Julius Evola
Evola sporting his trademark monocle. A monocle is a type of Corrective lens used to correct the vision in only one Eye.
Born	Giulio Cesare Andrea Evola 19 May 1898 Rome, Italy
Died	11 June 1974 Rome, Italy
Occupation	author, metaphysician, political philosopher
Title	Baron

Julius Evola, also known as Baron Giulio Cesare Evola, (May 19, 1898–June 11, 1974) was an Italian philosopher, esotericist, occultist, author, artist, poet, political activist, soldier and most significantly described as a Radical Traditionalist. Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language The word occult comes from the Latin word occultus (clandestine hidden secret referring to "knowledge of the hidden" An author is defined both as "the person who originates or gives existence to anything" and that authorship determines responsibility for what is created The definition of an artist is wide-ranging and covers a broad spectrum of Activities to do with creating Art, practicing the Arts and/or demonstrating A poet is a person who writes Poetry. Etymology From the Ancient greek: ποιέω, poieō: "I make or compose" Activism, in a general sense can be described as intentional action to bring about social or political change A soldier is a general English term that refers to a member of a land component of National Armed forces. The Traditionalist School of thought also known as Integral Traditionalism (in the sense of Integralism) or Perennialism (in the sense of Perennial Evola is primarily known for his involvement in Italian Fascist politics until the movement was defeated in World War II, since the war his works have inspired a succession of New Right and neo-fascist groups in Italy and beyond. Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including New Right is used in several countries as a descriptive term for various forms of conservative right-wing or self-proclaimed dissident oppositional movements and groups that emerged This page specifically pertains to fascism after World War II ^[1][2][3]

His theories were often mixed in with his occult writings, with themes such as Hermeticism, the metaphysics of sex, Tantra, Buddhism, Taoism, mountaineering, the Holy Grail, the essence and history of civilizations, decadence and various philosophic and religious Traditions from the East and the West. The word occult comes from the Latin word occultus (clandestine hidden secret referring to "knowledge of the hidden" Hermeticism is a set of philosophical and religious beliefs based primarily upon the writings attributed to Hermes Trismegistus, who is put forth as a An organism's sex is defined by the gametes it produces males produce male gametes (spermatozoa or Sperm) while females produce female gametes (ova or Egg cells; individual Tantra ( Sanskrit: तन्त्र; " Weave " denoting continuity) tantricism or tantrism is any of several esoteric Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Taoism (pronounced /ˈdaʊɪzəm/ or /ˈtaʊɪzəm/ also spelled '''Daoism''') refers to a variety of related Philosophical and Religious traditions “Alpinist” redirects here See also Alpinist (magazine Mountaineering is the Sport, Hobby or Profession of According to Christian mythology, the Holy Grail was the dish plate or cup used by Jesus at the Last Supper, said to possess miraculous powers A Civilization is a society in which large numbers of people share a variety of common elements Decadence can refer to a personal trait or to the state of a society (or segment of it He considered himself a representative and upholder of "Tradition" in an age of spiritual oblivion and organized deviancy. The word tradition comes from the Latin traditionem acc of traditio which means "a giving up delivering up surrendering" and is used in a number of Evola's core trilogy of works are commonly regarded to be; Revolt Against the Modern World, Men Among the Ruins and Ride the Tiger. Revolt Against the Modern World: Politics Religion and Social Order in the Kali Yuga ( Rivolta contro il mondo moderno) is a book by the Men Among the Ruins Post-War Reflections of a Radical Traditionalist is a Book by Julius Evola. Ride the Tiger: A Survival Manual for the Aristocrats of the Soul (Cavalcare la Tigre is a 1961 book by Italian Traditionalist philosopher and racial

Evola attempted to influence both Italian Fascism and National Socialism from the late 1920s through the collapse of the Italian Fascist regime in 1943, although only with a brief period of success in 1942. The term Italian Fascism denotes the totalitarian Fascismo political movement that ruled Italy from 1922 until 1943 under leader Benito Mussolini Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German After the regime's collapse, Evola fled to Nazi-ruled Germany. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. He opposed the Salò Republic, and worked with the SS Ahnenerbe on research on Freemasonry. The Italian Social Republic ( Italian: Repubblica Sociale Italiana or RSI) was a Puppet state of Nazi Germany led by the "Duce of the The Ahnenerbe was a Nazi German Think tank that promoted itself as a "study society for Intellectual Ancient History In the post-war period he returned to Italy where his writings enjoyed popularity among some on the far right, especially young neo-fascist groups. Far right, extreme right, ultra-right, or radical right are terms used to discuss the qualitative or quantitative position a group This page specifically pertains to fascism after World War II Many Radical Traditionalist, Nouvelle Droite, Conservative Revolutionary, Aryanist, and Third Positionist groups and intellectuals have been influenced by Evola to various degrees. The Traditionalist School of thought also known as Integral Traditionalism (in the sense of Integralism) or Perennialism (in the sense of Perennial Nouvelle Droite ( New Right) is a school of political thought founded largely on the works of Alain de Benoist and GRECE (Research The Conservative Revolutionary movement was a German Nationalist literary youth movement prominent in the years following the First World War. The " Aryan race " is a concept in European culture that was influential in the period of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries Third Position is the name applied to a nationalist political strand that seeks to emphasise its opposition to both Communism and Capitalism. According to one scholar, "Evola’s thought can be considered one of the most radically and consistently antiegalitarian, antiliberal, antidemocratic, and antipopular systems in the twentieth century. "^[4]

Contents 1 Biography 1.1 Early years 1.2 Entry into esotericism 1.3 Involvement with Fascism 1.4 Evola and the SS 1.5 Post-war 1.6 Death 2 Philosophy 2.1 Tradition 2.2 Paths to Enlightenment 2.3 Ascesis and Initiation 2.4 Metaphysics of Sex 2.5 Politics 2.6 Alleged racism and antisemitism 3 Evola and the Grail 4 Influence 5 Books and selected articles 6 Footnotes 7 References 8 External links

Biography

Early years

Giulio Cesare Andrea Evola was born in Rome to a noble Sicilian family (his father, Vincenzo Evola, was born in Cinisi). Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Aristocracy is a form of Government, where rule is established through an internal struggle over who has the most status and influence over society and internal relations Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. Cinisi is a Comune in the Province of Palermo in Sicily. The Falcone-Borsellino Airport of Palermo is found in the territory of Cinisi a He fought in World War I as an artillery officer on the Asiago plateau. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Artillery (from French artillerie) is a military Combat Arm which employs any apparātus machine This article is about the settlement in the Province of Vicenza Italy After the war, attracted to the avant-garde, Evola briefly associated with Filippo Marinetti's Futurist movement, but became a prominent representative of Dadaism in Italy through his painting, poetry, and collaboration on the shortly published journal, Revue Bleu. Avant-garde (avɑ̃gaʁd in French) means "advance guard" or "vanguard Filippo Tommaso Emilio Marinetti ( December 22, 1876 – December 2, 1944) was an Italian ideologue Futurism was an Art movement that originated in Italy in the early 20th century For other meanings see Dada (disambiguation DaDa is a Concept album by Alice Cooper, released In 1922, after concluding that avant-garde art was becoming commercialized and stiffened into academic convention, he reduced his focus on artistic expression such as painting and poetry. Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Commerce is a division of trade or production which deals with the exchange of goods and services from producer to final consumer ^[5]).

Entry into esotericism

Around 1920, his interests led him into spiritual, transcendental and "supra-rational" studies. Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar Spirituality, in a narrow sense concerns itself with matters of the Spirit, a concept closely tied to religious belief and Faith, a transcendent reality He began reading various esoteric texts and gradually delved deeper into the occult, alchemy, magic, and Oriental studies, particularly Tibetan Lamaism and Vajrayanist tantric yoga. The word occult comes from the Latin word occultus (clandestine hidden secret referring to "knowledge of the hidden" Alchemy a part of the Occult Tradition is both a philosophy and a practice with an ultimately unknown aim involving the improvement of the alchemist as well as the making of Magic, sometimes known as sorcery, is a Conceptual system that asserts human ability to control the natural world (including events objects people and The Orient is a term which simply means the " East " It originated in Western Asia to describe that part of the world Definitions of Tibet See also Definitions of Tibet Name In English The English word Tibet, like the word for Tibet in most European Tibetan Buddhism is the body of Buddhist religious doctrine and institutions characteristic of Tibet and certain regions of the Himalayas, including Vajrayana Buddhism is also known as Tantric Buddhism, Tantrayāna, Mantrayana, Mantranaya, Secret Mantra, Esoteric Buddhism and Yoga ( Sanskrit: योग, IAST: yóga, joːgə refers to traditional physical and mental disciplines originating in India, to the

In 1927, along with other Italian esotericists, he founded the Gruppo di Ur. Year 1927 ( MCMXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The group's aim was to provide a "soul" to the burgeoning Fascist movement of the time through the revival of an ancient Roman Paganism. Paganism (from Latin paganus, meaning "country dweller rustic" is a word used to refer to various religions and religious beliefs from across the world ^[6]

Involvement with Fascism

In the late 1920s, Evola expressed his support for a Radical Fascist revolution to sweep modern Judeo-Christianity out of Italy and replace it with a "Pagan Imperialism" (à la Ancient Rome). Political radicalism or simply radicalism is adherence to radical views and principles in Politics. Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology A revolution (from the Latin revolutio, "a turnaround" is a fundamental change in power or organizational structures that takes place in a relatively Judeo-Christian (or Judaeo-Christian, sometimes written as Judæo-Christian) is a term used to describe the body of concepts and values which are thought to be held Neopaganism or Neo-Paganism is an Umbrella term used to identify a wide variety of modern religious movements particularly those influenced by historical Imperialism has two meanings one describing an action and the other describing an attitude Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC ^[7] He was one of a number of fascist ideologues who opposed Mussolini's Lateran Accords with the Roman Catholic Church and rejected the Fascist party's nationalism and its focus on mass movement mob politics; he hoped to influence the regime toward his own variation on fascist racial theories and his "Tradionalist" philosophy. The Lateran Treaty is one of the Lateran Pacts of 1929 or Lateran Accords, three agreements made in 1929 between the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation Mass wasting, also known as slope movement, is the geomorphic process by which Soil, Regolith, and rock move downslope under The word tradition comes from the Latin traditionem acc of traditio which means "a giving up delivering up surrendering" and is used in a number of Early in 1930, Evola launched Torre, a bi-weekly review, to voice his conservative-revolutionarism and denounce the demagogic tendencies of official fascism; government censors suppressed the journal and engaged in character assassination against its staff (for a time, Evola retained a bodyguard of like-minded radical fascists) until it died out in June of that year. Demagogy (also demagoguery) ( Ancient Greek δημαγωγία from dēmos "people" and agein "to lead" refers to a political Censorship is the suppression of speech or deletion of communicative material which may be considered objectionable harmful or sensitive as determined by a censor Character assassination is an intentional attempt to influence the portrayal or reputation of a particular person whether living or a historical personage in such a way as to cause A bodyguard (or "close protection officer" is a type of Security guard or government agent who protects a person—usually a famous wealthy or politically From 1934 to 1943, he edited the cultural page of Roberto Farinacci's journal Regime Fascista. Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Roberto Farinacci ( October 16 1892 &mdash April 28 1945) was a leading Italian Fascist politician and important

Mussolini read Evola's Sintesi di dottrina della razza in August 1941, and was impressed enough to personally meet with Evola and offer him his praise. Evola later recounted that Mussolini had found in his work a uniquely Roman form of fascist racism distinct from that found in Nazi Germany. With Mussolini's backing, Evola launched the journal Sangue e Spirito. While not always in agreement with German racial theorists, Evola traveled to Germany in February 1942 and obtained support for German collaboration on Sangue e Spirito from leading Nazi race theorists. ^[8]

Evola supported Fascism for his own ends, but was rebuked by the regime because his ends were not always theirs. When World War II broke out, he volunteered for military service in order to fight the Communists on the Russian front; he was rejected because he had too many detractors in the bureaucracy (Hansen 2002). World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Italian Fascism went into decline when, during the midst of the War, Mussolini was deposed and imprisoned. Evola, although not a member of the Fascist Party, and despite his apparent problems with the Fascist regime, was one of the first people to greet Mussolini when the latter was broken out of prison by Nazi commandos in 1943. In Military science, the term commando can refer to an individual a Military unit, or a raiding style of military operation.

After the Italian surrender to the Allied forces in September 8, 1943, Evola moved to Germany, where he spent the remainder of World War II, also working as a researcher on Freemasonry for the SS Ahnenerbe in Vienna. The Allies of World War II were the countries officially opposed to the Axis powers during the Second World War. Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The ( German for "Protective Squadron" abbreviated SS - or ( Runic)- was a major Nazi organization under Adolf Hitler and the

It was Evola's custom to walk around the city during bombing raids in order to better 'ponder his destiny'. Strategic bombing is a Military strategy used in a Total war with the goal of defeating an enemy nation-state by destroying its economic ability to wage war rather During one such Soviet raid, in March or April of 1945, a shell fragment damaged his spinal cord and he became paralyzed from the waist down, remaining so throughout his life (Stucco 1992, xiii). A soviet (сове́т, "council" originally was a workers' local council in late Imperial Russia. A shell is a payload-carrying Projectile, which as opposed to shot, contains an explosive or other filling though modern usage includes large solid projectiles The spinal cord is a long thin tubular bundle of Nerves that is an extension of the Central nervous system from the brain and is enclosed in and protected Paralysed redirects here For other uses see xx Paralysed (disambiguation Paralysis is the complete loss of Muscle function

Evola and the SS

"But in spite of all these negative aspects, there was something in National Socialism that attracted Evola: the concept of a state ruled by an Order, which he felt was embodied by the SS. 'We are inclined to the opinion that we can see the nucleus of an Order in the higher sense of tradition in the 'Black Corps,' he wrote in Vita Italiana (August 15, 1938). Again in Vita Italiana (August 1941, 'Per una profonda alleanza italo-germanica' [For a Deep Italian-Germanic Alliance]) he writes: 'Beyond the confines of the party and of any political-administrative structure, an elite in the form of a new 'Order'—that is, a kind of ascetic-military organization that is held together by the principles of 'loyalty' and 'honor,' must form the basis of the new state. ' As mentioned, Evola held the SS, which Himmler strove to design according to the model of the Teutonic Order, to be this elite. The Teutonic Order is a German Roman Catholic religious order. The castles of the SS Order, with their 'initiations,' the emphasis on transcending the purely human element, the prerequisite of physical valor, as well as the ethical requirements (loyalty, discipline, defiance of death, willingness to sacrifice, unselfishness), strengthened Evola in his conviction. He also was of the opinion that the ethics of the SS were borrowed from the Jesuits" (Dr. H. T. Hansen in "Julius Evola's Political Endeavors" introduction to "Men Among the Ruins: Post-War Reflections of a Radical Traditionalist" p. 61-22).

Post-war

After World War II, Evola continued his work in esotericism. He wrote a number of books and articles on sexual magic and various other esoteric studies, including The Yoga of Power: Tantra, Shakti, and the Secret Way (1949), Eros and the Mysteries of Love: The Metaphysics of Sex (1958), Meditations on the Peaks: Mountain Climbing as Metaphor for the Spiritual Quest (1974), The Path of Enlightenment According to the Mithraic Mysteries (1977). The Yoga of Power: Tantra, Shakti, and the Secret Way is a Book by Julius Evola. Eros and the Mysteries of Love The Metaphysics of Sex is Julius Evola 's work expanding on his ideas about sexuality described in his Meditazioni delle Vette'; translated as Meditations on the Peaks Mountain Climbing as Metaphor for the Spiritual Quest, a work by Italian Esoteric writer La Via della Realizzazione di si secondo i Misteri di Mithra, a work by Italian Esoteric writer Julius Evola He also wrote his two explicitly political books Men Among the Ruins: Post-War Reflections of a Radical Traditionalist (1953), Ride the Tiger: A Survival Manual for the Aristocrats of the Soul (1961), and his autobiography Il Cammino del Cinabro (1963). Men Among the Ruins Post-War Reflections of a Radical Traditionalist is a Book by Julius Evola. Ride the Tiger: A Survival Manual for the Aristocrats of the Soul (Cavalcare la Tigre is a 1961 book by Italian Traditionalist philosopher and racial Il Cammino del Cinabro is an autobiography by Italian Esoteric writer Julius Evola.

In the post-war years, Evola's writings were held in high esteem by members of the Neo-fascist movement in Italy, and because of this, he was put on trial from June through November of 1951 on the charge of attempting to revive Fascism in Italy. This page specifically pertains to fascism after World War II Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology He was acquitted because he could prove that he was never a member of the Fascist party, and that all accusations were made without evidence to prove that his writings glorified Fascism (Evola - "Autodifesa/Self-Defence" in appendix to "Men Among the Ruins: Post-War Reflections of a Radical Traditionalist"/1953).

Death

Evola died unmarried, without children, on June 11, 1974 in Rome. Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. His ashes were deposited in a hole cut in a glacier on Mt. Rosa. "Glacial" and "Glaciation" redirect here For the geological periods see Glacial period. Monte Rosa is a mountain Massif located in the Italian regions Piedmont and Aosta Valley and in the canton of Valais ( Wallis)

Philosophy

Tradition

Evola's systematic and detailed references to ancient and modern texts make it difficult to speak about influences, though affinities could exist between Evola and Plato, Oswald Spengler, Houston Stewart Chamberlain, Arthur de Gobineau, Adolf Hitler, Friedrich Nietzsche, Meister Eckhart, Homer, Jacob Boehme, René Guénon and certain Catholic thinkers like Juan Donoso Cortés and Joseph de Maistre. Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece Oswald Arnold Gottfried Spengler (29 May 1880 Blankenburg am Harz &ndash 8 May 1936 Munich) was a German Historian and Philosopher whose Houston Stewart Chamberlain ( September 9, 1855 - January 9, 1927) was a British -born author of books on political philosophy natural Joseph Arthur Comte de Gobineau ( July 14, 1816 — October 13, 1882) was a French Aristocrat, novelist and man of Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15 1844 August 25 1900 ( was a nineteenth-century German philosopher and classical philologist Meister Eckhart OP (c 1260–c 1328 is the most common formula used to refer to Eckhart von Hochheim, a German theologian Homer ( Ancient Greek:, Homēros) is a legendary ancient Greek epic Poet, traditionally said to be the author of the epic poems the Jakob Böhme (probably April 24 1575 &ndash November 17 1624) was a German Christian mystic and Theologian René Guénon ( November 15 1886 – January 7 1951) was a French author and intellectual who remains an influential figure in the Catholic is an Adjective derived from the Greek adjective '' / 'katholikos' meaning "whole" or "complete". Juan Donoso Cortés marqués de Valdegamas ( May 6, 1809 - May 3, 1853) Spanish Author and Diplomatist was Joseph-Marie Comte de Maistre (1 April 1753- 26 February 1821 was a French-speaking Savoyard lawyer diplomat writer and philosopher Italian philosopher of history Giambattista Vico provided Evola with the concepts of primordial "heroic law," "natural heroic rights" and the meaning of the Indo-European Latin term vir as indicative of "wisdom, priesthood and kingship. Giambattista Vico, Giambattista Vigo or Giovanni Battista Vico ( June 23, 1668 – January 23, 1744) was an Italian " Crucial to Evola's formulation of the idea of "solar masculinity" versus "chthonic masculinity" and matriarchal regression was the maverick 19th-century Swiss scholar Johann Jakob Bachofen. Matriarchy is a term which is applied to gynocentric form of Society, in which the leading role is by the Female and especially by the Mothers The Swiss Anthropologist and Sociologist Johann Jakob Bachofen (1815 &ndash 1887 is most often connected with his research into the matriarchal clans Other prominent, philosophically foundational influences for Evola include the ancient Aryo-Hindu scripture that teaches the concept of "detached violence", the Bhagavad Gita and the Aryan kshatriya sage Siddartha Gotama, the historical Buddha (Evola, "Il Camino del Cinabro" 1963). A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Aryan is an English word derived from the Sanskrit " Ārya " meaning "noble" or "honorable" Kshatriya (क्षत्रिय kṣatriya from क्षत्र kṣatra) is one of the four varnas (social orders in Hinduism Siddhārtha Gautama ( Sanskrit; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual Teacher from Ancient India and the founder

Like Guénon, he believed that mankind is living in the Kali Yuga of the Hindu tradition, the Dark Age of unleashed, materialistic appetites. Kali Yuga ( Devanāgarī: sa कलियुग lit "Age of Kali " "age of vice" is one of the four stages of development that the world goes A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical The Kali Yuga is the last of four ages, which form a cycle from the Satya Yuga or Golden Age through the Kali Yuga or the Hesiodic Iron Age. The Satya Yuga ( Devanagari: सत्य युग also called Sat Yuga, Krta Yuga and Krita Yuga in Hinduism, is the " The term Golden age is best known from Greek mythology and legend but can also be found in other ancient cultures (see below Hesiod ( Greek: Hesiodos) was an early Greek Poet and Rhapsode, who presumably lived around 700 BCE This article is about the archaeological period known as the Iron Age for the mythological Iron Age see Ages of Man. Evola argued that both Italian fascism and National Socialism held hope for a reconstitution of the primordial "celestial race. "^[9]

For Evola, the word Tradition had a meaning very similar to that of Truth. The doctrine of the four ages, a broad characterization of the attributes of Tradition and their manifestations in traditional societies makes up the first half of Evola's major work Revolt Against the Modern World. Revolt Against the Modern World: Politics Religion and Social Order in the Kali Yuga ( Rivolta contro il mondo moderno) is a book by the In Revolt Against the Modern World, he expounds according to the ancient texts that there is not one Tradition, but two: An older and degenerate tradition that is feminine, matriarchal, unheroic, associated with the telluric negroid racial remnants of Lemuria (continent); and a higher one that is masculine, heroic, "Uranian" and purely Aryo-Hyperborean in its origin. Lemuria (lɨˈmjʊəriə is the name of a hypothetical " lost land " variously located in the Indian and Pacific Oceans In Greek mythology, according to tradition the Hyperboreans were a mythical people who lived far to the north of Thrace. The latter one later gave rise to an ambiguous Western-Atlantic tradition, which combined aspects of both through the historical Hyperborean migrations and their degenerating assimilation of exotic spiritual influences from the South. The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings

According to Evola, in the Golden Age there existed in the dominating elites, the "Divine Kings", a convergence of the two powers, namely the spiritual principle and the royal principle. The term Golden age is best known from Greek mythology and legend but can also be found in other ancient cultures (see below From the Aryo-Hindu tradition, he sees the human type of the Rajarshi as an embodiment of the Golden Age ideal and quotes the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad (1. Rajarshi or Rajarishi (from Sanskrit rajan "king" + rishi) is in Hinduism and Hindu mythology, a royal saint The term Golden age is best known from Greek mythology and legend but can also be found in other ancient cultures (see below The Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upanishad ( Sanskrit: बृहदारण्यक उपनिषद् is one of the older "primary" ( Mukhya 4. 11): "This is why nothing is greater than the warrior nobility; the priests themselves venerate the warrior when the consecration of the king occurs. " Evola argues that in the Hindu tradition there are plenty of instances of kings who already possess or eventually achieve a spiritual knowledge greater than that possessed by the later-times degenerated brahmana. This is the case, for instance, of King Jaivala, whose knowledge was not imparted by any priest, but rather reserved to the warrior caste; also, in Brihadaranyaka Upanishad (4. The Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upanishad ( Sanskrit: बृहदारण्यक उपनिषद् is one of the older "primary" ( Mukhya 3. 1) King Janaka teaches the brahmana Yajnavalkya the doctrine of the transcendent Self. In ancient India, Janaka ( Sanskrit: जनक janaka) or Raja Janaka (राजा जनक rājā janaka) were the Kings of Sage Yajnavalkya ( याज्ञवल्क्य) of Mithila was a legendary sage of Vedic India, credited with the authorship of the Evola explains that, according to tradition, the primordial gnosis was handed down, starting from Ikshvaku, in regal succession (cf. Gnosis (from one of the Greek words for Knowledge, γνώσις is the spiritual knowledge of a Saint or mystically enlightened human being This article is about king Ikshvaku For other uses see Ikshvaku. Bhagavadgita, 4. 1-2); the same Sun Dynasty (surya-vamsa) was connected with blue-eyed, fair-skinned ^[10] Gautama Buddha's aristocratic Aryan family (Sutta Nipata, 3). The Sun Dynasty or Solar Dynasty or Suryavansha is one of the most prominent dynasties in the history of Hinduism, along with the "Chandravansha" Siddhārtha Gautama ( Sanskrit; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual Teacher from Ancient India and the founder The Sutta Nipata is a Buddhist scripture a Sutta collection in the Khuddaka Nikaya, part of the Pali Canon of Theravada Buddhism In the laws of the second or Silver Age, the Laws of Manu, the text states "rulers do not prosper without priests and priests do not thrive without rulers" and that "the priest is said to be the root of the law, and the ruler is the peak" (11. The Manu Smriti ( Sanskrit: मनुस्मृति is a work of Hindu law and ancient Indian society 321-2;11. 83-4).

In reference to Christianity, Evola distinguished between 1) the mystical character of primitive Christianity and its later social history on the one hand, and 2) the primordial-Hyperborean elements and the decadent Judaic elements on the other. In Revolt Against the Modern World, he asserts "in the symbolism of Christ there are traces of a mysteric pattern" (p. 281) and "Jesus' saying in Matthew (11:12) concerning the violence suffered by the kingdom of Heaven and the revival of the Davidic saying: 'You are gods' (John 10:34), belong to elements that exercised virtually no influence on the main pathos of early Christianity" (Revolt, p. 284). Evola states "the Christian legend of the three magi is an attempt to claim for Christianity a traditional character in the superior sense I give to the term" (The Mystery of the Grail, p. "Three Kings" or "Three Wise Men" redirects here 45). In the same work, Evola argues "the Jewish notion of a Messiah and the Christian notion of God's Kingdom, which many people believe to have greatly influenced the medieval imperial myth, are nothing but an echo of the ancient and pre-Christian Aryo-Iranian concept" of the Saoshyant as "lord of a future, triumphal kingdom of the God of Light" and "slayer of the Ahrimanic dark forces" (ibid. Saoshyant is a figure of Zoroastrian eschatology who brings about the final renovation of the world Ahura Mazda ( ae Ahura Mazdā) is the Avestan language name for a divinity exalted by Zoroaster as the one uncreated Creator "Ahriman" redirects here For other uses see Ahriman (disambiguation. , p. 39)

Evola recalls the mysterious figure of the priest-king Melchizedek as a primary point of juncture with the primordial sacral-royal Tradition of the origins. Melchizedek is an enigmatic figure twice mentioned in the Hebrew Tanakh and in the Christian Old Testament. Abraham receives an almost feudal spiritual investiture from Melchizedek in the biblical episode of Genesis 14, giving the mysterious priest-king tithes, thus symbolizing the Abrahamic tradition's implicit dependency (cf. Feudalism, a term first used in the early modern period (17th century in its most classic sense refers to a Medieval Europe Political system composed Investiture, from the Latin (preposition in and verb vestire, 'dress' from vestis 'robe' is a rather general term for the formal installation of an A tithe (from Old English teogoþa "tenth" is a one-tenth part of something paid as a (usually voluntary contribution or as a Tax or levy St. Paul: "It is beyond dispute that the inferior is blessed by the superior", Heb. Paul the apostle (שאול התרסי Šaʾul HaTarsi, meaning " Saul of Tarsus " Σαούλ Saul and Σαῦλος Saulos and 7:1-3). Evola often notes the role of the "regal religion according to Melchizedek" in the Ghibelline ideology. The Guelphs and Ghibellines were factions supporting respectively the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire in central and northern Italy Evola finds the testimony of Eginhard significant, who states that after Charlemagne was consecrated and hailed with the formula, "Long life and victory to Charles the Great, crowned by God, great and peaceful emperor of the Romans!" the pope "prostrated himself (adoravit) before Charles, according to the ritual established at the time of the ancient emperors. Einhard (also Eginhard or Einhart) (c 775 &ndash March 14, 840 in Seligenstadt, Germany) was a Frankish Charlemagne (ˈʃɑrlɨmeɪn Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus meaning Charles the Great) (747 – 28 January 814 was King of the Franks from 768 to his " Evola emphasizes how the Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund (1368-1437), founder of the militant-Catholic chivalric Order of the Dragon, continuing a long tradition of Christian-Roman and Byzantine imperial dominance in religious matters, summoned the Council of Constance (A. The Holy Roman Emperor (Römischer Kaiser or Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser Romanorum Imperator was the elected monarch ruling over the many varying numbers of states The Order of the Dragon ( lat. Societas Draconistrarum, ger. der Drachenorden, hun. In the Roman Catholic Church, the Council of Constance is the 16th Ecumenical council. D. 1413) on the eve of the Reformation in order to purify the clergy from schisms and anarchy. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time

The classical Traditional polity is structured according to a strict hierarchy of sociopolitical functions, where the lower functions are concerned with mere matter and organic vitality and the ascending functions progressively ruled by spirit. This order, in which powers of spirit correlate to societal status, Evola finds crystallized in the Indian caste system, the Republic of Plato, ancient Iranian society and the medieval hierarchical class divisions between peasants, burghers, nobility and the clergy and military religious orders. Caste (Sanskrit Gyati ज्ञाति, Hindi Biradari बिरादरी samaj समाज jati जाति etc, Urdu Zat ज़ात) is an Endogamous group The Republic ( Greek: / Politeía, meaning "political system" Latin: Res Publica, meaning "public business" or military order is a Christian Order of knighthood that is founded for crusading, i The involution through the cycle of the ages was mirrored in the law of the regression of the castes, from the primal "heaven-born" kings to the deconsecrated slavish usurpers and raceless pariahs of the present. Evola saw the Ghibelline dynasty of Hohenstauffen emperors (1152-1271) as the Germanic champion of the primordial "sacred regality" in a renewed Holy Roman Empire. The Guelphs and Ghibellines were factions supporting respectively the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire in central and northern Italy The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in Once the solar, golden, sacred regality of the mythical first age fell, power devolved upon a lunar, silver, feminized priestly caste before an unconsecrated warrior nobility struggled against it, announcing the Bronze Age. Then power shifts to the mercantile caste, represented by the Italian comune, Freemasonry, the Jewish financial oligarchy of the Renaissance, and New World American Judeo-Protestant plutocracy. In Italy, the comune, (plural comuni) is the basic Administrative division of both provinces and regions and may be properly approximated in The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere The New World is one of the names used for the non-Eurasian/non-African parts of the Earth specifically the Americas and Australia. Plutocracy is rule by the wealthy or power provided by wealth By the beginning of the twentieth century, organized labor and Marxist-Trotskyite subverters sought to transfer power to the last caste of slaves or sudras, or the consumer-pariah, reducing all values to matter, machines, dysgenic egalitarianism and the reign of abstract quantity. Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Trotskyism is the theory of Marxism as advocated by Leon Trotsky. Shudra ( IAST: Śūdra is the fourth Varna in the traditional four-section division in historic Hindu society

Paths to Enlightenment

The path to enlightenment is the chief subject of a number of Evola's works. First and foremost is the Buddhist ascesis as he rediscovered it following over two thousand years of obstruction of the Buddha's teachings (The Doctrine of Awakening: The Attainment of Self-Mastery According to the Earliest Buddhist Texts). The Doctrine of Awakening: The Attainment of Self-Mastery According to the Earliest Buddhist Texts is a book by philosopher and racial theorist Julius Evola He tries to show the ways that allow a man to survive spiritually intact in the modern age of obscuration and to achieve supra-human liberation or transcendence.

Even in his book Meditations on the Peaks: Mountain Climbing as Metaphor for the Spiritual Quest Evola discussed mountaineering as a possible approach or support on the way of initiatic ascesis in which heroic action is combined with specialized knowledge and training culminating in an initiation — the climbing of the mountain. Meditazioni delle Vette'; translated as Meditations on the Peaks Mountain Climbing as Metaphor for the Spiritual Quest, a work by Italian Esoteric writer “Alpinist” redirects here See also Alpinist (magazine Mountaineering is the Sport, Hobby or Profession of In this way, and not as a sport or a recreation, mountaineering can be a "spiritual quest," as the subtitle of the book suggests.

Ascesis and Initiation

According to Julius Evola, tradition in its purest form encompassed asceticism, which he described in The Doctrine of Awakening: The Attainment of Self-Mastery According to the Earliest Buddhist Texts as a discipline. The Doctrine of Awakening: The Attainment of Self-Mastery According to the Earliest Buddhist Texts is a book by philosopher and racial theorist Julius Evola He describes two basic and complementary types of asceticism — that of action and that of contemplation. The word Contemplation comes from the Latin root templum (from Greek temnein to cut or divide and means to separate something from its environment and to enclose it in a sector The asceticism of action is personified by the warrior while that of contemplation by the pure ascetic; he described Buddhism as the highest form of the asceticism of contemplation, a form very suitable for the warrior in his preparation for inner and outer warfare.

Metaphysics of Sex

In The Yoga of Power: Tantra, Shakti, and the Secret Way and also Eros and the Mysteries of Love: The Metaphysics of Sex, Evola described the practice of sexual magic as an asceticism of action that allows one to achieve transcendent states through physical action, primarily sex. The Yoga of Power: Tantra, Shakti, and the Secret Way is a Book by Julius Evola. Eros and the Mysteries of Love The Metaphysics of Sex is Julius Evola 's work expanding on his ideas about sexuality described in his

To explain the metaphysics of sex, Evola cites the original meaning of the word "orgy" as "the state of inspired exaltation that began the initiatory process in the ancient Greek mysteries. But when this exaltation of eros, itself akin to other experiences of a supersensual nature, becomes individualized as a longing that is only carnal, then it deteriorates and ends finally in the form constituted by mere "pleasure, or venereal lust" (The Metaphysics of Sex, p. 48).

In his sexual philosophy, Evola followed the esoteric Hindu and Buddhist schools in the teaching of retention of semen as a means of ontological energization and ultimate self-mastery. "Virya, or spiritual manhood, if lost or wasted results in death and if withheld and conserved leads to life" (ibid. See also Bodhipakkhiya dhamma (Qualities conducive to Enlightenment Four Right Exertions Five Faculties , p. 219). Evola considered Traditional chastity as signifying "control, limit, anti-titanic purity, overcoming of pride, and immaterial unshakability, rather than a moralistic and sexuophobic concept" (The Mystery of the Grail, p. 80).

Evola considered sex as being "the greatest magical force in nature", but he fiercely opposed homosexuality, viewing it as a dysfunctional undermining of the magnetic polarity and complementary nature of the two sexes, and thus of the possibility of erotic transcendence. Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation. "In a civilization where equality is the standard, where differences are not linked, where promiscuity is in favor, where the ancient idea of 'being true to oneself' means nothing anymore--in such a splintered and materialistic society, it is clear that this phenomenon of regression and homosexuality should be particularly welcome, and therefore it is no way a surprise to see the alarming increase in homosexuality and the 'third sex' in the latest 'democratic' period, or an increase in sex changes to an extent unparalleled in other eras" (The Metaphysics of Sex, p. The terms third gender and third sex describe individuals who are considered to be neither women nor men as well as the social category present in those societies who recognize 64). Evola refers to Plotinus, who deemed homosexual loves to be shameful and abnormal, like diseases of degenerate persons "which do not arise from the essence of being and are not the outcome of the development thereof" (Enneads, III). Plotinus ( Greek:) (ca AD 204–270 was a major philosopher of the ancient world who is widely considered the founder of Neoplatonism (along with his The Six Enneads, sometimes abbreviated to The Enneads or Enneads, is the collection of writings of Plotinus, edited and The draconian harshness of the ancient Aryo-Zoroastrian view on homosexuality, as exemplified in the Vendidad, elicits Evola's full approval: sodomites were classed among the ranks of those criminals to be destroyed on the spot: "Four men can be put to death by any one without an order from the Dastur (high priest): the Nasu-burner (cannibal), the highwayman, the Sodomite, and the criminal taken in the deed" (Vendidad, 8:73-74^[11]). Zoroastrianism (ˌzɔroʊˈæstriəˌnɪzəm is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings The Vendidad or Videvdat is a collection of texts within the greater compendium of the Avesta. A dastūr is a Zoroastrian high priest who has authority in religious matters and ranks higher than a Mobad or Herbad. With equal vehemence, Evola scorned modern pornography, denouncing it as "dreadfully squalid not only in the facts and scenes described, but in its essence" (The Metaphysics of Sex, p. Pornography or porn is the explicit depiction of Sexual subject matter with the sole intention of sexually exciting the viewer 4).

Politics

Evola held that politics, like everything else in life, should look upward and beyond the self. Self is broadly defined as the essential qualities that make a person distinct from all others His political philosophy was more or less close to Joseph de Maistre, Hermann Wirth, Otto Weininger, Arthur Moeller van den Bruck, Ernst Jünger, Gottfried Benn, René Guénon, Oswald Spengler, and Bal Gangadhar Tilak. Joseph-Marie Comte de Maistre (1 April 1753- 26 February 1821 was a French-speaking Savoyard lawyer diplomat writer and philosopher Herman Wirth (alternatively referred to as Herman Wirth Roeper Bosch or Herman Felix Wirthor Herman n) ( 6 May 1885 Utrecht - 16 February Otto Weininger ( April 3, 1880 – October 4, 1903) was an Austrian Philosopher. Arthur Moeller van den Bruck ( April 23, 1876 &ndash May 30, 1925) was a German cultural historian and writer best known for his controversial Ernst Jünger ( March 29, 1895 — February 17, 1998) was a German Writer. Gottfried Benn ( 2 May 1886 &ndash 7 July 1956) was a German Essayist, Novelist and Expressionist René Guénon ( November 15 1886 – January 7 1951) was a French author and intellectual who remains an influential figure in the Oswald Arnold Gottfried Spengler (29 May 1880 Blankenburg am Harz &ndash 8 May 1936 Munich) was a German Historian and Philosopher whose Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak (बाळ गंगाधर टिळक ( July 23 1856 - August 1 1920) was an Indian nationalist

Evola's main argument against modern "demagogic" politics is its inverted materialistic focus and mentality, stemming from an inverted order of castes. According to Evola, in modernity, due to what he calls the regression of the castes, the once-preeminent warrior caste (crystallized in the medieval military religious orders and ethical chivalry) has been downgraded into the figures of the mere democratic soldier and mercenary, who are servants of the artificial, soulless needs of the now-dominant mercantile and industrial interests. military order is a Christian Order of knighthood that is founded for crusading, i Chivalric order Chivalry is a term related to the Medieval institution of Knighthood. As Evola states, "Opposite to the 'soldier' was the type of the warrior and the member of the feudal aristocracy; the caste to which this type belonged was the central nucleus in a corresponding social organization. Feudalism, a term first used in the early modern period (17th century in its most classic sense refers to a Medieval Europe Political system composed See also French nobility The Nobles of the Sword (noblesse d'épée refers to the class of traditional or old nobility in France during the Middle This caste was not at the service of the bourgeois class but rather ruled over it, since the class that was protected depended on those who had the right to bear arms"^[12]

Evola's earliest endeavors in politics occurred in the late 1920s, when he supported some European anti-democratic and anti-Jewish political currents. The right to keep and bear arms, RKBA, or right to bear arms is the concept that people individually or collectively have a right to Weapons Today this PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ He participated in the promotion of Mussolini's National Fascist Party dictatorship in Italy, albeit as a wary supporter of the regime. The National Fascist Party ( Partito Nazionale Fascista; PNF was an Italian party created by Benito Mussolini as the political expression of A dictatorship is usually defined as an autocratic Form of government in which the Government is ruled by a Dictator. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest He saw in Fascism the barest trace of what he believed to be the true path that the country (and civilization) should follow. A Civilization is a society in which large numbers of people share a variety of common elements He therefore attempted to influence the party in the conservative-revolutionary direction he believed it should go — the direction of radical Traditionalism; i. e. away from the exoteric modern Christian Church, the bourgeoisie, and the masses. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings His efforts to influence the regime were a failure, and he believed that by not following his advice, Mussolini's party failed to fulfill its function. He would maintain the view that a revolutionary movement, similar to Fascism but in harmony with "Tradition", was necessary for the return to a higher form of civilization.

When Evola met with esoteric Hitlerist Miguel Serrano, he denied that he was a fascist or Hitlerist, but rather saw Metternich as a conservative ideal. This article describes speculative theories about Nazism Semi-religious developments within post-1945 Nazism are discussed under the term Neo-völkisch movements. Miguel Serrano (born 10 September 1917) is a retired Chilean diplomat explorer and author of poetry books on spiritual questing and Esoteric Hitlerism (Goodrick-Clarke 2001, 337)

In the decade immediately following the war Evola wrote two books which fall loosely into the categories "asceticism of action" and "asceticism of contemplation" in their prescriptions for political action.

In Men Among the Ruins Evola described a Traditional and aristocratic attitude — possibly leading to a reactionary revolution — like what he had hoped Fascism could have been with the right leaders. Men Among the Ruins Post-War Reflections of a Radical Traditionalist is a Book by Julius Evola. This attitude is a sort of asceticism of action calling for political action to reform current society in a conservative-revolutionary / radical Traditional direction. But he also felt that the acceleration of modernity following World War II's outcome and thus, the elimination of any truly opposing forces, made any such revolution rather impossible, unless the 'unforeseeable' imposes a radical change of circumstances. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

In Ride the Tiger he prescribed a so-to-speak apolitical asceticism of contemplation in which a man is advised to act in the modern world, while remaining intellectually and spiritually detached from and above it. Ride the Tiger: A Survival Manual for the Aristocrats of the Soul (Cavalcare la Tigre is a 1961 book by Italian Traditionalist philosopher and racial Evola argued that in order to survive in the modern world an enlightened or "differentiated man" should "ride the tiger". As a man, by holding onto the tiger's back, may survive the confrontation once the animal ends exhausted, so too might a man, by letting the world take him on its inexorable path, be able to turn the destructive forces around him into a kind of inner liberation.

Alleged racism and antisemitism

Evola called his work "racist", and indeed a number of his articles and books deal explicitly with the subject of race.

A. J. Gregor comments: "In the [German translation of Imperialismo pagano], Evola considered principled anti-Semitism one of the essentials of a salvific 'racial rebirth' in the modern world. Not only did Evola make a point of identifying Karl Marx, one of the architects of the modern world of materialism, inferiority, pretended equality, and cultural decay, as a Jew--but he spoke of a Jewish capitalistic yoke that obstructed every effort at racial regeneration" (Mussolini's Intellectuals, pps. 200-201).

In Revolt Against the Modern World, he said that he considered himself to be a critic of the "racist worldview" by which he meant the demagogically-minded, simplistic, antisemitic theories of mainstream Nazis and others of his contemporaries. However, he wrote an introduction to an Italian language version of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, a notorious antisemitic document, long proven to be a Tsarist forgery^[13], that alleges a Jewish conspiracy to run the world through control of the media and finance, and replace the traditional social order with one based on mass manipulation. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. The Protocols of the Elders of Zion ( Protocols of the wise men of Zion, Library of Congress 's Uniform Title; "Протоколы Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ In a political sense conspiracy refers to a group of persons united in the goal of usurping or overthrowing an established political power

Evola was indifferent as to whether the document was authentic or not. He classified it as a 'myth'^[14]. In 1937, a year after the publication of Giovanni Preziosi's Italian edition of the forgery in 1936, when it was known to be a fiction, Evola wrote as follows:

“

Whether or not the controversial Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion are false or authentic does not affect the symptomatic value of the document in question, that is, the fact, that many of the things that have occurred in modern times, having taken place after their publication, effectively agree with the plans assumed in that document, perhaps more than a superficial observer might believe. Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [15]

”

In short, he was unconcerned that it was a forgery, because, in his hermetic mode of understanding, that did not alter what he believed was the essential truth enciphered in what the public and scholarly world declared to be a lie.

In his introduction to the 1938 Italian edition of the Protocols, Evola wrote that the tract had "the value of a spiritual tonic," that Jews "destroy every surviving trace of true order and superior civilization," and that, "above all, in these decisive hours of western history, [the Protocols tract] cannot be ignored or dismissed without seriously undermining the front of those fighting in the name of the spirit, of tradition, of true civilization. "

For Evola this text represented a manipulation by occult powers trying to hide behind the Jewish and Freemasonic historical drive toward a merchant society soon to be replaced by the chaos of "mass society" which could eventually turn against both. ^[16]

Evola accused Jews, as well as what he termed the "semitic spirit,"^[17] of having a corrosive effect on the "Nordic" race (a race that was, in Evola's mythology, analogous to the Nazi's "Aryans"). Evola argued that not only Jews, but even non-Jews "Judaicized in their souls" must be combated by a "coherent, complete, impartial" anti-Semitism given the means to "identify and combat the Jewish mentality. "^[18] Evola supported the Nazi anti-Semitic view that there was a hidden form of Jewish power and influence in the modern world; he thought this Jewish power was a symptom of the "modern" world's lack of true aristocratic leadership. ^[19] Evola further held that Jewish people denigrated lofty "Aryan" ideals (of faith, loyalty, courage, devotion, and constancy) through a "corrosive irony" that ascribed every human activity to economic or sexual motives (à la Marx and Freud) (Kevin Coogan, Dreamer of the Day: Francis Parker Yockey and the Postwar Fascist International, p. Faith is a Belief in the trustworthiness of an Idea. Formal usage of the word "faith" is usually reserved for concepts of Religion, as in This page is about loyalty as faithfulness to a cause For its use in business see Loyalty business model or Loyalty Marketing. Gallantry redirects here Or see Gallant for other meanings Courage, also known as bravery, will, intrepidity Irony is a literary or Rhetorical device, in which there is an incongruity or Discordance between what one says or does and what one means or Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded 309). In a 1938 article Evola accused Sigmund Freud, Karl Marx, and Cesare Lombroso of being "proponents of Jewish materialistic culture in the nineteenth century;^[20] two years later, in an essay entitled "Jews and Mathematics," Evola characterized Judaism as the antithesis of "Aryan civilation," and broadly attacked a range of what he considered examples of Jewish influences, from Pythagoreanism to mathematics. Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded Cesare Lombroso, born Ezechia Marco Lombroso ( November 6, 1835 – October 19, 1909) was a Jewish Italian Pythagoreanism is a term used for the Esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers the Pythagoreans who were much influenced Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and ^[20] The article was illustrated with pictures of notable Jews interspersed with classic anti-Semitic representations. ^[20]

In The Metaphysics of Sex (Inner Traditions, 1st US edition 1983, pps. 9-10), Evola discoursed on his philosophy of de-evolutionary spiritual racism: "Our starting point will be not the modern theory of evolution but the traditional doctrine of involution. We do not believe the man is derived from the ape by evolution. We believe that the ape is derived from man by involution. We agree with Joseph De Maistre that savage peoples are not primitive peoples, in the sense of original peoples, but rather the degenerating remains of more ancient races that have disappeared. Joseph-Marie Comte de Maistre (1 April 1753- 26 February 1821 was a French-speaking Savoyard lawyer diplomat writer and philosopher We concur with the various researchers (Kohlbrugge, Marconi, Dacque, Westenhofer, and Adloff) who have rebelled against the evolutionary dogma, asserting that animal species evince the degeneration of primordial man's potential. These unfulfilled or deviant potentials manifest as by-products of the true evolutionary process that man has led since the beginning. "

Evola believed that a race of "Nordic" people, anciently emanating from Golden Age Arctic Hyperborea, originally semi-immaterial and "soft-boned", had played a crucial founding role in Atlantis and the high cultures both of the East and West. The term Golden age is best known from Greek mythology and legend but can also be found in other ancient cultures (see below The Arctic is the Region around the Earth 's North Pole, opposite the Antarctic region around the South Pole. In Greek mythology, according to tradition the Hyperboreans were a mythical people who lived far to the north of Thrace. Atlantis (in Greek,, "island of Atlas " is the name of a Legendary Island, first mentioned in Plato 's dialogues In Evola's eyes, half-remembered, cryptic memories of a "more-than-human race" once existing in a "northern paradise" constitute the patrimony of the traditions of many diverse peoples. ^[21] In this occult belief, Evola was additionally influenced by Arctic Home in the Vedas by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, which posited the polar North as the original home of the white Ur-Aryan tribes before their later separation into Western (Hellenic, Roman, Celtic, Germanic) and Eastern (Iranian, Indo-Aryan) divisions. Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak (बाळ गंगाधर टिळक ( July 23 1856 - August 1 1920) was an Indian nationalist Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic

According to Joscelyn Godwin's research: "the basic outlines of Evola's prehistory resemble those of Theosophy, with Lemurian, Atlantean, and Aryan root-races succeeding each other, and a pole-shift marking the transition from one epoch to another" (Arktos, p. Joscelyn Godwin (born 16 January 1945 at Kelmscott, Oxfordshire, England) is a musicologist and translator known for his work on This article is about the philosophy introduced by Helena Petrovna Blavatsky Lemuria (lɨˈmjʊəriə is the name of a hypothetical " lost land " variously located in the Indian and Pacific Oceans Aryan is an English word derived from the Sanskrit " Ārya " meaning "noble" or "honorable" 60). Evola's dualism between the Northern Light and the Southern Light, and also the capture of the Atlanteans by the latter, is also found in the writings of Theosophy's co-founder Helena Petrovna Blavatsky:

“

The Atlanteans [gravitated] toward the Southern Pole, the pit, cosmically and terrestrially -- whence breathe the hot passions blown into hurricanes by the cosmic Elementals, whose abode it is. Elena Petrovna Gan (Елена Петровна Ган also Hélène, Yekaterinoslav, Ukraine, Russian Empire — May 8 1891 London) better " [22]

”

“

Every beneficent (astral and cosmic) action comes from the North; every lethal influence from the South Pole. They are much connected with and influence right and left hand magic. " [23]

”

Dr. Victor A. Shnirelman, a cultural anthropologist and ethnographer, has noted that cosmological racial ideas also appear in the Neo-Theosophical writings of H. Cultural anthropology is one of four fields of Anthropology (the holistic study of humanity) as it developed in the United States. Ethnography ( Greek ethnos = people and graphein = writing is a genre of writing that uses Fieldwork to provide a descriptive The term Neo-Theosophy is a term originally derogatory for the system of Theosophical ideas expounded by Annie Besant and Charles Webster Leadbeater P. Blavatsky's one-time disciple Alice Bailey. Alice Ann Bailey ( June 16, 1880 &ndash December 15, 1949) known as Alice A Shnirelman wrote that in Bailey's teachings, "Jews were depicted as the 'human product of the former Solar system,' linked with 'World Evil'"; he identifed "similar ideas" in the works of Bailey and Evola. ^[24]

According to Evola, the hierarchy of races is really a hierarchy of embodied spiritualities; the spirit, rather than ethnic substance, determines culture; but at the same time race is the biological "memory" of a certain spiritual orientation. In order to describe what he called the lower, telluric, Negroid races, he frequently made use of the term "Southern" whereas to him higher races were "Northern. See also Black people Negroid is an Adjective derived from the term Negro and refers to a presumed race of people mostly from " "North" and "South" are indicated as having simultaneously metaphysical, geographical and anthropological meanings:

“

Especially during the period of the long icy winter, it was natural that in the northern races the experience of the Sun, of Light, and of Fire itself should have acted in a spiritually liberating sense. Metaphysics is the branch of Philosophy investigating principles of reality transcending those of any particular science Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of Hence natures which were Uranian-solar, Olympian or filled with celestial fire would have developed much more from the sacral symbolism of these races than from others. This article refers to a historical concept of sexual identity The Twelve Olympians, also known as the Dodekatheon ( Greek: Δωδεκάθεον Moreover, the rigor of the climate, the sterility of the soil, the necessity for hunting, and finally the need to emigrate across unknown seas and continents would naturally have molded those who preserved that spiritual experience of the Sun, of the luminous sky, and of fire into the temperament of warriors, of conquerors, of navigators, so as to favor that synthesis between spirituality and virility of which characteristic traces are preserved in the Aryan races (Revolt, p. 208).

”

Evola quotes the Confucian Chung Yung (10. Confucianism ( is a Chinese ethical and philosophical system originally developed from the teachings of the fifth century B The Doctrine of the Mean ( composed c450 BCE is one of the Four Books, part of the Confucian canonical scriptures 4) to reinforce his point:

“

To teach with kindly benevolence, not to lose one's temper and avenge the unreasonableness of others, that is the virile energy of the South that is followed by the well-bred man. To sleep on a heap of arms and untanned skins, to die unflinching and as if dying were not enough, that is the virile energy of the North that is followed by the brave man.

”

According to Evola, the more recent Northern, White and Indo-European peoples (despite racial mixing) implicitly preserved more of the primordial Arctic Hyperborean blood-memory and are objectively spiritually superior to the archaic, matter-obsessed degenerate remnants of the races of the South. In Greek mythology, according to tradition the Hyperboreans were a mythical people who lived far to the north of Thrace. Evola (Revolt, p. 245) sees the sign of the Hyperborean Tradition and its antagonism with the forces of Antitradition in the Indian mythology surrounding the Vedic divinity Indra (cf. There are 1028 hymns in the Rigveda, most of them dedicated to specific deities. Indra ( Sanskrit: इन्द्र or इंद्र Indra, Malay: Indera, Thai: พระอินทร์ Phra-Intra Thor), who is "fair of cheek" (Rig Veda, I. Thor ( Old Norse: Þórr) is the red-haired and bearded God of Thunder in Germanic paganism and its subset Norse paganism The Rigveda ( Sanskrit sa ऋग्वेद ṛgveda, a compound of ṛc "praise verse" and veda "knowledge" 9. 3) and with his "fair-complexioned friends" (I. 100. 18) annihilates the lawless black Dasyu, "giving protection to the Aryan color" (III. Dasa ( IAST dāsa) is a Sanskrit term Under the primary meaning 'enemy' sometimes relates to tribes identified as the enemies of the Aryan 34. 9), blowing to nothingness "the swarthy skin which Indra hates" (IX. 73. 5).

On the "demonic" nature of the lower negroid races and their degenerating remnants, Evola relies on an old Aryo-Zoroastrian tradition that teaches negroids belonged to the dark side owing to their alleged origin in the union between a demon and a wicked witch: "Zohak, during his reign, let loose a dev (demon) on a young woman, and let loose a young man on a parik (witch). See also Black people Negroid is an Adjective derived from the term Negro and refers to a presumed race of people mostly from Zoroastrianism (ˌzɔroʊˈæstriəˌnɪzəm is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings Zahhāk or Zohhāk (in ضحاک is a figure of Persian mythology, evident in ancient Iranian Folklore as Aži Dahāka, the name by which he They performed coition with [the sight] of the apparition; the negro came into being through that [novel] kind of coition" (Bundahishn, XIVB). Sexual intercourse, in its biological sense is the act in which the male reproductive organ (in humans and other higher animals enters the female reproductive tract The Bundahishn, meaning "Primal Creation" is an account of Zoroastrian cosmogony and cosmology and reflects ancient Zoroastrian and even pre-Zoroastrian beliefs

Flowering forth in the Greek, pre-Celtic, Indo-Aryan, Aryo-Persian, Roman, Germanic, Tiwanaku, Teotihuacán, early Chinese, Aztec-Nahua, Inca and first Egyptian dynasties' representatives, with more or less ethnic but great spiritual purity, the "Northern Light" was considerably lost to the Atlantean offshoot which defiled itself through spiritual integration into the spiritual lunar sphere of the world of the "Mother" or "Earth" of the "Southern Light" and further miscegenation with bestial, dark Lemurian stocks. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic Tiwanaku (Spanish spellings Tiahuanaco and Tiahuanacu) is an important Pre-Columbian archaeological site in western Bolivia. Teotihuacan is an enormous archaeological site in the Basin of Mexico, containing some of the largest pyramidal structures built in the Pre-Columbian Americas China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Aztec is a term used to refer to certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who achieved political Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now Miscegenation (Latin miscere "to mix" + genus "kind" is the mixing of different racial groups, that is marrying, cohabiting Lemuria (lɨˈmjʊəriə is the name of a hypothetical " lost land " variously located in the Indian and Pacific Oceans Revolt Against the Modern World presents world-history to be the saga of dualistic conflict between the "Northern Light" and the "Southern Light": on one side stand the Uranian, patriarchal stocks of purer Hyperborean lineage, climatically harshly conditioned and heroic-minded celebrators of the winter solstice (cf. Patriarchy is the structuring of Society on the basis of Family units where fathers have primary responsibility for the welfare of hence authority over The winter solstice occurs at the instant when the Sun 's position in the sky is at its greatest angular distance on the other side of the equatorial plane from the Rene Guenon: "The starting-point given to the year that one can call normal, as being in direct conformity with primordial tradition, is the winter solstice", Traditional Forms and Cosmic Cycles, p. René Guénon ( November 15 1886 – January 7 1951) was a French author and intellectual who remains an influential figure in the 24); on the other stand the chthonic and titanized inferior races and the spiritually/ethnically bastardized heirs of the fallen Atlantean civilization captured by the "Southern Light" and its sacerdotal and naturalistic-pantheist religion of promiscuous vegetal and animal fertility. Chthonic (from Greek χθόνιος khthonios "of the earth" from khthōn "earth" pertaining to the Earth; earthy subterranean In Greek mythology, the Titans ( Greek: Tītā́n; plural Tītânes) were a race of powerful Deities that ruled during the legendary Pantheism ( Greek: πάν ( 'pan') = all and θεός ( 'theos') = God it literally means " God is All

Evola cites Plato's description of the fall of Atlantis by Atlantean miscegenation with humankind (Critias, 110c; 120d-e; 121a-b) and the biblical myth of the benei elohim, the Sons of God catastrophically mixing with the "daughters of men" (Genesis 6: 4-13) as support for his esoteric, Aryanist anthropogenesis. Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece Miscegenation (Latin miscere "to mix" + genus "kind" is the mixing of different racial groups, that is marrying, cohabiting Critias is also a work by Plato see Critias (dialogue. Critias ( Greek, 460-403 BC born in Athens son of Callaeschrus was Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin There are several theories concerning the identity of the sons of God (b'nei elohim בני האלהים contrasted with "daughters of men" identified in the book of The " Aryan race " is a concept in European culture that was influential in the period of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries Human evolution, or anthropogenesis, is the part of biological Evolution concerning the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct Species Evola interprets archeological findings of semi-human hominid fossils as not purely primordial but evidence of the mismating of the celestial boreal race with inferior animalistic breeds as well, and most often, as remnants of degenerating, bestialized races in their final involutionary stages preceding extinction. Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos A hominid is any member of the biological family Hominidae (the "great apes" including the extinct and extant Humans Chimpanzees

Just as Evola affirmed the natural hierarchy between different individuals of the same race, so he affirmed a natural rank ordering of the different human races. As the best-preserved remnants of the primordial celestial Hyperboreans, Evola affirmed the white race in its different branches as the creator of the greatest planetary civilizations:

"We have to remember that behind the various caprices of modern historical theories, and as a more profound and primordial reality, there stands the unity of blood and spirit of the white races who created the greatest civilizations both of the East and West, the Iranian and Hindu as well as the ancient Greek and Roman and the Germanic" (The Doctrine of Awakening, p. 14).

In fact, Evola publicly celebrated Italian Fascism as a means to ensure and restore in a modern decadent world white supremacy:

"And if Fascist Italy, among the various Western nations is the one which first wished for a reaction against the degeneration of the materialist, democratic and capitalist civilisation, against the League of Nations ideology, there are grounds for thinking, without even any scintilla of chauvinistic infatuation, that Italy will be on the front line among the forces which will guide the future world and will restore the supremacy of the white race" ("Il Problema della supremazia della razza bianca" [The Problem of the Supremacy of the White Race], Lo Stato, 1936). White supremacy is a racist ideology based on the assertion that White people are superior to other racial groups.

While characterizing race as something hereditary and biological, Evola also claimed that race was not simply and linearly defined by mere skin color and the various other hereditary factors. In other words, in addition to predominantly "Aryan" or, more broadly, "Northern" biology, the initial necessary precondition for further racial differentiation, one must prove oneself spiritually "Aryan". The fact that in India the term Arya was the synonym of dwija, "twice-born" or "regenerated" supports this point. Ārya ( Sanskrit: (आर्य, ( Old Persian Ariya and Avestan Airya) is an ancient Sanskrit term for Hindus, Dvija ( Sanskrit twice born) is one of the members of the first three Varnas in Hindu Dharma. To him higher race implied something akin to supra-human, spiritual caste. Evola wrote, "the supernatural element was the foundation of the idea of a traditional patriciate and of legitimate royalty. "

In 'Myth and Violence: The Fascism of Julius Evola and Alain de Benoist,' Thomas Sheehan points out that "Evola prided himself on developing a theory of races that went beyond the merely biological to the spiritual. What constitutes a superior race for Evola is the spiritual orientation of a given stock, the subsumption of the requisite biological material (and that did mean the Aryan races) under a qualitatively elevating form, namely reference to the realm of the spirit. But in fact all that Evola's theory does is to promote biological-ethnic racism a step higher. There are enough references in his works to the 'inferior, non-European races,' to the 'power of inferior strata and races,' to disgusting 'Negro syncopations' in jazz, to 'Jewish psychoanalysis'--and enough adulation of the Aryans--for us to divine that Evola's 'spiritual' racism may have had something other than disinterested Apollonian origins. "

In Mussolini's Intellectuals, A. James Gregor discusses Evola's racism as follows: "[In the German rendering of Imperialismo pagano], Evola argues that it is out of the creativity of an 'ur-Aryan' and 'solar-Nordic' blood that world culture emerges. A James Gregor (born April 2, 1929) is a Professor of Political Science at the University of California Berkeley who is well known for his views Conversely, culture decline is a function of the feckless mixture of Aryan, with lesser 'animalistic,' blood . . . According to Imperialismo pagano, the 'natural' and endogamous caste system of antiquity that sustained the 'purity' of the culture-creating 'Hyperborean-Nordics' slowly disintegrated over time under the corrosive influence of Semitic religion and the 'Semitic spirit' . . .

While Evola was clear about the relative insignificance of the physical attributes of race, he did acknowledge that the 'original Hyperboreans,' which which he was critically concerned, were probably 'dolichocephalic, tall and slender, blond and blue-eyed' (Sintesi di dottrina della razza, p. 67) . . .

Evola held that the physical mixture of races, particularly between Aryans and races that were 'alien' (i. e. , non-Aryan), was always hazardous — but mixture between 'related' races might produce hybrid vigor. Given his generous notion of what constituted an Aryan race (Evola was convinced of the Hyperborean origins of most Europeans, the indigenous peoples of North and South America, as well as those of the Indian subcontinent), those candidate races Evola considered to be truly 'alien' were never explicitly cataloged—except in terms of Semites and the deeply pigmented peoples of sub-Saharan Africa (see Evola, 'Psicologia criminale ebraica,' Difesa della razza 2, no. 18, pp. 32-35; Sintesi di dottrina della razza, pp. 74, 237). What seemed eminently clear, for all the qualifiers, was that all the material races Evola identified as capable of serving as hosts for the extrabiological and supernatural spiritual elements were purportedly biological descendents of the 'Aryan-Nordics' of Hyperborea . . .

In the golden age, the celestial race was spiritual--only gradually, over time, taking on material properties . . . As a necessary consequence of miscegenation, there was a continual and irreversible decline of the celestials in ancient times (Evola identifies the Jews as providing a 'ferment of decomposition, dissolution and corruption' in antiquity; see Evola, Sintesi di dottrina della razza p. Miscegenation (Latin miscere "to mix" + genus "kind" is the mixing of different racial groups, that is marrying, cohabiting 160; Rivolta contro il mondo moderno, p. 314), a tenuous revival under the Romans, and another by the Nordic-Germans during the course of the Holy Roman Empire--but by the time of the Renaissance, with its humanism, rationalism, universalism and its gradual submission to the theses of the equality of all humans, humankind had entered the kali-yuga, the terminal age of 'obscurity,' the end of this current race cycle. The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in For Evola, given the fateful path traversed by history, there remained only one course for contemporary humanity: an attempt at reconstitution of the primordial celestial race, amid the debris of previous race cycles, employing the racial remnants of the Hyperboreans . . .

For Evola, spiritual forces shaped races for their own inscrutable purposes. The notion that mutations, governed from 'on high,' might be the source of raciation was a relatively common conviction among German esoterics (See Pauwels and Bergier, The Morning of the Magicians, pp. 400-5). Geneticists, Evola argued, failed to provide a compelling account of how mutations occur. He maintained, as a consequence, that 'the cause is to be found elsewhere, in the actions of a superbiological element not reducible to the determinism of the physical transmission of genetic materials. ' The true cause of hereditary variation was to be found 'rather by starting from another point of view that affords one an entirely different set of laws' than those of empirical science.

Given this supposition, Evola proceeded to argue that Fascism or National Socialism--with their heroism, their sacrificial and ascetic ethic, their authoritarian and hierarchical order, together with their appeal to myth and ritual--provided an environment compatible with the 'spirit' of the celestials. That might be enough to prompt a cosmic, if gradual, reemergence of the celestial race. In such circumstances, the formative spiritual principle that, in the ultimate analysis, governs the transcendent 'superhistory' of humankind might literally reconstitute the individuals of the primordial creative race of Hyperborea. Evola sought to show that such an outcome would not be essentially determined by biology, but by the cosmic spirit--that its formative influence could transform individuals into persons accommodating a properly corresponding soul and spirit--to render them once again 'pure. '"

The eminent scholar of Fascism, Renzo De Felice, maintained that while Evola's spiritual, neo-idealist racial theories were wrong, they had a notable intellectual ancestry, and Evola defended them in an honorable way: "Evola for his part completely refused any racial theorizing of a purely biological kind, which went so far as to draw to himself the attacks and sarcasms of a Landra, for example. Renzo De Felice ( 8 April 1929 - 25 May 1996) was one of the most important Italian historians of Fascism. This does not mean that the 'spiritual' theory of race is acceptable, but it had at least the merit of not totally failing to see certain values, to refuse the German aberrations and the ones modeled after them and to try to keep racism on a plane of cultural problems worthy of the name" (Storia degli Ebrei Italiani sotto il Fascismo, or The History of Italian Jews under Fascism [Milan, 1977]; 465).

Christophe Boutin, in his major work on Evola, Politique et Tradition: Julius Evola dans le siècle, 1898-1974 (Paris, 1992), discusses Evola's views on racism and Negroes (Boutin, pp. Negro is a term referring to people of Black African ancestry 197-200). Boutin mentions that in Evola's 1968 collection of essays, L’Arco e la clava (Milan, 1968, revised 1971), there is a chapter on "America Negrizzata," in which Evola criticizes the "Telluric" Negroid influence on popular American culture, while acknowledging that there has been little actual miscegenation. Miscegenation (Latin miscere "to mix" + genus "kind" is the mixing of different racial groups, that is marrying, cohabiting Evola also argues against American racial integration in this chapter. Racial integration, or simply integration includes Desegregation (the process of ending systematic Racial segregation) The unadulterated 1972 Italian edition of Men Among the Ruins ends with an appendix entitled "Appendix on the Myths of our Time," of which number 4 is "Taboos of our Times" (Gli uomini e le rovine, Rome, 1953, revised 1967, with the new appendix, 1972). In this section Evola argues that modern irrational taboos forbid an honest, frank discussion on the working classes and Negroes. Evola notices that the mere word 'Negro' had connotations of offensiveness in the left-wing atmosphere of the era: "la tabuizzazione che porta fino ad evitare l'uso della designazione 'negro,' per le sue implicazioni 'offensive'" (ibid. , p. 276). Evola opines that a true Rightist movement will not compromise with this sort of moralistic development. (The Inner Traditions English translation suppressed Evola's appendix, ironically bearing out Evola's thoughts on the "taboos of our times. ")

Evola and the Grail

To Evola the Grail was based on the Ghibelline tradition, being the apex of Western Civilisation. The Guelphs and Ghibellines were factions supporting respectively the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire in central and northern Italy The Ghibelline tradition during the medieval period was represented by the German Hohenstaufen imperial line in opposition to the papacy. ^[25]

Influence

Evola's writings have continued to have an influence both within occult intellectual circles and in European far-right politics. He is widely translated in French, Spanish and partly in German. Although his impact on Italian Fascism and/or German Nazism was minor, his impact on post-War Neofascist, Nazi occultist, white supremacist and extreme right-wing terrorist groups has been more considerable. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German This page specifically pertains to fascism after World War II This article describes semi-religious developments of Nazism after 1945 White supremacy is a racist ideology based on the assertion that White people are superior to other racial groups. Amongst those he has influenced are Miguel Serrano, Savitri Devi, GRECE, The Scorpion, the Movimento sociale italiano (MSI), Falange Espanola, Gaston Armand Amaudruz's Nouvel Ordre Européen, Guillaume Faye, Pino Rauti's Ordine Nuovo, Alain de Benoist, Michael Moynihan, Giorgio Freda, the Armed Revolutionary Nuclei (Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari) and Forza Nuova. Miguel Serrano (born 10 September 1917) is a retired Chilean diplomat explorer and author of poetry books on spiritual questing and Esoteric Hitlerism Savitri Devi ( September 30, 1905, Lyon, France — October 22, 1982, Essex, England) was the The Groupement de recherche et d'études pour la civilisation européenne ("Research and Study Group for European Civilization" also known by its French acronym The Italian Social Movement, later Italian Social Movement–National Right ( Movimento Sociale Italiano–Destra Nazionale, MSI-DN was a neo-fascist The Falange Española Tradicionalista de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista ( FET y de las JONS, Spanish for "Traditionalist Spanish Falange and Gaston-Armand "Guy" Amaudruz (born December 21, 1920 in Lausanne) is a Swiss neo-fascist political philosopher and The New European Order (NEO was a neo-fascist Europe -wide alliance set up in 1951 to promote Pan-European nationalism. Guillaume Faye (1949 -) is a French far right journalist and writer Giuseppe Umberto "Pino" Rauti (born November 19, 1926) has been a leading figure on the Italian Far right for many years Ordine Nuovo ( Italian for "New Order" complete name Centro Studi Ordine Nuovo, "New Order Scholarship Center" was an Italian Alain de Benoist (born 11 December 1943) is a French academic philosopher a founder of the Nouvelle Droite (New Right and head Michael Moynihan (b January 17 1969, Boston Massachusetts) is an American journalist publisher and musician Franco "Giorgio" Freda ( Avellino, Italy, February 11 1941) is one of the leading intellectuals of the post- war Italian New Force ( Forza Nuova, FN is an Italian Far right political party often described as neo-fascist. Giorgio Almirante referred to him as "our Marcuse — only better". Giorgio Almirante ( June 27, 1914 - May 22, 1988) was an Italian politician the founder and leader of the Italian Social Movement Herbert Marcuse ( July 19, 1898 &ndash July 29, 1979) was a German philosopher and sociologist, and a member of ^[26]. according to one leader of the neofascist and terrorist Ordine Nuovo, "Our work since 1953 has been to transpose Evola’s teachings into direct political action. "^[27] The violent French fascist group Troisième Voie, which is active among skinhead gangs which attack black people and gays, has also been inspired by Evola. Third Way ( French: Troisième voie) a French Third Position organisation founded in 1985 by a merger of the small neo-fascist ^[28]

Evola remains relatively unknown in the U.S.A., where almost all of his books have been published in English by New age publishers Inner Traditions. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the He has also gained some attention in Russia, where some of his work has been analyzed by Alexander Dugin and others from a nationalistic Russian view, with but few translations of some of his shorter texts. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Aleksandr Gel'yevich Dugin ( Russian: Александр Гельевич Дугин) (born January 7, 1962) is a Politologist and His work, still according to translation, is also read in the U.K., Spain, Poland, Scandinavia, Finland, Romania, Hungary, Mexico, Argentine, rest of South America and Turkey where his opus "Revolt Against the Modern World" has been published in 2006. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches

Books and selected articles

Books listed with titles in English are available in translation.

1. Arte Astratta, Posizione Teoretica (1920)
2. Le Parole Oscure du Paysage Interieur (1920)
3. Saggi sull'idealismo magico (1925)
4. Teoria dell'Individuo Assoluto (1927)
5. Imperialismo Pagano: Il Fascismo Dinanzi al Pericolo Euro-Cristiano, con una Appendice sulle Reazioni di parte Guelfa (1928)
6. Introduction to Magic: Rituals and Practical Techniques for the Magus (1929)
7. Fenomenologia dell'Individuo Assoluto (1930)
8. The Hermetic Tradition: Symbols and Teachings of the Royal Art (1931)
9. Maschera e volto dello Spiritualismo Contemporaneo: Analisi critica delle principali correnti moderne verso il sovrasensibile (1932)
10. Revolt Against the Modern World: Politics, Religion, and Social Order in the Kali Yuga (1934)
11. Three Aspects of the Jewish Problem (1936)
12. The Mystery of the Grail: Initiation and Magic in the Quest for the Spirit (1937)
13. Il Mito del Sangue. Genesi del Razzismo (1937)
14. Sintesi di Dottrina della Razza (1941)
15. The Elements of Racial Education (1941)
16. Die Arische Lehre von Kampf und Sieg (1941)
17. Gli Ebrei hanno voluto questa Guerra (1942)
18. The Doctrine of Awakening: The Attainment of Self-Mastery According to the Earliest Buddhist Texts (1943)
19. The Yoga of Power: Tantra, Shakti, and the Secret Way (1949)
20. Orientamenti (1950)
21. Men Among the Ruins: Post-War Reflections of a Radical Traditionalist (1953)
22. Eros and the Mysteries of Love: The Metaphysics of Sex (1958)
23. Ride the Tiger: A Survival Manual for the Aristocrats of the Soul (1961)
24. Il Cammino del Cinabro (1963)
25. Il Fascismo. Saggio di una Analisi Critica dal Punto di Vista della Destra (1964)
26. L'Arco e la Clava (1968)
27. Il Taoismo (1972)
28. Meditations on the Peaks: Mountain Climbing as Metaphor for the Spiritual Quest (1974)
29. Ultimi Scritti (1977)
30. The Path of Enlightenment According to the Mithraic Mysteries (1977) ISBN 1558182284
31. Zen: The Religion of the Samurai (1981)
32. Rene Guenon: A Teacher for Modern Times (1984)
33. Taoism: The Magic, the Mysticism (1993)
34. Metaphysics of War: Battle, Victory and Death in the World of Tradition (2007)

Footnotes

References

• Aprile, Mario (1984), 'Julius Evola: An Introduction to His Life and Work', The Scorpion No. 6 (Winter/Spring): 20-21.
• Bolton, Kerry (1997), 'Julius Evola — Above the Ruins', The Nexus, issue 10. Kerry Raymond Bolton (born 1956 is a Far-right activist in New Zealand. The Nexus was a journal edited by Kerry Bolton in Paraparaumu Beach, New Zealand. The Nexus was a journal edited by Kerry Bolton in Paraparaumu Beach, New Zealand.
• Coletti, Guillermo (1996), 'Against the Modern World: An Introduction to the Work of Julius Evola', Ohm Clock No. 4 (Spring): 29-31.
• Coogan, Kevin (1998), Dreamer of the Day: Francis Parker Yockey and the Postwar Fascist International (Brooklyn, NY: Autonomedia, ISBN 1-57027-039-2). Kevin Coogan is an American Investigative journalist. He is best known for the biography Dreamer of the Day: Francis Parker Yockey and Dreamer of the Day is a book written by Kevin Coogan in 1999 for Autonomedia. Francis Parker Yockey, ( September 18, 1917 &ndash June 16, 1960) was an American Philosopher and polemicist Autonomedia is one of the main North American publishers of radical theoretical works especially in the Anarchist tradition
• Drake, Richard H. (1986), 'Julius Evola and the Ideological Origins of the Radical Right in Contemporary Italy', in Peter H. Merkl (ed. ), Political Violence and Terror: Motifs and Motivations (University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-05605-1) 61-89. The University of California ( UC) is a Public university system in the state of California.
• Drake, Richard H. (1988), 'Julius Evola, Radical Fascism and the Lateran Accords', The Catholic Historical Review 74: 403-419.
• Drake, Richard H. (1989), 'The Children of the Sun', in The Revolutionary Mystique and Terrorism in Contemporary Italy (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, ISBN 0-253-35019-0), 114-134. Indiana University Press, also known as IU Press, is a Publishing house at Indiana University that engages in Academic publishing, specializing
• Faerraresi, Franco (1987), 'Julius Evola: Tradition, Reaction, and the Radical Right', European Journal of Sociology 28: 107-151.
• Godwin, Joscelyn (1996), Arktos: The Polar Myth in Science, Symbolism, and Nazi Survival (Kempton, IL: Adventures Unlimited Press, ISBN 0-932813-35-6), 57-61. Joscelyn Godwin (born 16 January 1945 at Kelmscott, Oxfordshire, England) is a musicologist and translator known for his work on Arktos, Greek αρκτος, means 'bear' from the Proto-Indo-European root *h2r̥tkos Adventures Unlimited Press is an American Book publisher founded in 1985 by David Hatcher Childress in Kempton Illinois to publish his own works
• Godwin, Joscelyn (2002), 'Julius Evola, A Philosopher in the Age of the Titans', TYR: Myth—Culture—Tradition Volume 1 (Atlanta, GA: Ultra Publishing, ISBN 0-9720292-0-6), 127-142. Joscelyn Godwin (born 16 January 1945 at Kelmscott, Oxfordshire, England) is a musicologist and translator known for his work on Tyr: Myth—Culture—Tradition is the name of an American Radical Traditionalist ( Anti-modern, Neo-tribalist) journal edited by Joshua
• Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas (2001), Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity (New York: New York University Press, ISBN 0-585-43467-0, ISBN 0-8147-3124-4, ISBN 0-8147-3155-4), 52-71. Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke BA ( Bristol) DPhil ( Oxon) is a Professor of Western Esotericism at University of Exeter and author of Black Sun Aryan Cults Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity is a Book by Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke. New York University Press (or NYU Press) founded in 1916 is a University press that is part of New York University.
• Griffin, Roger (1985), 'Revolts against the Modern World: The Blend of Literary and Historical Fantasy in the Italian New Right', Literature and History 11 (Spring): 101-123. Roger Griffin is a British academic Political theorist at Oxford Brookes University, England. [1]
• Griffin, Roger (1995) (ed. Roger Griffin is a British academic Political theorist at Oxford Brookes University, England. ), Fascism (Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-289249-5), 317-318. Fascism is a 1995 book edited by Roger Griffin. It is a Reader, in the Oxford Readers series which assembles the writings of various Authors
• Hansen, H. T. (1994), 'A Short Introduction to Julius Evola', Theosophical History 5 (January): 11-22; reprinted as the introduction to Julius Evola, Revolt Against the Modern World, (Vermont: Inner Traditions, 1995). Revolt Against the Modern World: Politics Religion and Social Order in the Kali Yuga ( Rivolta contro il mondo moderno) is a book by the
• Hansen, H. T. (2002), 'Julius Evola's Political Endeavors', introduction to Julius Evola, Men Among the Ruins, (Vermont: Inner Traditions). Men Among the Ruins Post-War Reflections of a Radical Traditionalist is a Book by Julius Evola.
• Moynihan, Michael (2003), 'Julius Evola's Combat Manuals for a Revolt Against the Modern World', in Richard Metzger (ed. Michael Moynihan (b January 17 1969, Boston Massachusetts) is an American journalist publisher and musician Richard Metzger (born October 25, 1965 in Wheeling, West Virginia) is a British television host and author ), Book of Lies: The Disinformation Guide to Magick and the Occult (The Disinformation Company, ISBN 0-9713942-7-X) 313-320. The Disinformation Company is a privately held American publishing company that specializes in current affairs titles that seek to expose Disinformation.
• Rees, Philip (1991), Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890 (New York: Simon & Schuster, ISBN 0-13-089301-3), 118-120. For the controversial British award-winning reporter and documentary film maker see Phil Rees. The Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890 is a Reference book by Philip Rees, on leading people in the various Far right movements
• Sedgwick, Mark (2004) Against the Modern World: Traditionalism and the Secret Intellectual History of the Twentieth Century (Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-515297-2).
• Sheehan, Thomas (1981) 'Myth and Violence: The Fascism of Julius Evola and Alain de Benoist', Social Research, 48 (Spring): 45-83. Alain de Benoist (born 11 December 1943) is a French academic philosopher a founder of the Nouvelle Droite (New Right and head
• Stucco, Guido (1992), 'Translator's Introduction', in Evola, The Yoga of Power (Vermont: Inner Traditions), ix-xv. The Yoga of Power: Tantra, Shakti, and the Secret Way is a Book by Julius Evola.
• Stucco, Guido (1994), 'Introduction', printed in Julius Evola, The Path of Enlightenment According to the Mithraic Mysteries, Zen: The Religion of the Samurai, Rene Guenon: A Teacher for Modern Times, and Taoism: The Magic, the Mysticism (Edmonds, WA: Holmes Publishing Group)
• Stucco, Guido (2002). La Via della Realizzazione di si secondo i Misteri di Mithra, a work by Italian Esoteric writer Julius Evola Lo Zen, a work by Italian Esoteric writer Julius Evola. Published in 1981 by Fondazione Julius Evola; English translation by Holmes Publishing Un Maestro dei Tempi Moderni Reni Guinon, a work by Italian Esoteric writer Julius Evola. Taoism The Magic the Mysticism is a work by Italian Esoteric writer Julius Evola. Edmonds is a city in Snohomish County, Washington, United States. "The Legacy of a European Traditionalist: Julius Evola in Perspective" (in English). Occidental Quarterly Vol. The Occidental Quarterly is a Journal "devoted to the ethnicracial and cultural heritage that forms the foundation of Western Civilization " 3 (No. 2).  
• Wasserstrom, Steven M. (1995), 'The Lives of Baron Evola', Alphabet City 4 + 5 (December): 84-89.
• Waterfield, Robin (1990), 'Baron Julius Evola and the Hermetic Tradition', Gnosis 14, (Winter): 12-17. Robin Anthony Herschel Waterfield is a British classical scholar translator editor and writer of children's fiction Gnosis (from one of the Greek words for Knowledge, γνώσις is the spiritual knowledge of a Saint or mystically enlightened human being

External links

• Julius Evola, A Radical Traditionalist
• Julius Evola's Political Testament By Nigel Jackson
• Julius Evola, Magic and Awakening
• Integral Tradition - Conservative Revolution: Texts
• Corneliu Codreanu and the New European Empire According to Julius Evola
• JuliusEvola.NET, contains pictures of Evola, his paintings and a large text archive
• Evola As He Is, many previously unpublished texts in English
• ariyaBuddhism.com, dedicated to Julius Evola's 'Doctrine of Awakening'
• Evola.ORG, links to Evola websites worldwide
• Julius Evola Unofficial Website, Italian with texts in other languages
• Julius Evola text archive, texts in German, English, French, Italian, Spanish
• Julius Evola texts, a comprehensive archive of texts in German and English
• Julius Evola - teksty wybrane, Polish text archive
• Evola text: "The American Civilisation"
• Evola text: "The secret causes of history and 'The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion'"
• The poisonous Protocols, by Umberto Eco on Evola, Italian intellectuals and The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
• Matthew Mitchem: Julius Evola: Tradition's Triumphant Caesar
• arrakis.es, Evola bibliography in Italian
• OswaldMosley.com, contains Kerry Bolton's presentation of Evola
• CentroStudiLaRuna.it contains an 'Appreciation for Julius Evola's 100th Anniversary'
• RoseNoire.ORG, contains an extensive chapter-by-chapter summary of Evola's Men Among the Ruins
• Kevin Coogan's Conceptualization of the Order, a Dave Emory broadcast presenting Coogan's view of Evola's connection to the Fascist International. Umberto Eco (born 5 January 1932 is an Italian Medievalist, semiotician, Philosopher, literary critic and Novelist, best The Protocols of the Elders of Zion ( Protocols of the wise men of Zion, Library of Congress 's Uniform Title; "Протоколы Kerry Raymond Bolton (born 1956 is a Far-right activist in New Zealand. David Emory (born New York City, 1949 also known as Dave Emory is an American Talk radio host based in the San Francisco Bay Area. Kevin Coogan is an American Investigative journalist. He is best known for the biography Dreamer of the Day: Francis Parker Yockey and
• Fascist Occultism and its Close Relationship to Buddhist Tantrism, chapter 12 of Part II of The Shadow of the Dalai Lama by Victor and Victoria Trimondi.
• Selection of Evola's Futurist and Dada works, 1917-20
• Julius Evola fansite
• A Guide to English-Language Websites

Persondata
NAME	Evola, Julius
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Evola, Giulio Cesare Andrea
SHORT DESCRIPTION	author, metaphysician, political philosopher
DATE OF BIRTH	19 May 1898
PLACE OF BIRTH	Rome, Italy
DATE OF DEATH	11 June 1974
PLACE OF DEATH	Rome, Italy

Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest

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