government on 2 November 1830. Events 1570 - A Tidal wave in the North Sea devastates the coast from Holland to Jutland, killing more than 1000 For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display
The Laffitte government (November 2, 1830 – March 13, 1831)
Although Louis-Philippe strongly disagreed with the banker Laffitte and secretly pledged to the duke of Broglie that he would not support him at all, the new President of the Council was tricked into trusting his king.
The trial of Charles X’s former ministers took place from 15 December to 21 December 1830 before the Chamber of Pairs, surrounded by rioters demanding their death. Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display Peerage of France (Pairie de France was a distinction within the French nobility which appeared in the Middle Ages. They were finally sentenced to life detention, accompanied by civil death for Polignac. Life imprisonment or life incarceration is a sentence of imprisonment for a serious crime often for most Civil death is a term that refers to the loss of all or almost all Civil rights by a person due to a conviction for a Felony (a crime punishable with more than a year's La Fayette’s National Guard maintained the public order in Paris, affirming itself as the bourgeois watchdog of the new regime, while the new Interior Minister, Camille de Montalivet, kept the ministers in safety by detaining them in the fort of Vincennes. Marthe Camille Bachasson 3rd Count of Montalivet ( Valence, April 24, 1801 - Saint-Bouize, January 4, 1880) was a The Château de Vincennes is a massive 14th and 17th century French royal castle in the town of Vincennes, to the
But by demonstrating the National Guard’s importance, La Fayette had made his position fragile, and was quickly forced to resign. This led to the Minister of Justice Dupont de l’Eure’s resignation. Furthermore, in order to avoid exclusive dependence on the National Guard, the “Citizen King” charged Marshal Soult, the new Minister of War, of reorganizing the Army. Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult, 1st Duc de Dalmatie (29 March 1769 26 November 1851 the Hand of Iron, was a French general and statesman named The French Army, officially the Armée de Terre (Land Army is the land-based component of the French Armed Forces and its largest Soult presented in February 1831 his project aiming to increase the militaries’ effectives and passed, among other reforms, the 9 March 1831 law creating the Foreign Legion. Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia. Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a
In the meanwhile, the government enacted various reforms demanded by the Parti du Mouvement, which had been registered in the Charter (art. 69). The 21 March 1831 law on municipal councils reestablished the principle of election and enlarged the electoral base (founded on census suffrage) which was tenfold increased in comparison with the legislative elections (approximatively 2 million to 3 million electors on a total population of 32,6 million. Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem. Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a An election is a Decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold formal office Suffrage (from the Latin suffragium, meaning "voting tablet" and figuratively "right to vote" probably from suffrago "hough" and originally The 22 March 1831 law re-organized the National Guard; the 19 April 1831 law, voted after two months of debate in Parliament and promulgated after Laffitte’s downfall, decreased the electoral cens from 300 to 200 Francs and the eligibility cens from 1,000 to 500 Francs. Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor. Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a The number of voters increased from a number of less than 100,000 to 166,000: one Frenchman on 170 possessed the right to vote.
The February 1831 riots
Despite these reforms, which targeted the bourgeoisie rather than the people, Paris was once again rocked by riots on 14 February and 15 February 1831, leading to Laffitte’s downfall. Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a The immediate cause of the riots was to be found in a funeral service organized by the Legitimists at Saint-Germains l’Auxerrois Church in memory of the ultra-royalist duke of Berry, assassinated in 1820. Legitimists are Royalists in France who believe that the King of France and Navarre must be chosen according to the simple application of the The Church of Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois is situated at 2 Place du Louvre Paris 75001 the nearest Métro station is Louvre-Rivoli The term Ultra-Royalists or simply Ultras refers to a Reactionary faction which sat in the French parliament from 1815 Charles Ferdinand duc de Berry ( Charles Ferdinand d'Artois; January 24, 1778 – February 14, 1820) was the younger son of Charles The commemoration turned into a political demonstration in favour of the count of Chambord, Legitimist pretender to the throne. Henri V of France and Navarre ( Henri Charles Ferdinand Marie Dieudonné d'Artois de France – September 29, 1820 – August 24, 1883 Seeing in this celebration an intolerable provocation, the Republican rioters ransacked the church two days in a row, before turning towards other churches. The revolutionary movement spread to other cities.
Confronted to renewed unrest, the government abstained from any strong repression. The prefect of the Seine Odilon Barrot, the prefect of police Jean-Jacques Baude, and the new commandant of the National Guard, General Mouton, remained passive, triggering Guizot’s indignation, as well as the Republican Armand Carrel’s criticisms against alleged demagogy of the government. Camille Hyacinthe Odilon Barrot (19 September 1791 - 6 August 1873 was a French Politician. The Prefecture of Police (Préfecture de Police headed by the Prefect of Police ( Préfet de Police) is an agency of the Government of France (and Georges Mouton, Comte de Lobau ( February 21, 1770 - November 21, 1838) was a French soldier and political Jean-Baptiste Nicolas Armand Carrel ( May 8, 1800 &ndash July 25, 1836) was a French writer Demagogy (also demagoguery) ( Ancient Greek δημαγωγία from dēmos "people" and agein "to lead" refers to a political [8] Far from repressing the crowds, the government had the Archbishop of Paris Mgr. de Quélen arrested, as well as the friar of Saint-Germain-l’Auxerrois and other priests accused, along with some other monarchists, of having provoked the masses.
In a gesture of appeasement, Laffitte, supported by the royal prince Ferdinand-Philippe, duke of Orléans, proposed to the king to suppress the fleur-de-lys, symbol of the Ancien Régime, on the state seal. The fleur-de-lys (or fleur-de-lis, plural fleurs-de-lis ˌfləː(rdəˈliː (ˌfləː(rdəˈlɪs in Quebec) translated from French as "lily With obvious discontent, Louis-Philippe finally signed the 16 February 1831 ordinance substituting to the armoiries of the House of Orléans a shield with an open book, on which could be read “Charte de 1830”. Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Another symbol of the monarchy, the fleur-de-lys, was removed from public buildings, etc. This new defeat of the king sealed Laffitte’s fate.
On 19 February 1831, Guizot verbally attacked Laffitte in the Chamber of Deputies, daring him to dissolve the Chamber and present himself before the electors. Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Laffitte accepted, but the king, who was the only one entitled to dissolve the Chamber, preferred to wait some more days. In the meanwhile, the prefect of the Seine Odilon Barrot was replaced by Taillepied de Bondy at Montalivet's request, and the prefect of police Baude by Vivien de Goubert. To make matters worse, in this insurrectionary climate, the economic situation was fairly bad. This is a history of the economy of France. For more information on historical cultural demographic and sociological developments in France see the chronological
Louis-Philippe finally tricked Laffitte into resigning, by having his Minister of Foreign Affairs, Horace Sébastiani, pass him a note written by the French ambassador to Vienna, Marshal Maison, and arrived in Paris on 4 March 1831, which announced an imminent Austrian intervention in Italy. "Sébastiani" redirects here For other uses of the word see Sebastiani. Nicolas Joseph Maison 1st Marquis Maison ( December 19, 1770 - February 13, 1840) born in Épinay-sur-Seine, was a Marshal of Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Taking knowledge of this note in Le Moniteur of 8 March, the President of the Council Laffitte requested immediate explanations from his Minister Sébastiani, who disclosed to him that he had followed royal orders. Events 1618 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion. After a meeting with the king, Laffitte submitted to the Council of Minister's a belligerent program, and was subsequently disavowed, forcing him to resign. Most of his ministers had already negotiated their positions in the forthcoming government.
The Casimir Perier government (March 13, 1831 – May 16, 1832)
Having succeeded in outdoing the Parti du Mouvement, the "Citizen King" called to power the Parti de la Résistance. However, Louis-Philippe was not really much more comfortable with one side than with the other, being closer to the center. Furthermore, he felt no sympathy for its leader, the banker Casimir Perier, who replaced Laffitte on 13 March 1831 as head of the government. Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II. Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a His aim was more to re-establish order in the country, letting the Parti de la Résistance assume the responsibility of unpopular measures.
Perier, however, managed to impose to the king his conditions, among which the pre-eminence of the President of the Council over other ministers, and his right to call cabinet councils outside of the effective presence of the king. Furthermore, Casimir Perier obtained that the liberal royal prince, Ferdinand-Philippe d'Orléans, ceased to participate to the Council of Ministers. Ancestors Trivia Ferdinand-Philippe was used by Hanns Heinz Ewers as a character in his novella "Die Herzen der Könige" Despite this, Perier valued the king's prestige, haling him, on 21 September 1831, to move from his family residence, the Palais-Royal, to the royal palace, the Tuileries. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a The Palais des Tuileries was a royal Palace in Paris. It stood on the right bank of the River Seine until 1871, when it was destroyed
The banker Perier established the new government's principles on 18 March 1831: ministerial solidarity and authority of the government on the administration: "the principle of the July Revolution. . . is not insurrection. . . it is resistance to the aggression of the power"[9] and, on the external plan, "a pacific attitude and the respect of the non-intervention principle. " The vast majority of the Chamber applauded the new government and granted him a comfortable majority. Perier garnered the support of the cabinet through oaths of solidarity and strict discipline for dissenters. He excluded reformers from official discourse, and abandoned the regime’s unofficial policy of mediating in labor disputes in favor of a strict laissez-faire policy that favored employers. Laissez-faire ( pronunciation: French,; English,) is a French phrase literally meaning Let do (“allow to do”
Civil unrest (Canut Revolt) and repression
On 14 March 1831, under the initiative of a patriotic society created by the mayor of Metz, Jean-Baptiste Bouchotte, the opposition's press launched a campaign in order to gather funds to create a national association aimed at struggling against any Bourbon Restoration and the risks of foreign invasion. Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice. Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Metz (mɛs in French) is a city in the northeast of France, capital of the Lorraine région and Préfecture Following the ousting of Napoleon I of France in 1814 the Allies restored the Bourbon Dynasty to the French throne All of the major figures of the Republican Left (La Fayette, Dupont de l'Eure, Jean Maximilien Lamarque, Odilon Barrot, etc. Jean Maximilien Lamarque (1770–1832 was a French commander during the Napoleonic Wars who later became a member of French Parliament. Camille Hyacinthe Odilon Barrot (19 September 1791 - 6 August 1873 was a French Politician. ) supported it. Local committees were created all over France, leading the new president of the Council, Casimir Perier, to enact a circular prohibiting civil servants to take membership in this association, charged of rivaling the state itself by implicitly accusing it of not complying with its duties.
In the beginning of April 1831, the government took some unpopular measures, forcing several important personalities to resign: Odilon Barrot was dismissed from the Council of State, General Lamarque's military command suppressed, Bouchotte and the Marquis de Laborde forced to resign. This article is about the present-day French institution For institutions with the same name during the Ancien Régime in France see Conseil du Roi. Comte Louis-Joseph-Alexandre de Laborde (17 September 1773 — 20 October 1842 was a French antiquary liberal politician and writer a member of the Académie des Sciences morales When on 15 April 1831 the Cour d'assises acquitted several young Republicans (Godefroy Cavaignac, Joseph Guinard and Audry de Puyraveau's son), mostly officers of the National Guard who had been arrested during the December 1830 troubles consecutive to the trial of Charles X's ministers, new riots acclaimed the news on 15-16 April. Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a The Cour d'Assises (" Assize Court " in France is the court charged to judge people accused of Felonies ("crimes" as known Éléonore-Louis Godefroi Cavaignac ( 1801 - May 5, 1845) better known as Godefroi Cavaignac, was the eldest son of Jean-Baptiste Cavaignac But Perier, implementing the 10 April 1831 law outlawing public meetings, used the military as well as the National Guard to dissolve the crowds. Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a In May, the government used for the first time firehoses as crowd control techniques. Crowd control is the controlling of a Crowd, to prevent the outbreak of disorder and prevention of possible rioting
Another riot, started on the rue Saint-Denis on 14 June 1831, degenerated into an open battle against the National Guard, assisted by the Dragoons and the infantry. Rue Saint-Denis is one of the oldest streets in Paris - its route was first laid out in the 1st century by the Romans, and then extended to the north in Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a A dragoon is a soldier intended primarily to fight on foot but trained also in Horse riding and cavalry combat especially The riots continued on 15 June and 16 June. Events 763 BC - Assyrians record a Solar eclipse that will be used to fix the Chronology of Mesopotamian history Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses.
The major unrest, however, took place in Lyon with the Canuts Revolt, started on 21 November 1831, and during which parts of the National Guard took the demonstrators' side. ||-||} Lyon, also known as Lyons in English is a city in east-central France. There were three Canut revolts (Révolte des canuts in Lyon during the first half of the 19th century Events 164 BC - Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family restores the Temple in Jerusalem. Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a In two days, the Canuts took control of the city and expelled General Roguet and the mayor Victor Prunelle. On 25 November, Casimir Perier announced to the Chamber of Deputies that Marshal Soult, assisted by the royal prince, would immediately march on Lyon with 20,000 men. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult, 1st Duc de Dalmatie (29 March 1769 26 November 1851 the Hand of Iron, was a French general and statesman named They entered the former capital of the Gaul on 3 December, re-establishing order without any bloodshed. Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Events 1800 - War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Hohenlinden, French
Civil unrest, however, continued, and not only in Paris. On 11 March 1832, sedition exploded in Grenoble during the Carnaval. Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty Year 1832 ( MDCCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian This is about the law term For other uses see Sedition (disambiguation Sedition is a term of Law which refers to covert conduct Grenoble is a city and commune in south-east France situated at the foot of the Alps where the Drac joins the Isère River. Carnival is a festival season which occurs immediately before Lent; the main events are usually during February and March The prefect had canceled the festivities after that a grotesque mask of Louis-Philippe had been shown, leading to popular demonstrations. The prefect then tried to have the National Guard dissolve the masses, but the latter refused, forcing him to call on the army. The 35th regiment of infantry (infanterie de ligne) obeyed the orders, but this in turn led the population to request their expulsion from the city. This was done on 15 March, and the 35th regiment replaced by the 6th regiment, from Lyon. Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, When Casimir Perier learnt the news, he dissolved the National Guard of Grenoble and immediately recalled the 35th regiment to Grenoble.
Beside this continuing unrest, present in all of the provinces, Dauphiné, Picardie, in Carcassone, Alsace, etc. The Dauphiné or Dauphiné Viennois is a former province in southeastern France, roughly corresponding to the present departments ' of the Picardie ( English: Picardy is one of the 26 regions of France. Carcassonne (Carcassona is a fortified French town in the Aude département, of which it is the Prefecture, Alsace (Alsace alzas Alsatian and Elsass pre-1996 German: Elsaß; Alsatia is one of the 26 Regions of France, located on the eastern , various Republican conspiracies threatened the government (conspiracy of the Tours de Notre-Dame in January 1832, of the rue des Prouvaires in February 1832, etc. ) Even the trials were seized by the Republicans as a tribune opportunity: at the trial of the Blanquist Société des Amis du peuple in January 1832, Raspail harshly criticized the king while Auguste Blanqui gave free way to his socialist ideas. In Left-wing discourse ' Blanquism' refers to a conception of revolution generally attributed to Louis Auguste Blanqui which holds that socialist revolution should François-Vincent Raspail ( January 25 1794 - January 7[[ 878]] was a French Chemist, Physiologist, and Socialist Louis Auguste Blanqui (born February 8, 1805 in Puget-Théniers, France, died January 1, 1881) was a French Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution All of the accused denounced the government's tyranny, the incredibly high cost of Louis-Philippe's civil list, police persecutions, etc. In modern usage a tyrant is a single ruler holding absolute power over a State or within an Organization. The omnipresence of the French police, organized during the French First Empire by Fouché, was depicted by the Legitimist writer Balzac in Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes. The National Police ( police nationale) formerly the Sûreté Nationale, is one of two National police forces and the main civil law enforcement The Empire of the French (1804-1814 also known as the Empire of France, Greater French Empire, First French Empire, French Empire, or Joseph Fouché, 1st Duc d' Otrante ( May 21, 1759 Le Pellerin, near Nantes, France - December 25, Honoré de Balzac 's Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes, translated either as The Splendors and Miseries of Courtesans or as The Harlot High and The strength of the opposition led the royal prince to shift a bit more to the right-wing.
Legislative elections of 1831
- Further information: French legislative election, 1831
In the second half of May 1831, Louis-Philippe, accompanied by Marshal Soult, started an official travel to Normandie and Picardie, where he was well received. The 1831 general election organized the second legislature of the July Monarchy. Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult, 1st Duc de Dalmatie (29 March 1769 26 November 1851 the Hand of Iron, was a French general and statesman named Normandy (Normandie Norman: Normaundie) is a geographical region corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy. Picardie ( English: Picardy is one of the 26 regions of France. From 6 June to 1 July 1831, he traveled in the east, where there was stronger Republican and Bonapartist activity, along with his two elder sons, the royal prince and the duke of Nemours, as well as with the comte d'Argout. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a In French political history Bonapartism has two meanings In a strict sense this term refers to people who Ancestors Trivia Ferdinand-Philippe was used by Hanns Heinz Ewers as a character in his novella "Die Herzen der Könige" Louis Charles Philippe Raphael d'Orléans duc de Nemours ( October 25, 1814 &ndash June 26, 1896) was the second son of the duc d'Orleans The king stopped in Meaux, Château-Thierry, Châlons-sur-Marne (renamed Châlons-en-Champagne in 1998), Valmy, Verdun and Metz. Meaux is a commune of Seine-et-Marne, in the metropolitan area of Paris, France. Château-Thierry is a commune in northern France about 56 miles east-northeast of Paris. Châlons-en-Champagne is a city and commune in France. It is the administrative centre ( Préfecture) of both the département Châlons-en-Champagne is a city and commune in France. It is the administrative centre ( Préfecture) of both the département Valmy is a village and commune in the Sainte-Menehould arrondissement of the Marne département in Verdun (medieval Wirten official name before 1970 Verdun-sur-Meuse) is a city and commune Metz (mɛs in French) is a city in the northeast of France, capital of the Lorraine région and Préfecture There, in the name of the municipal council, the mayor made a very political speech where he expressed the wish to have the Peers' heredity suppressed, adding that France should intervene in Poland to assist the November Uprising against Russia. Peerage of France (Pairie de France was a distinction within the French nobility which appeared in the Middle Ages. The November Uprising (1830&ndash1831&mdashalso known as the Cadet Revolution &mdashwas an armed rebellion against the rule of the Russian Empire in Poland Louis-Philippe flatly denied all of these pretensions, stating that the municipal councils or the National Guard had no legitimacy in such matters. The king continued his visit to Nancy, Lunéville, Strasbourg, Colmar, Mulhouse, Besançon and Troyes, and his travel was, on the whole, an occasion to re-affirm his authority. Nancy (nɑ̃si archaic Nanzig Nanzeg is a city and commune in the Lorraine région of northeastern France Lunéville is a commune in the French région of Lorraine. It is a Sous-préfecture of the Meurthe-et-Moselle Strasbourg (Strasbourg stʁazbuʁ Alsatian: Strossburi,; Straßburg) is the capital and principal City of the Alsace région Colmar (Colmar kɔlmaʁ Alsatian: Colmer pronounced; Colmar between 1871-1918 and 1940-1945 also Kolmar) is a town and commune Mulhouse (Mulhouse myluz Alsatian: Milhüsa or Milhüse, pronounced; Mülhausen i Besançon (bəzɑ̃ˈsɔ̃ in French and Arpitan; German: Bisanz) is the capital and principal city of the Franche-Comté Troyes (tʁwa is a commune, the préfecture (capital of the northeastern Aube département in France and is
Louis-Philippe had decided in the château de Saint-Cloud, on 31 May 1831, to dissolve the Chamber of Deputies, fixing legislative elections for 5 July 1831. The Château de Saint-Cloud was a royal Château in France, built on a magnificent site overlooking the Seine at Saint-Cloud in Hauts-de-Seine Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Events 1295 - Scotland and France form an alliance the beginnings of the Auld Alliance, against England. Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a However, he signed another ordinance on 23 June in Colmar in order to have them advanced to 23 July 1831, so as to avoid the risk of Republican agitation during the commemorations of the July Revolution. Events 1180 - First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan 1305 - The Flemish Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France. Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a The general elections took place without incident, according to the new electoral law of 19 April 1831. The 1831 general election organized the second legislature of the July Monarchy. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a However, the results disappointed the king and the president of the Council Perier: more than half of the deputies were re-elected, and their positions were unknown. The Legitimists obtained 104 seats, the Orleanist Liberals 282 and the Republicans 73. Legitimists are Royalists in France who believe that the King of France and Navarre must be chosen according to the simple application of the The Orléanists were a French Right-wing / Center-right Political faction or party which arose out of the French Revolution
On 23 July 1831, the king developed Casimir Perier's program in the speech from the Throne: strict application of the Charter inside, and strict defense of the interests of France and its independence abroad. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France. Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a
The deputies elected in the second round baron Girod de l'Ain, the government's candidate (181 votes), as president of the Chamber of Deputies, against the banker Laffitte (176 votes). Chamber of Deputies (la Chambre des députés was the name given to several parliamentary bodies in France in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries 1814–1848 Jacques Laffitte (24 October 1767&ndash26 May 1844 was a French banker and Politician. But Dupont de l'Eure gained the first vice presidency with 182 voices (on a total of 344), while the government's candidate, André Dupin, lost with 153 voices only. Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure (27 February 1767 3 March 1855 was a French lawyer and statesman André Marie Jean Jacques Dupin ( February 1, 1783 - November 8, 1865) commonly called Dupin the Elder, was a French Casimir Perier, who considered that his parliamentary majority was not strong enough, decided to resign.
Louis-Philippe thereafter turned towards Odilon Barrot, who refused to assume governmental responsibilities, pointing out that he had only a hundred voices in the Chamber. Camille Hyacinthe Odilon Barrot (19 September 1791 - 6 August 1873 was a French Politician. However, during the 2 and 3 August 1831 elections of questeurs and secretaries, the Chamber elected mostly governmental candidates such as André Dupin or Benjamin Delessert, who obtained a strong majority against a far-left candidate, Eusèbe de Salverte. Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus. Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a André Marie Jean Jacques Dupin ( February 1, 1783 - November 8, 1865) commonly called Dupin the Elder, was a French Finally, William I of the Netherlands's decision to invade Belgium — the Belgian Revolution had taken place the preceding year — on August 2, 1831, constrained Casimir Perier to remain in power in order to respond to the Belgian's assistance request. William Frederick (William I, born Willem Frederik Prins van Oranje-Nassau ( The Hague, 24 August 1772 - Berlin, 12 December 1843 was a Prince of The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those The Belgian Revolution was a conflict in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands that began with a riot in Brussels in August 1830 and eventually led to the Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a
During the parliamentary debates concerning France's imminent intervention in Belgium, several deputies, led by baron Bignon, unsuccessfully requested a similar intervention to support Polish independence. Louis Pierre Edouard Baron Bignon ( January 3, 1771 - 1841 was a French diplomatist and historian Biography Louis de Bignon was born at However, on the domestic level, Casimir Perier decided to back up before the dominant opposition, and satisfied an old claim of the Left by repealing the Peers' heredity. Finally, the 2 March 1832 law on Louis-Philippe's pension fixed its amount to 12 million Francs a year, and one million for the royal prince, the duke of Orléans. Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Year 1832 ( MDCCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian The 28 April 1832 law, named after the Justice Minister Félix Barthe, reformed the 1810 Penal Code and the Code d'instruction criminelle. Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title Year 1832 ( MDCCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian
The 1832 Cholera epidemic
The cholera pandemic, originated in India in 1815, reached Paris around 20 March, 1832 and killed more than 13,000 people in April. Cholera, sometimes known as Asiatic cholera or epidemic cholera, is an infectious Gastroenteritis caused by the Bacterium A pandemic (from Greek παν pan all + δήμος demos people is an Epidemic of Infectious disease that spreads through India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The pandemic would last until September 1832, killing in total 100,000 with 20,000 of that in Paris alone. [10] The disease, which origins were unknown at the time, provoked a popular panic. The people of Paris suspected poisoners, while the scavengers and mendiants revolted against the authoritative measures of public health. A mendiant is a traditional French confection composed of a Chocolate disk studded with Nuts and dried Fruits representing the four Mendicant Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease prolonging life and promoting health through the organised efforts and informed choices of society organisations According to the historian and philosopher Michel Foucault, the cholera outbreak was first fought by what he called "social medicine," which focused on flux, circulation of air, location of cemeteries, etc. Michel Foucault ( (15 October 1926 – 25 June 1984 was a French philosopher, Historian, Intellectual, Critic and Sociologist. All those concerns, born of the miasma theory of disease, were thus mixed with urbanistic concerns of the management of populations. The miasmatic theory of disease held that Diseases such as Cholera or the Black Death were caused by a miasma (Greek language "pollution" Urbanism is the study of cities &mdash their Geographic, Economic, Political, Social and Cultural environment
The cholera also struck the royal princess Madame Adélaïde, as well as d'Argout and Guizot. Louise Marie Adélaïde Eugénie d'Orléans ( August 23, 1777 - December 31, 1847) was one of the twin daughters of Louis Philippe II d'Orléans Atoine Maurice Apollinaire Comte d'Argout (28 August 1782 - 15 January 1858 was a French statesman, minister and governor of the Bank of France. François Pierre Guillaume Guizot (4 October 1787 -12 September 1874 was a French Historian, Orator, and Statesman. Casimir Perier, who went to visit on 1 April 1832, with the royal prince, the patients at the Hôtel-Dieu, was also infected, leading him to stop his ministerial activities, before dying on 16 May 1832. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 1832 ( MDCCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. Year 1832 ( MDCCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian
The consolidation of the regime (1832 - 1835)
King Louis-Philippe was not unhappy to see Casimir Perier withdraw from the political scene, as he complained that Perier assumed all of the credits of the government's policies, while he himself had to assume all of its defaults. [11] The "Citizen King" was therefore not pressed to find a new president of the Council, all the more since the Parliament was in vacation and that the troubled situation requested energical and swift measures.
Indeed, the regime was attacked on all sides. The Legitimist duchess of Berry attempted an uprising in spring 1832 in Provence and Vendée, a stronghold of the ultra-royalists, while the Republicans headed an insurrection in Paris on 5 June 1832, on the occasion of the funerals of one of their leaders, General Lamarque, also struck dead by the cholera. The title of Duke of Berry ( duc de Berry) in the French Nobility was frequently created for junior members of the French royal family. Provence ( Provençal Occitan: Provença in classical norm or Prouvènço in Mistralian norm is a region of southeastern France The Vendée is a department in the Pays-de-la-Loire region in west central France, on the Atlantic Ocean. The term Ultra-Royalists or simply Ultras refers to a Reactionary faction which sat in the French parliament from 1815 Jean Maximilien Lamarque (1770–1832 was a French commander during the Napoleonic Wars who later became a member of French Parliament. General Mouton crushed the rebellion, killing 800. Georges Mouton, Comte de Lobau ( February 21, 1770 - November 21, 1838) was a French soldier and political The scene was later depicted by Victor Hugo in Les Misérables, and is where Gavroche died. Victor-Marie Hugo ( ( February 26, 1802 – May 22, 1885) was a French Poet, Playwright, Novelist Les Misérables (pronounced /le miːzeʁabl(ə translated variously from French as The Miserable Ones, The Wretched Gavroche is also a French beer produced by Brasserie de Saint-Sylvestre.
This double victory, both on the Carlists Legitimists and on the Republicans, was a success for the regime. Carlism is a traditionalist and legitimist political movement in Spain seeking the establishment of a separate line of the Bourbon family on [12] Furthermore, the death of the duke of Reichstadt (Napoléon II) on 22 July 1832, in Vienna, marked another defeat for the Bonapartist opposition. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of Year 1832 ( MDCCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. In French political history Bonapartism has two meanings In a strict sense this term refers to people who
Finally, Louis-Philippe had his elder daughter, Louise d'Orléans, married to the new king of the Belgians, Leopold I, on the anniversary of the establishment of the July Monarchy (9 August). Leopold I can refer to the following Leopold I Margrave of Austria (d Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus Since the archbishop of Paris Quélen, a Legitimist, refused to celebrate this mixed marriage between a Catholic and a Lutheran, the wedding took place in the château de Compiègne. The Château de Compiègne is a French Château, a royal residence built for Louis XV and restored by Napoleon. This royal alliance strengthened Louis-Philippe's position abroad.
First Soult Government
Louis-Philippe called a trusted man, Marshal Soult, to the presidency of the Council in October 1832. Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult, 1st Duc de Dalmatie (29 March 1769 26 November 1851 the Hand of Iron, was a French general and statesman named Soult was supported by a triumvirate composed of the main politicians of that time: Adolphe Thiers, the duke de Broglie and François Guizot. Louis-Adolphe fr Thiers ( Marseille, 16 April 1797&ndash3 September 1877 was a French politician and Historian. Disambiguation For the physicist see Louis de Broglie Did you want to research the De Broglie hypothesis ? The title of François Pierre Guillaume Guizot (4 October 1787 -12 September 1874 was a French Historian, Orator, and Statesman. The conservative Journal des débats spoke of a "coalition of all talents",[13] while the King of the French would eventually speak, with obvious deception, of a "Casimir Perier in three persons. Journal des débats ("Journal of Debates" was a French Newspaper, published between 1789 and 1944 that changed title several times " In a circular addressed to the high civil servants and military officers, the new President of the Council, Soult, stated that he would explicitly followed the policies of Perier ("order inside", "peace abroad") and denounced both the Legitimist right-wing opposition and the Republican left-wing opposition.
The new Minister of Interior, Adolphe Thiers, had his first success on 7 November 1832 with the arrest in Nantes of the rebellious duchess of Berry, detained in the citadel of Blaye. Louis-Adolphe fr Thiers ( Marseille, 16 April 1797&ndash3 September 1877 was a French politician and Historian. Events 1492 - The Ensisheim Meteorite the oldest Meteorite with a known date of impact strikes the Earth around noon in a Wheat Year 1832 ( MDCCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian The title of Duke of Berry ( duc de Berry) in the French Nobility was frequently created for junior members of the French royal family. Blaye is a commune and sub-prefecture in the Gironde department in Aquitaine in southwestern France. The duchess was then expelled to Italy on 8 June 1833. Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable Year 1833 ( MDCCCXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common
The opening of the parliamentary session on 19 November 1832, was a success for the regime. Events 1095 - The Council of Clermont, called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land Year 1832 ( MDCCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian The governmental candidate, André Dupin, was easily elected in the first round as President of the Chamber, with 234 votes against 136 for the candidate of the opposition, Jacques Laffitte. André Marie Jean Jacques Dupin ( February 1, 1783 - November 8, 1865) commonly called Dupin the Elder, was a French
In Belgium, Marshal Gérard assisted the young Belgian monarchy with 70,000 men, taking back the citadel of Antwerp, which capitulated on 23 December 1832. Étienne Maurice Gérard, Comte Gérard (4 April 1773 17 April 1852 was a French General and statesman ||-||-||-||} Antwerp ( Dutch:, French: Anvers) is a City and Municipality in Belgium and the capital of the Events 962 - Byzantine-Arab Wars: Under the future Emperor Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine troops stormed the city Year 1832 ( MDCCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian
Strengthened by these recent successes, Louis-Philippe initiated two visits in the provinces, first in the north to meet with the victorious Marshal Gérard and his men, and then in Normandie, where Legitimist troubles continued, from August to September 1833. Normandy (Normandie Norman: Normaundie) is a geographical region corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy. In order to conciliate themselves to public opinion, the new government took some popular measures, such a program of public works, leading to the achievement of the Arc de Triomphe in Paris, or the re-establishment, on 21 June 1833, of Napoleon I's statue on the Colonne Vendôme. Public works are the construction or engineering projects carried out by the State on behalf of the Community. The Arc de Triomphe is a monument in Paris, France that stands in the centre of the Place Charles de Gaulle also known as the Place de l'Étoile. Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce. Year 1833 ( MDCCCXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. Place Vendôme is a square in the 1st arrondissement of Paris located to the north of the Tuileries Gardens and east of the Église de la Madeleine The Minister of Public Instruction and Cults, François Guizot, had the famous law on primary education voted in June 1833, leading to the creation of an elementary school in each commune. François Pierre Guillaume Guizot (4 October 1787 -12 September 1874 was a French Historian, Orator, and Statesman. The commune is the lowest level of administrative division in the French Republic.
Finally, a ministerial change was enacted after duke de Broglie's resignation on 1 April 1834. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 1834 ( MDCCCXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Broglie had been put in minority in the Chamber concerning the ratification of a treaty signed with the United States in 1831. This was a subject of satisfaction for the king, as it took out of the triumvirate the individual he disliked the most.
April 1834 insurrections
The ministerial change coincide with the return of insurrectionary troubles in various cities of France. At the end of February 1834, a law submitting to public authorization the activities of the town criers, leading to several days of confrontations with the police. A town crier is a person who is employed by a Town council to make public announcements in the streets Furthermore, the 10 April 1834 law, primarily aimed against the Republican Society of Human Rights (Société des Droits de l'Homme), envisioned a crack-down on non-authorized associations. Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama Year 1834 ( MDCCCXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common On April 9, 1834, when the Chamber of Peers was to vote the law, the Second Canut Revolt exploded in Lyon. Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) Year 1834 ( MDCCCXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common There were three Canut revolts (Révolte des canuts in Lyon during the first half of the 19th century The Minister of the Interior, Adolphe Thiers, decided to abandon the city to the insurgents, taking it back on 13 April, with casualties of a 100 to 200 dead on both sides. Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople
The Republicans attempted to spread the insurrection to other cities, but failed in Marseille, Vienne, Poitiers and Châlons-sur-Marne. Marseille, ( English alt Marseilles mɑrˈseɪ — French: maʁsɛj locally — Provençal Occitan: Marselha maʀˈsijɔ This article is about the French department Do not confuse with the Austrian capital Vienna. Poitiers is a town on the Clain River in west central France. Châlons-en-Champagne is a city and commune in France. It is the administrative centre ( Préfecture) of both the département The threat was more serious in Grenoble and especially in Saint-Etienne on 11 April, but finally public order was swiftly restored. Grenoble is a city and commune in south-east France situated at the foot of the Alps where the Drac joins the Isère River. Saint-Étienne ( Sant-Etiève in Arpitan) is a city in the central eastern part of France, 60 km (40 miles southwest of Lyon. Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. The greater danger to the regime was, as often, in Paris. Expecting troubles, Thiers had concentrated 40,000 men there, visited by the king on 10 April. Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama Furthermore, Thiers had made "preventive arrests" against the 150 main leaders of the Society of Human Rights, and outlawed its mouthpiece, La Tribune des départements. Preventive detention concerns Imprisonment either without justification (the prisoner is not told the grounds for the arrest or waiting for trial Despite these measures, barricades were set up in the evening of 13 April 1834, leading to a harsh repression, including a massacre of all the inhabitants of a house (men, women, children and elders) from where a shot had been fired, immortalized by a lithography of Honoré Daumier. Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople Year 1834 ( MDCCCXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Honoré Daumier ( February 26, 1808 &ndash February 10, 1879) was a French Printmaker, Caricaturist,
To express their support to the monarchy, both Chambers gathered themselves in the Palace of the Tuileries on 14 April. The Palais des Tuileries was a royal Palace in Paris. It stood on the right bank of the River Seine until 1871, when it was destroyed In a gesture of appeasement, Louis-Philippe renounced to his feast-day celebration on 1 May, and publicly announced that the sums that were to be engaged in these festivities would be dedicated to the orphans, widows and injured. In the same time, he ordered Marshal Soult to make wide publicity of these events in all of France (the provinces being more conservative than Paris), to convince them of the "necessary increase of the Army. ". [14]
More than 2,000 arrests were made following the riots, in particular in Paris and Lyon. The suspects were deferred to the Chamber of Paris, in accordance with art. 28 of the Charter of 1830, for conspiracy against state security (attentat contre la sûreté de l'État). The Republican movement was decapitated, so much that even the funerals of La Fayette on 20 May 1834, were quiet. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held Year 1834 ( MDCCCXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common As soon as 13 May, the Chamber of Deputies voted a credit of 14 million in order to increase the army to 360,000 men. Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. Two days later, they also adopted a very repressive law on detention and use of military weapons.
Legislative elections of 1834
- Further information: French legislative election, 1834
Louis-Philippe decided to seize the occasion to dissolve the Chamber and organize new elections, held on 21 June 1834. The 1834 general election organized the third legislature of the July Monarchy. The 1834 general election organized the third legislature of the July Monarchy. Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce. Year 1834 ( MDCCCXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common However, the results were not as good as expected: although the Republicans were almost excluded, the Opposition retained around 150 seats (approximatively 30 Legitimists, the rest being followers of Odilon Barrot, who was an Orleanist supporter of the regime, but headed the Parti du mouvement). Camille Hyacinthe Odilon Barrot (19 September 1791 - 6 August 1873 was a French Politician. Furthermore, in the ranks of the majority itself, composed of about 300 deputies, a new faction, the Tiers-Parti, led by André Dupin, could on some occasions defect to the majority and give its voices to the Left. André Marie Jean Jacques Dupin ( February 1, 1783 - November 8, 1865) commonly called Dupin the Elder, was a French The new Chamber re-elected on 31 July 1834 Dupin as President of the Chamber with 247 voices against 33 for Jacques Laffitte and 24 for Pierre-Paul Royer-Collard. Events 30 BC - Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian 's forces but most of his army subsequently Year 1834 ( MDCCCXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Jacques Laffitte (24 October 1767&ndash26 May 1844 was a French banker and Politician. Pierre Paul Royer-Collard ( 21 June 1763 - 2 September 1845) was a French statesman and Philosopher, leader of the Furthermore, a large majority (256 against 39) voted an ambiguous address to the king which, although polite, did not abstain from criticizing Louis-Philippe. The latter immediately decided, on August 16, 1834, to put the Parliament in vacation until the end of the year. Events 1384 - The Hongwu Emperor of Ming China, Emperor Dong hears a case of a couple who tore paper money bills while fighting Year 1834 ( MDCCCXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common
Short lived governments (July 1834 - February 1835)
Thiers and Guizot, who dominated the triumvirate, decided to get rid of Marshal Soult, appreciated by the king for his compliance to his will. Louis-Adolphe fr Thiers ( Marseille, 16 April 1797&ndash3 September 1877 was a French politician and Historian. François Pierre Guillaume Guizot (4 October 1787 -12 September 1874 was a French Historian, Orator, and Statesman. Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult, 1st Duc de Dalmatie (29 March 1769 26 November 1851 the Hand of Iron, was a French general and statesman named Seizing the opportunity of an incident concerning the French possessions in Algeria, they pushed Soult to resign on 18 July 1834. French rule of Algeria lasted from 1830 to 1962 under a variety of governmental systems Events 390 BC - Roman - Gaulish Wars Battle of the Allia - a Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, Year 1834 ( MDCCCXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common He was replaced by Marshal Gérard, the other ministers remaining in place. Étienne Maurice Gérard, Comte Gérard (4 April 1773 17 April 1852 was a French General and statesman Gérard, however, was forced to resign, on 29 October 1834, over the question of an amnesty concerning the 2,000 prisoners detained in April. Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II Year 1834 ( MDCCCXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Louis-Philippe, the Doctrinaires (among whom Guizot and Thiers) and the core of the government opposed it, but the Tiers Parti managed to convince Gérard to pronounce it, underscoring the logistical difficulties in organizing such a large trial before the Chamber of Peers. Doctrinaires was the name given during the Bourbon Restoration (1814-1830 to the little group of French Royalists who hoped to reconcile the
Gérard's resignation opened up a four month ministerial crisis, until Louis-Philippe finally composed a government entirely issued from the Tiers Parti. However, after André Dupin's refusal to assume its presidency, the king made the mistake of calling, on 10 November 1834, a figure of the First Empire, the duc de Bassano. Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Vladislaus III of Varna (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Wladyslaw Year 1834 ( MDCCCXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The titles of Comte Maret and Duc de Bassano were created by the Emperor Napoleon I of France in 1807 and 1809 respectively for Hugues Bernard Maret the The latter, crippled with debts, became the object of public hilarity after that his creditors decided to seize his ministerial salary. Frightened, all of the ministers decided to resign, three days later, without even advising Bassano, whose government became known as the "Three Days Minister. " On 18 November 1834, Louis-Philippe called Marshal Mortier, duke of Trévise, to the Presidency, and the latter formed exactly the same government as Bassano. Events 326 - The old St Peter's Basilica is consecrated 1302 - Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull Year 1834 ( MDCCCXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Édouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph Mortier, 1st Duc de Trévise (13 February 1768 28 July 1835 was a French General and Marshal of France This crisis ridiculed the Tiers Parti while the Doctrinaires triumphed.
On 1 December 1834, Mortier's government decided to submit a motion of confidence to the Parliament, obtaining a clear majority (184 voices against 117). Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Year 1834 ( MDCCCXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common A Motion of Confidence is a motion of support proposed by a government in a Parliament or other assembly of elected representatives to give members of parliament (or Despite this, Mortier had to resign two months later, on 20 February 1835, officially for health reasons. Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment Year 1835 ( MDCCCXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The opposition had denounced a government without a leader, accusing Mortier of being Louis-Philippe's puppet. The saying that Thiers had opposed to Charles X, "the king rules but does not govern" (le roi règne mais ne gouverne pas), was addressed this time to the "Citizen King". Charles X may refer to Charles X Gustav of Sweden (1622–1660 Charles X of France (1757–1836
Evolution towards Parliamentarism (1835 - 1840)
The polemics which led to Marshal Mortier's resignation, fed by monarchists such as Baron Massias or the Count of Roederer, all turned around the question of the Parliament's prerogatives. Polemics (pəˈlɛmɪks/ /poʊ- is the practice of disputing or controverting religious, philosophical, or political matters Édouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph Mortier, 1st Duc de Trévise (13 February 1768 28 July 1835 was a French General and Marshal of France Comte Pierre Louis Roederer ( February 15, 1754 &ndash December 17, 1835) was a French politician economist and historian On one hand, Louis-Philippe wanted to be able to follow his policy, in particular around "reserved domains" such as military affairs or diplomacy. A charter member of the United Nations, France holds one of the permanent seats in the Security Council and is a member of most of its specialized and related agencies Head of the state, he also wanted to be able to lead the government, if need by bypassing the President of the Council, the first of all ministers. On the other hand, part of the deputies stated that the ministers needed a leader issued from the parliamentary majority, and thus wanted to continue the evolution towards parliamentarism which had only been sketched with the Charter of 1830. A parliamentary system, also known as parliamentarianism (and parliamentarism in American English) is a System of government in which The Charter of 1830 (Charte de 1830 instigated the July Monarchy in France. The Charter did not include any mechanism of political responsibility of the ministers towards the Chamber (confidence motion or censorship motion). A Motion of Confidence is a motion of support proposed by a government in a Parliament or other assembly of elected representatives to give members of parliament (or A motion of no confidence (also vote of no confidence, censure motion, no-confidence motion, or confidence motion) is a Parliamentary motion Furthermore, the function of a President of the Council itself was not registered in the Charter.
The Broglie minister (March 1835-February 1836)
In this context, the deputies decided to support Victor de Broglie as head of the government, mainly because he was the king's less likely choice, as Louis-Philippe disliked both his anglophilia and his independence. Achille-Léonce-Victor-Charles 3rd duc de Broglie (28 November 1785&ndash26 January 1870 was a French statesman and Diplomat. After a three weeks ministerial crisis, during which the "Citizen King" successively called forth the count Molé, André Dupin, Marshal Soult, General Sébastiani and Gérard, he was finally forced to rely on the duc de Broglie and to accept his conditions, which were close to those imposed before by Casimir Perier. Louis Mathieu comte Molé (24 January 1781 - 23 November 1855 was a French Statesman Biography Molé was born in Paris. André Marie Jean Jacques Dupin ( February 1, 1783 - November 8, 1865) commonly called Dupin the Elder, was a French Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult, 1st Duc de Dalmatie (29 March 1769 26 November 1851 the Hand of Iron, was a French general and statesman named "Sébastiani" redirects here For other uses of the word see Sebastiani. Étienne Maurice Gérard, Comte Gérard (4 April 1773 17 April 1852 was a French General and statesman
As in the first Soult government, the new cabinet rest on the triumvirate Broglie (Foreign affairs) - Guizot (Public instruction) - Thiers (Interior). Broglie's first act was to take a personal revenge on the Chamber by having it ratified (by 289 votes against 137) the 4 July 1831 treaty with the United States, something which the deputies had refused him in 1834. Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a He also obtained a large majority on the debate on the secret funds, which worked as an unofficial motion of confidence (256 voices against 129).
Trial of the April insurgents
Broglie's most important task was the trial of the April insurgees, which began on 5 May 1835 before the Chamber of Peers. Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John Year 1835 ( MDCCCXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The Peers finally inculpated only 164 detainees on the 2,000 prisoners, of which 43 were judged in absentia. In absentia is Latin for "in the absence" In legal use it usually pertains to a defendant's right to be present in court proceedings Those defendants who were present for their trial multiplied incidents of procedure, and attempted by all means to transform the trial into a tribune for Republicanism. Republicanism is the Ideology of governing a nation as a Republic, with an emphasis on Liberty, Rule of law, Popular sovereignty On 12 July 1835, parts of them, among which the main leaders of the Parisian insurrection, escaped from the Prison of Sainte-Pélagie through an underground tunnel. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. Year 1835 ( MDCCCXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The Court of Peers gave its sentence against the insurgees of Lyon on 13 August 1835, and against the other defendants in December 1835 and January 1836. Events 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury correlation the start of the Maya calendar. Year 1835 ( MDCCCXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The sentences were rather mild: a few condamnations to deportation, and lots of short-term prison sentences and some acquittals. Deportation, not to be confused with Extradition, generally means the expulsion of someone from a place or Country.
The Fieschi attentat (28 July 1835)
.jpg/350px-Attentat_de_Fieschi_-_28.07.1835_-_2_(Eugène_Lami).jpg)
Against their hopes, the trial finally turned to the Republicans' disadvantage, by giving them a radical image which reminded the public opinion of the excesses of Jacobinism and frightened the bourgeois. This page describes the political term "Jacobin" For discussion of the political organization of the French Revolution era see Jacobin Club. The Fieschi attentat of July 1835, which took place during a review of the National Guard in Paris by Louis-Philippe for the commemorations of the July Revolution, further scared the notables. On the boulevard du Temple, near Place de la République, a machine infernale composed of tens of guns shot on the king. The boulevard du Temple is a Boulevard in Paris separating the IIIe arrondissement from the XIe arrondissement. This article is on the Place de la République in Paris For squares named Place de la République in other towns and cities see Place de la République (disambiguation The latter, however, was only lightly injured, while his sons, Ferdinand-Philippe, duc d'Orléans, Louis-Charles d'Orléans, duc de Nemours and François d'Orléans, prince de Joinville, escaped uharmed. Ancestors Trivia Ferdinand-Philippe was used by Hanns Heinz Ewers as a character in his novella "Die Herzen der Könige" Louis Charles Philippe Raphael d'Orléans duc de Nemours ( October 25, 1814 &ndash June 26, 1896) was the second son of the duc d'Orleans François-Ferdinand-Philippe-Louis-Marie d'Orléans prince de Joinville ( 14 August 1818 - 16 June 1900) was the third son of Louis Philippe However, Marshal Mortier and ten other persons were killed, while tens were injured (among which seven died in the following days). Édouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph Mortier, 1st Duc de Trévise (13 February 1768 28 July 1835 was a French General and Marshal of France
The conspirators, the adventurer Giuseppe Fieschi and two Republicans (Pierre Morey and Théodore Pépin) members of the Society of Human Rights, were arrested in September 1835. Giuseppe Marco Fieschi ( December 13, 1790 &ndash February 19, 1836) was the chief conspirator in the attempt on the life of King Louis-Philippe Judged before the Court of Peers, they were sentenced to death and guillotined on 19 February 1836. Capital punishment in France existed officially from the Middle Ages and was abolished in 1981 The guillotine ( pronounced /ˈgijətin/ or /ˈgɪlətin/ in English in French was a device used for carrying out executions by Decapitation. Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum Year 1836 ( MDCCCXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap
The September 1835 laws
The Fieschi attentat shocked the bourgeois' and most of France, generally more conservative than the people of Paris. The Republicans were discredited in the country, and the opinion ready for energical measures.
The first law reinforced the powers of the president of the Cour d'assises and of the public prosecutor against those accused of rebellion, detention of prohibited weapons or insurrectionary attempts. The Cour d'Assises (" Assize Court " in France is the court charged to judge people accused of Felonies ("crimes" as known The prosecutor is the chief legal representative of the prosecution in countries with either the Common law Adversarial system, or the civil law It was adopted on August 13, 1835, by 212 voices against 72. Events 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury correlation the start of the Maya calendar. Year 1835 ( MDCCCXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common
The second law reformed the procedure before the jurys of the Assises. The 4 March 1831 law restricted the declaration of innocence or culpability to the sole juries, excluding the professional magistrates belonging to the Cour d'assises, and requested a 2/3 majority (8 voices against 4) for a culpability sentence. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a The new law changed that to a simple majority (7 against 5), and was adopted on 20 August 1835 by 224 voices against 149. Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine Year 1835 ( MDCCCXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common
The third law restricted freedom of press, and provoked passionate debates. In standard conditions France does not have Censorship laws being a Liberal democracy respectful of Freedom of press. It aimed at outlawing discussions concerning the king, the dynasty and constitutional monarchy, accused of having prepared the grounds for the Fieschi attentat. Despite a strong opposition to the draft, the law was voted on 29 August 1830 by 226 voices against 153. Events 708 - Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708) For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display
The definitive consolidation of the regime
These three laws were simultaneously promulgated on 9 September 1835, and marked the definitive success of the policy of Résistance engaged since Casimir Perier against the Republicans. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian Year 1835 ( MDCCCXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The July Monarchy was thereafter assured of its grounds, discussions concerning its legitimity being outrightly outlawed. The Opposition could now only discuss of the interpretation of the Charter and claim an evolution towards parliamentarism. Demands for the enlargement of the electoral base became more frequent, however, in 1840, leading to the re-appearance of Republican Opposition through the claim to universal suffrage. Universal suffrage (also universal adult suffrage, general suffrage or common suffrage) consists of the extension of the right to vote to
The Broglie minister, however, finally fell on a question concerning public debt. Government debt (also known as public debt or national debt) is Money (or credit) owed by any level of government either Central government The Minister of Finances, Georges Humann, announced on 14 January 1836 his intention to proceed to a conversion of the rent in order to lighten the public debt, a very unpopular measures among the supporters of the regime, since the rent was a fundamental component of the bourgeoisie's wealth. Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes. Year 1836 ( MDCCCXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Thereby, the Council of Ministers immediately disavowed Humann, while the Duke de Broglie explained to the Chamber that his proposition was not supported by the government. However, his tone was judged insulting by the deputies, and one of them, the banker Alexandre Gouin, immediately deposed a draft law concerning the conversion of the rent. On 5 February 1836, a short majority of deputies (194 against 192) decided to continue the examination of the draft, thus disavowing Broglie's cabinet. Events 1576 - Henry of Navarre converts to Roman Catholicism in order to ensure his right to the throne of France. Year 1836 ( MDCCCXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap The government immediately resign: for the first time, a cabinet had fallen after having been put in minority before the Chamber of Deputies, a sure victory of parliamentarism.
The first Thiers government (February-September 1836)
Louis-Philippe thus decided to pretend to play the parliamentary card, with the secret intention of neutralizing it. He took advantage of the ministerial crisis to get rid of the Doctrinaires (Broglie and Guizot), called some Tiers Parti politicians to give an illusion of an opening to the Left, and finally called forth Adolphe Thiers on 22 February 1836, in an attempt to achieve of convincing him to take his distances with the liberal Doctrinaires, and also to burn his legitimity in government until the time came to call forth the Count Molé, whom the king had decided since a long time to make his President of the Council. Doctrinaires was the name given during the Bourbon Restoration (1814-1830 to the little group of French Royalists who hoped to reconcile the Louis-Adolphe fr Thiers ( Marseille, 16 April 1797&ndash3 September 1877 was a French politician and Historian. Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne Year 1836 ( MDCCCXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Louis Mathieu comte Molé (24 January 1781 - 23 November 1855 was a French Statesman Biography Molé was born in Paris. Louis-Philippe thus separated the center-right from the center-left, strategically attempting to dissolve the Tiers Parti, a dangerous game since this could also lead to the dissolving of the parliamentary majority itself and create endless ministerial crises. Furthermore, as the duc de Broglie himself warned him, when Thiers would eventually be pushed out, he would fatally shift to the Left and transform himself in a particularly dangerous opponent.
In the Chamber, the debate on the secret funds, marked by a remarked speech by Guizot and an evasive response by the Justice Minister, Sauzet, was concluded by a favorable vote for the government (251 voices against 99). Sauzet is the name of several communes in France Sauzet, in the Drôme department Sauzet, in the Gard department On the other hand, the draft proposition on the conversion of the rents was easily postponed by the deputies on 22 March 1836, another sign that it had been only a pretext. Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor. Year 1836 ( MDCCCXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap
Thiers' motivations for accepting to be head of government and to take the Ministry of Foreign Affairs were to enable him to negotiate the Duc d'Orléans' wedding with an Austrian archduchess. Ancestors Trivia Ferdinand-Philippe was used by Hanns Heinz Ewers as a character in his novella "Die Herzen der Könige" Since the Fieschi attentat, Ferdinand-Philippe's wedding (he had just reached 25) had became an obsession of the king, and Thiers wanted to be the operator of a spectacular reversion of alliances in Europe, as Choiseul had done before him. But Metternich and the archduchess Sophie of Bavaria, who dominated the court in Vienna, rejected an alliance with the House of Orléans, which they deemed too fragile. Children Portrayal on stage Kenneth MacMillan 's 1978 ballet Mayerling Michael Kunze 's 1992
Another attentat against Louis-Philippe, by Alibaud on 25 June 1836, justified their fears. Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians Year 1836 ( MDCCCXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap These two setbacks upset Thiers. On 29 July 1836, the inauguration of the Arc de Triomphe, supposed to be the scene of a national concord ceremony, during which the July Monarchy would have captured the glory of the Revolution and of the Empire, finally took place in catimini, at seven in the morning and without the king's presence. Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat Year 1836 ( MDCCCXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an The Empire of the French (1804-1814 also known as the Empire of France, Greater French Empire, First French Empire, French Empire, or
To re-establish his popularity and in order to take his revenge from Austria, Thiers was considering a military intervention in Spain, requested by the Queen Regent Marie Christine de Bourbon who was confronted to the Carlist rebellion. Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies (Maria Cristina Ferdinanda di Borbone principessa delle Due Sicilie María Cristina de Borbón princesa de las Dos Sicilias April 27, See also Carlism The First Carlist War was a Civil war in Spain from 1833 to 1839 But Louis-Philippe, advised by Talleyrand and Soult, strongly opposed the intervention, leading to Thiers' resignation. Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord 1st Sovereign Prince of Beneventum (2 February 1754 17 May 1838 the Prince of Diplomats, was a French Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult, 1st Duc de Dalmatie (29 March 1769 26 November 1851 the Hand of Iron, was a French general and statesman named This new event, during which the government had fallen not because of the Parliament but because of a disagreement with the king on foreign policies, demonstrated that the evolution towards parliamentarism was far from being assured.
The two Molé governments (September 1836 - March 1839)
The Count Molé composed a new government on 6 September 1836, including the Doctrinaires Guizot, Tanneguy Duchâtel and Adrien de Gasparin. Louis Mathieu comte Molé (24 January 1781 - 23 November 1855 was a French Statesman Biography Molé was born in Paris. Events 3114 BC - According to the Proleptic Julian calendar the current era in the Maya Long Count Calendar started Year 1836 ( MDCCCXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap This new cabinet did not include any personality of the Three Glorious, something the press immediately highlighted. Molé immediately took some humanist measures in order to assure his popularity: generalisation of prison cells to avoid "mutual teaching of crime", suppression of the chain of convicts exposed to the public, royal pardon for 52 political prisoners (Legitimists and Republicans), in particular for Charles X' former ministers. term prison cell or holding cell refers to the accommodation of a Prisoner in a Prison or Police station. A pardon is the forgiveness of a crime and the penalty associated with it On 25 October 1836, the inauguration of the Obelisk of Luxor (a gift from the vice-king of Egypt, Mehemet Ali) on the Place de la Concorde was the scene of a public ovation for the King. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 1836 ( MDCCCXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap An obelisk (from Greek ὀβελίσκος - obeliskos, diminutive of ὀβελός - obelos, "spit nail pointed pillar" Luxor (in Arabic: الأقصر al-Uqṣur) is a city in Upper (southern Egypt and the capital of Luxor This article is about the leader of Egypt For other people named Muhammad Ali or Mehmet Ali see Muhammad Ali (disambiguation and Mehemet Ali (disambiguation The Place de la Concorde is one of the major squares in Paris, France.
1836 Bonapartist uprising
On 30 October 1836, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte attempted an uprising in Strasbourg, which was quickly countered. Events 637 - Antioch surrenders to the Muslim forces under Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of Iron bridge. Year 1836 ( MDCCCXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte may refer to Louis Bonaparte, brother of Napoleon I and King of Holland Napoleon III of France, son of Louis The Bonapartist prince and his accomplices were arrested on the same day. The king, wanting to avoid a public trial, and without legal proceedings, ordered that Louis-Napoléon be taken to Lorient where he was put on board the frigate L'Andromède, which sailed for the United States on 21 November. Lorient, or L'Orient, (An Oriant is a commune and a Seaport in the Morbihan département, of Brittany. Events 164 BC - Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family restores the Temple in Jerusalem. The other conjurees were transferred before the Cour d'assises of Strasbourg, who acquitted them on 18 January 1837. Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 1837 ( MDCCCXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common
loi de disjonction
Thereafter, on 24 January 1837, the Minister of War, General Simon Bernard (Baron), deposed a draft law - loi de disjonction - aimed at separating, in case of insurrection, civilians, who would be judged by the Cour d'assises, and non-civilians, who would be judged by a war council. Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled Year 1837 ( MDCCCXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Baron Simon Bernard ( 28 April 1779 - 5 November 1839) was a French general of engineers The Cour d'Assises (" Assize Court " in France is the court charged to judge people accused of Felonies ("crimes" as known A council of war is a term in Military science that describes a meeting held to decide on a course of action usually in the midst of a battle The opposition adamantly rejected the project, and surprisingly managed to have the Chamber refuse it, on 7 March 1837, by a very short majority of 211 voices against 209. Events 161 - Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius dies and is succeeded by co-Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus Year 1837 ( MDCCCXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common
However, Louis-Philippe decided to go against public expectation, and the logic of parliamentarism, by maintaining the Molé government in place. But the government was deprived of any solid parliamentary majority, and thus paralyzed. During a month and a half, the king tried various ministerial combinations before composing a new government which included Camille de Montalivet, who was close to him, but excluded Guizot, who had more and more troubles working with Molé, confirmed as head of the government. Marthe Camille Bachasson 3rd Count of Montalivet ( Valence, April 24, 1801 - Saint-Bouize, January 4, 1880) was a
This new government was almost a provocation for the Chamber: not only Molé was maintained, but de Salvandy, who had been in charge of the "loi de disjonction", and Lacave-Laplagne, in charge of a draft concerning the Belgian Queen's dot — both laws having been rejected by the deputies — were also members of the new cabinet. Narcisse-Achille de Salvandy ( 11 June 1795 &ndash 16 December 1856) was a French Politician. The press spoke of a "Cabinet of the castle" or "Cabinet of lackeys", and all expected it to be short-lived.
The wedding of the duc d'Orléans
However, in his first speech, on April 18, 1837, Molé cut short all critics with the announcement of the future wedding of the royal Prince with the Princess Hélène de Mecklembourg-Schwerin. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. Year 1837 ( MDCCCXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Ancestors Trivia Ferdinand-Philippe was used by Hanns Heinz Ewers as a character in his novella "Die Herzen der Könige" Taken by surprise, the deputies voted the increase of the duc d'Orléans' dot, which had been previously rejected, as well as the increase of the dot of the Queen of the Belgians.
After this promising beginning, Molé's government managed to obtain in May the Parliament's confidence during the debate on the secret funds, despite Odilon Barrot's attacks (250 voices against 112). An 8 May 1837 ordinance granted general amnesty to all political prisoners, while crucifixes were re-established in the courts, and the Church of Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois, closed since 1831, authorized to renew with cult activities. Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen Year 1837 ( MDCCCXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The Church of Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois is situated at 2 Place du Louvre Paris 75001 the nearest Métro station is Louvre-Rivoli To demonstrate that public order had been restored, the king passed in review the National Guard on Place de la Concorde. On 30 May 1837, the duc d'Orléans's wedding was celebrated at the château de Fontainebleau. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following Year 1837 ( MDCCCXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The Palace of Fontainebleau, located 345 miles from the centre of Paris, is one of the largest French royal Châteaux The palace as it is today is the work of many
A few days later, on 10 June, Louis-Philippe inaugurated the château de Versailles, the restoration of which, begun in 1833, was to establish a Museum of the History of France, dedicated to "all the glories of France". Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem The Palace of Versailles, or simply Versailles, is a royal Château in Versailles, in France 's Île-de-France region A museum is a "permanent institution in the service of society and of its development open to the public which acquires conserves researches communicates and exhibits the The king had closely followed and personally financed the project entrusted to the architect Pierre-François-Léonard Fontaine. In a symbol of national reconciliation, the military glories of the Revolution and of the Empire, even those of the Restoration, were to sit side by side with those of the Ancien Régime. Ancien Régime ( pronounced: /ɑ̃sjɛ̃ ʁeʒim/ refers primarily to the aristocratic social and political system established in
The legislative elections of 4 November 1837
- Further information: French legislative election, 1837
Molé's government thus seemed stable, helped by the return of economic prosperity. The 1837 general election organized the fourth legislature of the July Monarchy. Therefore, the king and Molé decided, against the duc d'Orléans' opinion, that the moment was auspicious for the dissolving of the Chamber, done on 3 October 1837. Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's Year 1837 ( MDCCCXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common In order to weigh on the forthcoming elections, Louis-Philippe decided the Constantine expedition in Algeria, a military success of General Valée and the duc de Nemours, second son of Louis-Philippe, who took Constantine on 13 October. French rule of Algeria lasted from 1830 to 1962 under a variety of governmental systems Sylvain-Charles comte Valée ( December 17, 1773 - August 16, 1846) born in Brienne-le-Château, was a Marshal of France Louis Charles Philippe Raphael d'Orléans duc de Nemours ( October 25, 1814 &ndash June 26, 1896) was the second son of the duc d'Orleans Constantine ( Latin: Cōnstantīnus, Greek:) is a given name and surname derived from the Latin word constans, meaning constant or Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees
However, the 4 November 1837 elections did not respond to Louis-Philippe's hopes. The 1837 general election organized the fourth legislature of the July Monarchy. On a total of 459 deputies, only a relative majority of 220 were supporters of the regime. About 20 Legitimists had been elected, and 30 Republicans. The center-right (Doctrinaires) had approximatively 30 deputies, the center-left about the double, and the dynastic opposition (Odilon Barrot) 65. Doctrinaires was the name given during the Bourbon Restoration (1814-1830 to the little group of French Royalists who hoped to reconcile the The Tiers parti had only about 15 deputies, and 30 more were undecided. Such a composite Chamber carried the risk of the formation of a heterogeneous coalition against the government.
As early as January 1838, the government was hotly contested, in particular by Charles Gauguier, concerning the deputies who were also civil servants. On 9 January, he accused the government of electoral manipulation in order to have loyal civil servants elected. Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople. These, who had been 178 in the preceding Chamber, were now 191. Adolphe Thiers and his allies also defied the government, concerning the Spanish affairs. Louis-Adolphe fr Thiers ( Marseille, 16 April 1797&ndash3 September 1877 was a French politician and Historian. However, with the help of the Doctrinaires, Molé obtained a favorable vote for the address to the king on 13 January 1838, with 216 voices against 116. Events 532 - Nika riots in Constantinople. 888 - Odo Count of Paris becomes King of the Franks Year 1838 ( MDCCCXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common
Molé's cabinet appeared to be taken hostage by the Doctrinaires, at the exact moment when Guizot was taking his distance with the President of the Council. François Pierre Guillaume Guizot (4 October 1787 -12 September 1874 was a French Historian, Orator, and Statesman. All of Thiers' efforts would be thereafter focused on pushing the Doctrinaires away from the ministerial majority. During the vote on the secret funds, both Guizot, in the Chamber of Deputies, and the duc de Broglie, in the Chamber of Pairs, criticized the cabinet, although accepting to vote favorably. Achille-Léonce-Victor-Charles 3rd duc de Broglie (28 November 1785&ndash26 January 1870 was a French statesman and Diplomat.
On 10 May 1838, the deputies rejected the governmental plan of railway development, after having adopted, a week earlier, the project on conversion of the rents opposed by Molé. Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. Year 1838 ( MDCCCXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common "Railroad" and "Railway" both redirect here For other uses see Railroad (disambiguation. The Peers, however, supported Molé and rejected the latter. On 20 June 1838, Molé succeeded in having the Assembly vote the 1839 budget before the parliamentary vacations. Events 451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius ' defeats Attila the Hun. Year 1838 ( MDCCCXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common
On the opening of the parliamentary session in December 1838, André Dupin was elected by a very short majority (183 voices against 178 for Hippolyte Passy, the center-left candidate and adamant opponent to the "Castle cabinet") as President of the Chamber. André Marie Jean Jacques Dupin ( February 1, 1783 - November 8, 1865) commonly called Dupin the Elder, was a French A coalition, including Guizot, Thiers, Prosper Duvergier de Hauranne and Hippolyte Passy, had formed itself during summer, but it did not prevent the vote of a favorable address to the King (221 voices for against 208).
The legislative elections of 2 March 1839
- Further information: French legislative election, 1839
Confronted to such a slight and incertain majority, Molé presented his resignation to the king on 22 January 1839. The 1839 general election organized the fifth legislature of the July Monarchy. Events 565 - Eutychius is deposed as Patriarch of Constantinople by John Scholasticus. Year 1839 ( MDCCCXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Louis-Philippe first attempted to refuse it, and then, approaching Marshal Soult, who was not very convinced, proposed him to take the lead. Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult, 1st Duc de Dalmatie (29 March 1769 26 November 1851 the Hand of Iron, was a French general and statesman named Soult finally accepted after the funeral of the king's daughter, the duchesse de Wurtemberg, on the conditions of organizing anticipated elections. During the electoral campaign, the left-wing opposition cried out at a constitutional coup, comparing the 1837 and 1839 dissolvings to the consecutive dissolvings of Charles X in 1830. Thiers compared Molé to Polignac, one of Charles X's ministers. Jules Auguste Armand Marie Prince de Polignac ( Versailles, 14 May 1780 Paris, 2 March 1847 was a French Statesman.
The 2 March 1839 elections were a deception for the king, with the loss of two loyal deputies, while the coalition gathered 240 members (against only 199 for the government). The 1839 general election organized the fifth legislature of the July Monarchy. Molé presented his resignation to the king on 8 March, which Louis-Philippe was forced to accept. Events 1618 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion.
Second Soult government (May 1839 - February 1840)
After Molé's fall, Louis-Philippe immediately called upon Marshal Soult, who attempted, without success, to form a government including the three leaders of the coalition who had taken down Molé: Guizot, Thiers and Odilon Barrot. Confronted to the Doctrinaires' refusal, he then tried to form a center-left cabinet, which also stumbled upon Thiers' intransigeancy concerning the Spanish affairs. These successive setbacks forced the king to postpone to 4 April 1839 the opening of the parliamentary session. Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. Year 1839 ( MDCCCXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Thiers also refused to be associated with the duc de Broglie and Guizot. The king then attempted to keep him at bay by offering him an embassy, which provoked the outcries of Thiers' friends. Finally, Louis-Philippe resigned himself in composing, on 31 March 1839, a transitional and neutral government. Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Year 1839 ( MDCCCXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common
The parliamentary session opened on 4 April on a quasi-insurrectionary atmosphere, a large mob had gathered around the Palais-Bourbon, seat of the Assembly, singing La Marseillaise and rioting. Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. Palais Bourbon, a Palace located on the left bank of the Seine, across from the Place de la Concorde, Paris (which is on the right bank is " La Marseillaise " (la maʁsɛˡjɛz in English The Song of Marseille) is the National anthem of France. The left-wing press charged the government of provocations. Thiers supported Odilon Barrot as President of the Chamber, but his attitude during the negotiations for the formation of a new cabinet had disappointed some of his friends. A part of the center-left thus decided to present Hippolyte Passy against Barrot. The latter won with 227 voices against 193, supported by the ministerial deputies and the Doctrinaires. This vote demonstrated that the coalition had imploded, and that a right-wing majority could be formed to oppose any left-wing solution.
Despite this, the negotiations for the formation of a new cabinet still were unsuccessful, Thiers making his friends promise to request his authorization before accepting any governmental function. The situation seemed totally blocked, when on 12 May, 1838, the Société des saisons, a secret, Republican society, headed by Martin Bernard, Armand Barbès and Auguste Blanqui, organized an insurrection in the rue Saint-Denis and the rue Saint-Martin in Paris. Armand Barbès ( 1809 - 1870) was a French Politician, surnamed the Bayard of Democracy; imprisoned in 1848 liberated in 1854 expatriated Louis Auguste Blanqui (born February 8, 1805 in Puget-Théniers, France, died January 1, 1881) was a French Rue Saint-Denis is one of the oldest streets in Paris - its route was first laid out in the 1st century by the Romans, and then extended to the north in The League of the Just, founded in 1836, participated in this uprising. The Communist League was the first Marxist international organisation [15] However, not only was it a failure, and the conjurees arrested, but this allowed Louis-Philippe to form a new government on the same day, presided by Marshal Soult who had assured him of his loyal support.
At the end of May, the vote on the secret funds gave a large majority to the new government, who also had the budget voted without any problems. The parliamentary vacation was decreeded on 6 August, 1838, and the new session opened on 23 December, during which the Chamber voted a rather favorable address to the government by 212 voices against 43. Soult's cabinet, however, fell on 20 February, 1839, 226 deputies having voted against the dotation project of the duc de Nemours (only 200 votes for), who was to marry Victoire de Saxe-Cobourg-Kohary. See Princess Victoria for other persons similarly named Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld-Kohary ( February 14, 1822, Vienna Proudhon noted in a letter the inconsequence of the bourgeoisie, who supported the king without supporting its consequences[16]
The second Thiers cabinet (March - October 1840)
Soult's fall contraigned the king to call on the main left-wing figure, Adolphe Thiers. Guizot, one of the only remaining right-wing alternative, had just been named ambassador to London and left France. Thiers' aim was to establish definitively parliamentarism, with a "king that rules but does not govern", and a cabinet emanating from the parliamentary majority and responsible before it. Henceforth, he obviously went against Louis-Philippe's conception.
Thiers formed his government on 1 March 1840. Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 1840 ( MDCCCXL) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year He had first pretended to offer the presidency of the Council to the duc de Broglie, and then Soult, before accepting it and taking in the same time the Foreign Affairs. His cabinet was formed of rather young politicians (47 years-old average), Thiers himself being only 42.
Relations with the king were immediately difficult. Louis-Philippe embarrassed Thiers by suggesting him to nominate his friend Horace Sébastiani as Marshal, which would target him to the same criticisms he had previously done against political favoritism and the use of governmental power. "Sébastiani" redirects here For other uses of the word see Sebastiani. Thiers thus decided to postpone Sébastiani's advancement.
Thiers obtained an easy majority during the debate on the secret funds in March 1840 (246 voices against 160). Although he was classified as center-left, Thiers' second government was highly conservative, dedicated to the protection of the interests of the bourgeoisie. Although he had the deputies vote the conversion of the rents, a left-wing proposal, he was sure that it would be rejected by the Peers, which is effectively what happened. On 16 May, 1840, Thiers harshly recused universal suffrage and social reforms after a speech by the Radical François Arago, who had related electoral reform and social reform. Universal suffrage (also universal adult suffrage, general suffrage or common suffrage) consists of the extension of the right to vote to For opposition to all forms of government social hierarchy or authority see Anarchism. François Jean Dominique Arago ( Francesc Joan Dominic Aragó; 26 February 1786 2 October 1853 was a French Catalan Mathematician, [17] Arago was attempting to unite the left-wing by tying together universal suffrage claims and Socialist claims, appeared in the 1840s, concerning the "right of work" (droit au travail). Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution He considered that the electoral reform to establish universal suffrage should precede the social reform, which he considered as an emergency.
On 15 June 1838, Thiers obtained the postponement of a proposition made by the conservative deputy of Versailles, Ovide de Rémilly who, seizing himself of an old claim of the Left, aimed at outlawing the nomination of deputies to salaried public offices during their mandate. Events 763 BC - Assyrians record a Solar eclipse that will be used to fix the Chronology of Mesopotamian history Year 1838 ( MDCCCXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Versailles (vɛʀsaj in French) formerly de facto capital of the kingdom of France, is now a wealthy suburb of Paris and is still an important As Thiers had previously supported this proposition, he was acutely criticized by the Left.
Social problems related to the economic crisis started in 1839 provoked since the end of August 1838 strike actions and riots in the textile, clothing and construction sectors. Strike action, often simply called a strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal by Employees to perform work. On 7 September 1839, the cabinet-makers of the faubourg Saint-Antoine started to put up barricades. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece. Year 1839 ( MDCCCXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Cabinet making is the practice of utilizing various Woodworking skills to create cabinets shelving and Furniture. Thiers responded by sending the National Guard and using all the recourses of the laws prohibiting public meetings.
Thiers also renewed the Banque de France's privilege until 1867 at so advantageous conditions that the Bank had a commemorative gold medal wedged. The Banque de France is the Central bank of France; it is linked to the European Central Bank (ECB Several laws also established steam ocean liners, their exploitation being conceded to companies subsided by the state. An ocean liner is a ship designed to transport people from one Seaport to another along regular long-distance Maritime routes according to a schedule Other laws granted credits or guarantees to railway companies in difficulty.
Return of Napoleon's ashes
At the same time that Thiers favored the conservative bourgeoisie, he also made sure to satisfy the Left's want of glory. On 12 May 1840, the Minister of the Interior, Charles de Rémusat, announced to the deputies that the king had decided that the remains of Napoléon would be transferred to the Invalides. Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre. Year 1840 ( MDCCCXL) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Charles François Marie Comte de Rémusat ( March 13, 1797 - June 6, 1875) was a French Politician and writer Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. Les Invalides in Paris, France, is a complex of buildings in the city's 7th arrondissement containing Museums and monuments all relating With the British government's agreement, the prince de Joinville sailed to Saint Helena on the frigate La Belle Poule to retrieve them. François-Ferdinand-Philippe-Louis-Marie d'Orléans prince de Joinville ( 14 August 1818 - 16 June 1900) was the third son of Louis Philippe Saint Helena (pronounced saint he-LEE-na) named after St Helena of Constantinople, is an island of volcanic origin and a British overseas territory
This announcement immediately struck the public opinion, which enflammed itself with patriotic fervor. Thiers saw in this act the achievement of the rehabilitation of the Revolution and of the Empire, which he had enterprised in his Histoire de la Révolution française and his Histoire du Consulat et de l'Empire, while Louis-Philippe, who was reluctant, aimed at capturing to his profit a bit of the imperial glory, just as he had appropriated the legitime monarchy's glory in the Château de Versailles. The prince Louis-Napoléon decided to seize the opportunity to land in Boulogne-sur-Mer on 6 August 1840, with the aim of rallying the 42th infantry regiment (42e régiment de ligne). Napoléon III, also known as Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (full name Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte) (20 April 1808 9 January 1873 was the first President Boulogne-sur-Mer ( Bonen in Dutch is a City in Northern France. Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. Year 1840 ( MDCCCXL) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year along with some accomplices among whom one of Napoléon's comrades in Saint Helena, the General de Montholon. Charles Tristan marquis de Montholon (1782&ndash August 21, 1853) was born in Paris. Although Montholon was in reality a double agent used by the French government to spy, in London, on Louis-Napoléon, Montholon deceived Thiers by letting him think that the operation would take place in Metz. A split album featuring performances by bands The KGB and Alien Spy that was produced in 1997 However, Bonaparte's operation was a complete failure, and he was detained with his men in the Fort of Ham (Picardie). Picardie ( English: Picardy is one of the 26 regions of France.
Their trial took place before the Chamber of Peers from 28 September 1840 to 6 October 1840, in a general indifference. The public's attention was concentrated on the trial of Marie Lafarge, before the Cour d'assises of Tulle, the defendant being accused of having poisoned her husband. Marie-Fortunée Lafarge née Capelle ( January 15, 1816 - November 7, 1852) was a Frenchwoman who was convicted of murdering Defended by the famous Legitimist lawyer Pierre-Antoine Berryer, Bonaparte was sentenced to life detention, by 152 votes (against 160 abstentions, on a total of 312 Peers). Antoine Pierre Berryer ( 1790 - November 29, 1868) French advocate and parliamentary orator was the son of an eminent advocate and counsellor Life imprisonment or life incarceration is a sentence of imprisonment for a serious crime often for most "We do not kill insane people, all right! but we do confine them,[18] declared the Journal des débats, in this period of intense discussions concerning parricides, mental disease and reform of the penal code. Journal des débats ("Journal of Debates" was a French Newspaper, published between 1789 and 1944 that changed title several times Parricide ( Latin "parricida" killer of a close relative stemming from ( Latin "parri" alike or equal and "-cida" -cide or killer Mental disorder or mental illness is a psychological or behavioral pattern that occurs in an individual and is thought to cause distress or disability that is not expected as A penal code is a portion of a State 's Laws defining Crimes and specifying the Punishment. [19]
Colonization of Algeria
- Further information: French rule in Algeria
The conquest of Algeria, initiated in the last days of the Bourbon Restoration, was now confronted to Abd-el-Kader's raids, punishing Marshal Valée and the duc d'Orléans's expedition to the Portes de Fer in autumn 1839, which had gone against the clauses of the 1837 Treaty of Tafna between General Bugeaud and Abd-el-Kader. French rule of Algeria lasted from 1830 to 1962 under a variety of governmental systems French rule of Algeria lasted from 1830 to 1962 under a variety of governmental systems `Abd al-Qādir al-Jazā'irī ( 6 September, 1808 - 26 May, 1883, in Arabic عبد القادر الجزائري was an Sylvain-Charles comte Valée ( December 17, 1773 - August 16, 1846) born in Brienne-le-Château, was a Marshal of France Ancestors Trivia Ferdinand-Philippe was used by Hanns Heinz Ewers as a character in his novella "Die Herzen der Könige" The Treaty of Tafna was signed by both Abd-el-Kader and General Thomas Robert Bugeaud on May 30, 1837. Thomas Robert Bugeaud Marquis de la Piconnerie Duc d'Isly ( October 15, 1784 - June 10, 1849) was a Marshal of France and Thiers pushed in favor of a colonization of the interior of the country, until the limits of the desert. He convinced the king, who saw in Algeria an ideal theater for his son to cover the House of Orléans of glory, and persuaded him to send General Bugeaud as first governor general of Algeria. List of colonial heads of Algeria Beylerbey: Bey of beys Kalifah: Governor acting in the absence of the Beylerbey Aga ( Agha Bugeaud, who would lead a harsh repression against the natives, would be officially nominated on 29 December 1840, a few days after Thiers' fall. Events 1170 - Thomas Becket: Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II Year 1840 ( MDCCCXL) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year
The Orient affairs, a pretext for Thiers' fall
Thiers supported Mehemet Ali, the pasha of Egypt, in his ambition to constitute a vast Arabian Empire from Egypt to Syria. This article is about the leader of Egypt For other people named Muhammad Ali or Mehmet Ali see Muhammad Ali (disambiguation and Mehemet Ali (disambiguation He tried to intercede in order to have him sign an agreement with the Ottoman Empire, unbeknownst to the four other European powers (England, Austria, Prussia and Russia). The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish However, informed of these negotiations, the British Minister of Foreign Affairs, Lord Palmerston, quickly negotiated a treaty between the four powers to sort out the "Orient Question". "Lord Palmerston" and "Henry Temple" redirect here When revealed, the London Convention of 15 July 1840 provoked in France an explosion of patriotic fury: France had been ousted of a zone where it traditionally exerced its influence, while Prussia, which had no interest in it, was associated to the treaty. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final Year 1840 ( MDCCCXL) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Although Louis-Philippe pretended to join the general protestations, he knew that he could take advantage of the situation to get rid of Thiers.
The latter flattered patriotic feelings by decreeting, on 29 July 1840, a partial mobilization, and by starting, on 13 September 1840, the works on the fortifications of Paris. Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat Year 1840 ( MDCCCXL) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September Year 1840 ( MDCCCXL) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year The History of Paris spans over 2500 years during which time the city grew from a small Celtic settlement to the multicultural capital of a modern European state But France remained passive when, on 2 October 1840, the British navy shelled Beirut. Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule Year 1840 ( MDCCCXL) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Beirut (بيروت Bayrūt) is the Capital and Largest city of Lebanon with a population of over 2 Mehemet Ali was then immediately destituted by the Sultan.
Following long negotiations between the king and Thiers, a compromise was found on 7 October 1840: France would renounce in supporting Mehemet Ali's pretensions on Syria but would declare to the European powers that Egypt should remain at all costs indemn. Events 3761 BC - The epoch (origin of the modern Hebrew calendar ( Proleptic Julian calendar) Year 1840 ( MDCCCXL) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year England thereafter recognized Mehmet Ali's hereditary rule on Egypt: France had obtained a return to the situation of 1832. Despite this, the rupture between Thiers and Louis-Philippe was now definitive. On 29 October 1840, when Charles de Rémusat presented to the Council of Ministers the draft of the speech of the throne, prepared by Hippolyte Passy, Louis-Philippe found it too aggressive. Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II Year 1840 ( MDCCCXL) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Charles François Marie Comte de Rémusat ( March 13, 1797 - June 6, 1875) was a French Politician and writer After a short discussion, Thiers and his associates collectively presented their resignation to the king, who accepted them. On the following day, Louis-Philippe ordered to fetch Marshal Soult and Guizot so they could rejoin Paris as soon as possible. Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult, 1st Duc de Dalmatie (29 March 1769 26 November 1851 the Hand of Iron, was a French general and statesman named François Pierre Guillaume Guizot (4 October 1787 -12 September 1874 was a French Historian, Orator, and Statesman.
The Guizot government (1840 - 1848)
When Louis-Philippe called to power Guizot and the Doctrinaires, representants of the center-right after the center-left Thiers, he surely imagined that this would be only temporary, and that he would soon be able to call back Molé. But the new cabinet formed by Guizot would remain closely knit, and finally win the king's trust, Guizot becoming his favorite president of the Council.
On 26 October 1840, Guizot arrived to Paris from London. Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death Year 1840 ( MDCCCXL) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year He took for himself the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and let Soult assume the nominal presidency. This satisfied the king and the royal family, while Guizot himself was sure of being manipulating as he wanted the old Marshal Soult. As the center-left had refused to remain in the government, Guizot's cabinet included only conservatives, ranging from the ministerial center to the center-right Doctrinaires.
The July Column was erected in honor of the Three Glorious. The July Column (French Colonne de Juillet) is a Monument to the Revolution of 1830. The Orient Question was settled by the London Straits Convention of 1841, which permitted a first reconciliation between France and England. In the London Straits Convention concluded on July 13th 1841 between the Great Powers of Europe at the time - Russia, the This in turn favorized the colonization of Algeria.
Both the government and the Chamber were Orleanists. Those were divided into Odilon Barrot's Dynastic Left (Gauche dynastique), which requested the enlargement of electoral cens to the petty bourgeoisie and had as mouthpiece Le Siècle; the center-left, headed by Adolphe Thiers, which aimed at restricting the royal prerogatives and influence, and which had as mouthpiece Le Constitutionnel; the conservatives, headed by Guizot and Count Molé, who wanted to preserve the regime and defended their ideas in Le Journal des débats and La Presse. Camille Hyacinthe Odilon Barrot (19 September 1791 - 6 August 1873 was a French Politician. Petit-bourgeoisie (or petty bourgeois through Folk etymology) is a French term that originally referred to the members of the lower middle social-classes Louis-Adolphe fr Thiers ( Marseille, 16 April 1797&ndash3 September 1877 was a French politician and Historian. François Pierre Guillaume Guizot (4 October 1787 -12 September 1874 was a French Historian, Orator, and Statesman. Louis Mathieu comte Molé (24 January 1781 - 23 November 1855 was a French Statesman Biography Molé was born in Paris. Journal des débats ("Journal of Debates" was a French Newspaper, published between 1789 and 1944 that changed title several times
Guizot refused any reforms, rejecting a decrease of the electoral cens. According to him, the monarchy should favorize the "middle classes", gathered by land ownership, a "moral" tied to money, work and savings. "Enrichissez-vous par le travail et par l'épargne et ainsi vous serez électeur !" (Get rich through work and savings and then you will be electors!) was his famous statement. Guizot was helped in his aims by a comfortable growth of 3,5% a year, from 1840 to 1846. The transport network was quickly enlarged. An 1842 law organized the national railway network, which passed from 600 to 1,850 km, a sure sign that the Industrial Revolution had fully reached France. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the
A threatened system
- Further information: Economic history of France and History of the Left in France
This period of Industrial Revolution was characterized by the appearance of a new social phenomena, baptized pauperism. This is a history of the economy of France. For more information on historical cultural demographic and sociological developments in France see the chronological The Left in France at the beginning of the 20th century was represented by two main Political parties, the Republican Radical and Radical-Socialist Party The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the Pauperism (Lat pauper, poor is a term meaning Poverty or generally the state of being poor but in English usage particularly the condition of being a Related to industrialization and the rural exodus, working poors were common. Rural exodus (or rural flight) is a term used to describe the migratory patterns that normally occur in a region following the mechanisation of Agriculture. Working poor is a term used to describe Individuals and families who maintain regular employment but remain in relative Poverty due to low levels of pay Furthermore, the former congregations of the Ancien Régime had disappeared. Workers had 14 hours work, daily wages of 0,20 Francs, and no possibility of organizing themselves in trade unions. A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming 250,000 beggars were registered, and 3 million citizens registered in the charity offices. State assistance was nonexistent. The only social law of the July Monarchy was to outlaw, in 1841, labor of children under 8 years old, and night labor for those of less than 13 years. Child labor is the employment of Children at regular and sustained labour The law, however, was almost never implemented.
Christians imagined a "charitable economy", while the ideas of Socialism, in particular Utopian Socialism (Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier, etc. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Utopian socialism is a term used to define the first currents of modern socialist thought François Marie Charles Fourier ( April 7, 1772 - October 10, 1837) was a French Utopian ) diffused themselves. Blanqui theorized Socialist coups d'état, the socialist and anarchist thinker Proudhon theorized mutualism. Blanqui is a surname and may refer to Louis Auguste Blanqui ( 1805 – 1881) a French revolutionary after whom Blanquism is Anarchism in France dates from the 18th century Many Anarchists such as the Egalitarians took part in the French Revolution. Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (ˈpruːd ɒn in British English, dɔ̃ in French) ( 15 January 1809 – 19 January 1865) was Mutualism, is an Anarchist school of thought, can be traced to the writings of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon that envisioned a society where each person might possess a On the other hand, Liberals, inspired by Adam Smith, imagined a solution in laissez-faire and the end of tariffs, which Great Britain, the dominant European power, had started in 1846 with the repeal of the Corn Laws. Classical liberalism (also known as traditional liberalism, Laissez-faire liberalism, Market liberalism or in much of the world Laissez-faire ( pronunciation: French,; English,) is a French phrase literally meaning Let do (“allow to do” The Corn Laws were Import tariffs designed to support domestic British corn prices against competition from less expensive foreign-grain imports between 1815 and 1846
Marx in Paris (1843-1848)
In 1843, Karl Marx arrived in Paris and met there Friedrich Engels. Friedrich Engels (28 November 1820 – 5 August 1895 was a German social scientist and philosopher, who Paris at this time was the home and headquarters to German, British, Polish, and Italian revolutionaries. Marx had come to Paris to work with Arnold Ruge, another revolutionary from Germany, on the Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher, while Engels had come especially to meet Paris. Arnold Ruge (13 September 1802 - 31 December 1880 was a German Philosopher and political writer The Deutsch–Französische Jahrbücher ( English: German–French Annals) was a journal published in Paris by Karl Marx and Arnold There, he showed him his work, The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844. The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 is one of the best-known works of Friedrich Engels. Marx wrote for the Vorwärts revolutionary newspaper, established and run by the secret society called League of the Just, and studied Proudhon, whom he criticized in The Poverty of Philosophy (1847). Vorwärts ("Forward" was the central organ of the Social Democratic Party of Germany published daily in Berlin from 1891 to The Communist League was the first Marxist international organisation The Poverty of Philosophy is a book by Karl Marx published in Paris and Brussels in 1847. He developed his theory of alienation in the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844, published posthumously, as well as his theory of ideology in The German Ideology (1845), in which he criticized the Young Hegelians: "It has not occurred to any one of these philosophers to inquire into the connection of German philosophy with German reality, the relation of their criticism to their own material surroundings. Marx's theory of alienation ( Entfremdung in German) as expressed in the writings of young Karl Marx, refers to the separation of things that naturally Economic & Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 (also referred to as The Paris Manuscripts) are a series of notes written between April and August 1844 An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics The German Ideology (1845 was a book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels around April or early May 1845. Young Hegelians, or Left Hegelians, were a group of Prussian intellectuals writing in the decade or so after the death of Georg Wilhelm Hegel in 1833 and responding German philosophy, here taken to mean either (1 Philosophy in the German language or (2 Philosophy by Germans has been extremely diverse and central ". [20] For the first time, Marx related history of ideas with economic history, linking the "ideological superstructure" with the "economical infrastructure", and thus tying together philosophy and economics. See also Marxian economics, Marxism Marxist philosophy or Marxist theory are terms which cover work in Philosophy Inspired both by Friedrich Hegel and Adam Smith, he imagined an original theory based on the key, Marxist notion, of class struggle, which appeared to him self-evident in the Parisian context of insurrection and permanent turmoil. Adam Smith ( baptised 16 June 1723 – 17 July 1790) was a Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of Political economy. Class struggle is the active expression of Class conflict looked at from any kind of socialist perspective "The dominant ideology is the ideology of the dominant class," did he conclude in his essay, setting up the program for the years to come, a program which would be further explicited in The Communist Manifesto, published on 21 February 1848, as the manifesto of the Communist League, three days before the proclamation of the Second Republic. Manifesto of the Communist Party ( often referred to as The Communist Manifesto, was first published on February 21, 1848, and is Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland Year 1848 ( MDCCCXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap The Communist League was the first Marxist international organisation History Revolution of 1848 See also Mid-nineteenth century France The industrial population of the Faubourgs Arrested and expelled to Belgium, Marx was then invited by the new regime back to Paris, where he was able to witness the June Days Uprising first hand. The June Days Uprising (les journées de Juin refers to the French workers' revolt from June 23 to June 25, 1848, after the closure of the National
Final years (1846-1848)
The 1846 harvest was poor, in France as elsewhere (especially Ireland, but also Galicia and Bohemia). Galicia (Галичина ( Halychyna) Galicja is a historical region in East Central Europe, currently divided between Poland and Ukraine, Bohemia (Čechy; Bohemia Czechy is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands, currently the A rise in the price of wheat, the dietary staple of the common people, provoked a food shortage, while purchasing power decreased. Wheat ( Triticum spp is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Levant area of the Middle East. A famine is a widespread shortage of food that may apply to any Faunal species which phenomenon is usually accompanied by regional Malnutrition, Starvation Purchasing power is the amount of value of a good/services compared to the amount paid with a Currency. The resulting fall in domestic consumption led to a crisis of industrial overproduction. This article is about the economic concept of overproduction For the musical term see Overproduction (music. This in turn immediately led to massive lay-offs, and thus to a large withdrawal of savings, leading to a banking crisis. Layoff is the temporary suspension or permanent Termination of employment of an Employee or (more commonly a group of employees for Business reasons Bankruptcies multiplied, and stock prices on the stock exchanges collapsed. Bankruptcy is a legally declared inability or impairment of ability of an individual or organization to pay their Creditors Creditors may file a bankruptcy petition against A stock exchange, share market or bourse is a Corporation or Mutual organization which provides "trading" facilities for Stock The government reacted by importing Russian wheat, which created a negative balance of trade. The balance of trade (or net exports, sometimes symbolized as NX) is the difference between the monetary value of Exports and imports in an The program of public works therefore stopped. Public works are the construction or engineering projects carried out by the State on behalf of the Community.
Henceforth, there was an increase in workers' demonstrations, with riots in the Buzançais in 1847. Buzançais is a commune in the Indre département in central France. In Roubaix, a city in the industrial north, 60% of the workers were unemployed. Roubaix ( Dutch Robaais) is a city of northern France, in the Nord département, located near the cities of Lille Unemployment occurs when a person is available to work and currently seeking work but the person is without work. At the same time, the regime was marred by several political scandals (Teste-Cubières corruption scandal, revealed in May 1847, or Charles de Choiseul-Praslin's suicide after having murdered his wife, daughter of Horace Sébastiani). This is a list of major Political scandals in France: Until 1958 1816 - Shipwreck of and search for French Frigate Charles Laure Hugues Théobald, duc de Choiseul-Praslin ( June 29, 1804 - August 24, 1847) was a French nobleman "Sébastiani" redirects here For other uses of the word see Sebastiani.
Since the right of association was strictly restricted, and public meetings prohibited since 1835, the Opposition was paralyzed. Freedom of association is the Individual right to come together with other individuals and collectively express promote pursue and defend common interests In order to sidestep this law, political dissidents used civil funerals of their comrades as occasions of public demonstrations. Family celebrations and banquets also served as pretexts for gatherings. At the end of the regime, the campagne des banquets took place in all of the big cities of France. The Campagne des banquets (Banquets' Campaign were political meetings during the July Monarchy in France which destabilized the King of the French Louis-Philippe firmly reacted to this threat, and prohibited the final banquet, which was to be held on 14 January 1848. Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes. Year 1848 ( MDCCCXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Postponed to 22 February, this banquet would provoke the February 1848 Revolution. Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne The February 1848 Revolution in France ended the reign of King Louis-Philippe, and led to the creation of the French Second Republic (1848-1852
End of the Monarchy
- Further information: French Revolution of 1848
After some unrest, the king replaced Guizot by Thiers who advocated repression. The February 1848 Revolution in France ended the reign of King Louis-Philippe, and led to the creation of the French Second Republic (1848-1852 Greeted with hostility by the troops in the Carrousel, in front of the Palace of the Tuileries, the king finally decided to abdicate in favor of his grandson, Philippe d'Orléans, entrusting the regency to his daughter-in-law, Hélène de Mecklembourg-Schwerin. A carousel ( carrousel in French) is an Amusement ride consisting of a rotating platform with seats for passengers Louis-Philippe Albert of Orléans Count of Paris ( 24 August, 1838 – 8 September, 1894) was the grandson of Louis Philippe I, It was in vain as the Second Republic was proclaimed on 24 February 1848, on the Place de la Bastille, before the July Column. History Revolution of 1848 See also Mid-nineteenth century France The industrial population of the Faubourgs Events 303 - Galerius, Roman Emperor, publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the Year 1848 ( MDCCCXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap The Place de la Bastille is a square in Paris, where the Bastille prison stood until the ' Storming of the Bastille ' and its subsequent physical destruction The July Column (French Colonne de Juillet) is a Monument to the Revolution of 1830.
Louis-Philippe, who claimed to be the "Citizen King" linked to the country by a popular sovereignty contract in which he found his legitimity, did not see that the French people were advocating an enlargement of the electoral body, for some by a decrease of the electoral tax, and for others by the establishment of universal suffrage. Popular sovereignty or the sovereignty of the people is the belief that the legitimacy of the State is created by the will or consent of its people, who
Although the end of the July Monarchy was close to being a civil war, the period was also characterized by an effervescence of artistic and intellectual creation. French art of the nineteenth century, part of the French art history series covers the visual and plastic works of art made in France or by French citizens during the following
References
- ^ or Three Glorious Days
- ^ Louis-Philippe was responding to an address sent by the city of Gaillac, who had declared that it submitted itself to the King's government "in order to assure the development of the conquests of July" . The History of France has been divided into a series of separate historical articles navigable through the list to the right "Ancient" redirects here For other uses see Ancient_(disambiguation. Prehistoric France is the period in the human occupation (including early hominins) of the geographical area covered by present-day France which extended through Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western For Gaul before the Roman conquest see Gaul. Roman Gaul consisted of an area of provincial rule in the Roman Empire, in modern day The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group The Merovingians (also Merovings) were a Salian Frankish dynasty that came to rule the Franks in a region (known as Francia in Latin France in the Middle Ages covers an area roughly corresponding to modern day France, from the death of Charlemagne in 814 to the middle of the 15th The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolings, or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family with its origins in the For a full history of the Capetian family see Capetian dynasty. See also France in the Middle Ages, Early Modern France Unexpected inheritance The Capetian dynasty seemed secure both during and Early Modern France is the Early modern period of French history from the end of the 15th century to the end of the 18th century (or from the French Renaissance See also France in the Middle Ages, Early Modern France Unexpected inheritance The Capetian dynasty seemed secure both during and See also France in the Middle Ages, Early Modern France Unexpected inheritance The Capetian dynasty seemed secure both during and The House of Bourbon is an important European Royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an The History of France from 1789 to 1914 ( The long 19th century) extends from the French Revolution to World War I and includes The First Republic in France, officially the French Republic (République française was proclaimed on 21 September 1792 during the French Revolution. During the French Revolution, the National Convention or Convention, in France, comprised the Constitutional and legislative assembly The Executive Directory ( Directoire exécutif) was a body of 5 single-male Directors that held executive power in France following The Consulate was the government of France between the fall of the Directory in the coup of 18 Brumaire in 1799 until the start of the The Empire of the French (1804-1814 also known as the Empire of France, Greater French Empire, First French Empire, French Empire, or Following the ousting of Napoleon I of France in 1814 the Allies restored the Bourbon Dynasty to the French throne The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution, saw the overthrow of King Charles X, the French The February 1848 Revolution in France ended the reign of King Louis-Philippe, and led to the creation of the French Second Republic (1848-1852 History Revolution of 1848 See also Mid-nineteenth century France The industrial population of the Faubourgs The Second French Empire or Second Empire was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870 between the Second The French Third Republic (in French, La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe The Paris Commune (La Commune de Paris was a Government that briefly ruled Paris from 18 March (more formally from 26 March) to 28 May The History of France from 1914 to the present includes the later years of the Third Republic (1871–1941 World War I (1914–18 Vichy France, or the Vichy regime are the common terms used to describe the government of France from July 1940 to August 1944 The Provisional Government of the French Republic ( gouvernement provisoire de la République française or GPRF was an interim government which governed The founding of the Fourth Republic (1944-47 See also Three Parties, Third Force (France European Unity The creation of the See also Government of France The Fifth Republic is the fifth and current republican constitution of France, which was introduced on The Kingdom of France was organised into Provinces until March 4, 1790, when the establishment of the département This is a history of the economy of France. For more information on historical cultural demographic and sociological developments in France see the chronological As of January 1, 2008, 64473140 people live in the French Republic. The military history of France encompasses an immense panorama of conflicts and struggles extending for more than 2000 years across areas including modern France, greater France was a dominant empire in the world from the 1600s to the late 1960s possessing many colonies in various locations around the world For practical purposes the history of French art has been divided into a series of separate articles accessible through the template to the right This article is a general introduction to French literature For detailed information on French literature in specific historic periods see the separate historical articles in the The Culture of France and of the French people has been shaped by its geography, by profound historical events, and by foreign and This is a timeline of French history. To read about the background to these events see History of France. The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution, saw the overthrow of King Charles X, the French Gaillac (Galhac is a town and commune in the département of Tarn, in the south of France, some 50km north-east of Toulouse Louis-Philippe thus responded (in French): « Nous chercherons à nous tenir dans un juste milieu, également éloigné des excès du pouvoir populaire et des abus du pouvoir royal. » Quoted by Guy Antonetti, Louis-Philippe, Paris, Librairie Arthème Fayard, 2002 (p. 713)
- ^ French: « Cela vaut mieux pour moi que le sacre de Reims ! »
- ^ La Foire aux places, comédie-vaudeville in one act of Jean-François Bayard, played at the théâtre du Vaudeville on 25 September 1830, showed the solicitors, gathered in the antechamber of a minister: « Qu'on nous place / Et que justice se fasse. Reims (alternative English spelling Rheims; riːmz in English and /ʁɛ̃s/ in French) is a city of the Champagne-Ardenne région of northern Jean-François Alfred Bayard ( 17 March 1796, Charolles - 20 February 1853, Paris) was a French playwright / Qu'on nous place / Tous en masse. / Que les placés / Soient chassés ! » (quoted by Guy Antonetti, Louis-Philippe, Paris, Librairie Arthème Fayard, 2002, p. 625) « Savez-vous ce que c'est qu'un carliste ? interroge un humoriste. Un carliste, c'est un homme qui occupe un poste dont un autre homme a envie ! » (ibid. )
- ^ David H. Pinkney, The French Revolution of 1830, 1972 ; French translation: La Révolution de 1830 en France, Paris, Presses universitaires de France, 1988 – ISBN 2-13-040275-5
- ^ French: « La grande différence entre la Restauration et la monarchie de Juillet, avance Guy Antonetti, n'a pas tant résidé dans la substitution d'un groupe social à un autre que dans la substitution, à l'intérieur du même groupe social, des tenants d'une mentalité favorable à l'esprit de 89 aux tenants d'une mentalité qui lui était hostile: socialement semblables, idéologiquement différents. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people 1830 n'a été qu'un changement d'équipe dans le même camp et non un changement de camp. » in Guy Antonetti, Op. cit. , p. 627
- ^ Guizot: « Messieurs, nous avons fait une révolution, une heureuse, une glorieuse révolution ; mais nous n'avons pas prétendu mettre la France en état révolutionnaire, la maintenir dans le trouble qui accompagne une telle situation. » Il définit l’« état révolutionnaire » : « Toutes les choses sont mises en question; toutes les prétentions sont indéfinies ; des appels continuels sont faits à la force, à la violence. [. . . ] Eh bien ! Messieurs, nous aimons le progrès, nous désirons le mouvement progressif, [. . . ] mais le désordre n'est pas le mouvement, le trouble n'est pas le progrès, l'état révolutionnaire n'est pas l'état ascendant de la société. » (quoted by Guy Antonetti, Op. cit. , p. 632)
- ^ Armand Carrel in Le National (16-02-1831) : « C'est au peuple qu'on rend compte des arrestations carlistes. Jean-Baptiste Nicolas Armand Carrel ( May 8, 1800 &ndash July 25, 1836) was a French writer Le National may refer to Le National (newspaper a French newspaper founded in 1830 by Adolphe Thiers, Armand Carrel, François-Auguste Pour calmer l'émeute, on s'humilie devant elle; on lui jure qu'on est gouverné par elle, qu'on obéit à ses inspirations. » (quoted by Guy Antonetti, Op. cit. , p. 649)
- ^ French: « le principe de la révolution de juillet [. . . ] ce n'est pas l'insurrection, [. . . ] c'est la résistance à l'agression du pouvoir », Antonetti, op. cit. , p. 656
- ^ La Petite Gazette Généalogique, Amicale Généalogie. "Le Choléra". Retrieved on 2006-04-10. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama (French)
- ^ « J'avais beau faire [. . . ], dit-il, tout ce qui se faisait de bon était attribué à Casimir Perier, et les incidents malheureux retombaient à ma charge; aujourd'hui, au moins, on verra que c'est moi qui règne seul, tout seul. » (Rodolphe Apponyi, Journal, 18 mai 1832, quoted by Guy Antonetti, Op. cit. , p. 689)
- ^ On 7 June 1832, Rodolphe Apponyi noted in his Journal: « Il me semble que ce n'est que depuis hier qu'on peut dater le règne de Louis-Philippe; il paraît être persuadé qu'on ne peut réussir dans ce pays qu'avec de la force, et, dorénavant, il n'agira plus autrement. » (quoted by Guy Antonetti, Op. cit. , p. 696)
- ^ French: "coalition de tous les talents"
- ^ Louis-Philippe to Soult, 17 April 1834, quoted by Guy Antonetti, Op. Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor. Year 1834 ( MDCCCXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common cit. , p. 723
- ^ Marx and the Permanent Revolution in France: Background to the Communist Manifesto by Bernard Moss, p. 10, in The Socialist Register, 1998
- ^ Proudhon, in a 27 February 1840 letter to a friend: « Qui veut le roi, veut une famille royale, veut une cour, veut des princes du sang, veut tout ce qui s'ensuit. Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (ˈpruːd ɒn in British English, dɔ̃ in French) ( 15 January 1809 – 19 January 1865) was Le Journal des débats dit vrai: les bourgeois conservateurs et dynastiques démembrent et démolissent la royauté, dont ils sont envieux comme des crapauds. Journal des débats ("Journal of Debates" was a French Newspaper, published between 1789 and 1944 that changed title several times » (Quoted by Guy Antonetti, Op. cit. , p. 809)
- ^ Thiers: « On vous a parlé de souveraineté nationale, entendue comme souveraineté du nombre. C'est le principe le plus dangereux et le plus funeste qu'on puisse alléguer en présence d'une société. En langage constitutionnel, quand vous dites souveraineté nationale, vous dites la souveraineté du roi et des deux chambres, exprimant la souveraineté de la nation par des votes réguliers, par l'exercice de leurs droits constitutionnels. [. . . ] Quiconque, à la porte de cette assemblée, dit: “J'ai un droit”, ment. Il n'y a de droits que ceux que la loi a reconnus. » and also « Je tiens pour dangereux, pour très dangereux, les hommes qui persuaderaient à ce peuple que ce n'est pas en travaillant, mais que c'est en se donnant certaines institutions qu'ils seront meilleurs, qu'ils seront plus heureux. [. . . ] Dites au peuple qu'en changeant les institutions politiques il aura le bien-être, vous le rendrez anarchiste et pas autre chose. » (Quoted by Guy Antonetti, Op. cit. , p. 813)
- ^ « On ne tue pas les fous, soit ! mais on les enferme », in Le Journal des débats (quoted by Guy Antonetti, Op. Journal des débats ("Journal of Debates" was a French Newspaper, published between 1789 and 1944 that changed title several times cit. , p. 818)
- ^ See Michel Foucault, Moi, Pierre Rivière, ayant égorgé ma mère, ma sœur et mon frère (Gallimard, 1973). Michel Foucault ( (15 October 1926 – 25 June 1984 was a French philosopher, Historian, Intellectual, Critic and Sociologist. English transl. : I, Pierre Rivière, Having Slaughtered my Mother, my Sister and my Brother (Penguin, 1975)
- ^ Karl Marx, The German Ideology, 1845 (Part I, "Ideology in General, German Ideology in Particular" (English)
Sources
- Antonetti, Guy. The German Ideology (1845 was a book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels around April or early May 1845. Louis-Philippe, Paris, Librairie Arthème Fayard, 2002 – ISBN 2-213-59222-7
- Collingham, H. A. C. The July Monarchy: A Political History of France, 1830–1848. London; New York: Longman, 1988
- Pinkney, David H. “Laissez-Fair or Intervention? Labor Policy in the First Months of the July Monarchy. ” in French Historical Studies, Vol. French Historical Studies is the quarterly journal of the Society for French Historical Studies (SFHS one of the two primary historical societies devoted to the 3. No. 1. (Spring, 1963), pp. 123–128.
See also
- France during the nineteenth century
- Liberalism and radicalism in France
- French art of the 19th century
- French literature of the 19th century
- History of science
- Politics of France
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