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Jules Florencio Cortázar

Born August 26, 1914
Brussels, Belgium
Died February 12, 1984
Paris, France
Pen name Julio Denis
Occupation Writer
Genres fiction, prose, epic, poetry
Literary movement Latin American Boom
Notable work(s) Hopscotch
Influences
Influenced

Julio Cortázar (born Jules Florencio Cortázar) (August 26, 1914 – February 12, 1984) was a Belgian-born Argentine author of novels and short stories. Events 1071 - Battle of Manzikert: The Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantine Army at Manzikert. Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. A pen name, nom de plume, or literary double, is a Pseudonym adopted by an Author or their publishers to conceal their identity Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. A writer is anyone who creates a written work although the word usually designates those who write creatively or professionally as well as those who have written in many different forms A literary genre is a category of literary composition Genres may be determined by Literary technique, tone, Content, or even (as in the case of fiction This is a list of modern literary movements: that is movements after the Renaissance. The Latin American Boom ( Boom Latinoamericano) was a Literary movement of the 1960s and 1970s when the work of a group of relatively young Latin American novelists Hopscotch (Rayuela is a Novel by Argentine author Julio Cortázar. Jules Gabriel Verne ( February 8 1828 &ndash March 24 1905) was a French Author who pioneered the science-fiction James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February 1882 &ndash 13 January 1941 was an Irish expatriate writer widely considered to be one of the most influential writers of the Valentin Louis Georges Eugène Marcel Proust (maʁsɛl pʁust (10 July 1871 &ndash 18 November 1922 was a French Novelist Essayist and Critic Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early-1920s and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members Tristan Tzara (born Samuel or Samy Rosenstock, also known as S The nouveau roman ( French: "new novel" is a type of 1950s French Novel that diverged from classical literary genres José Lezama Lima ( December 19, 1910 in Havana, Cuba - August 8, 1976 in Havana Cuba was a Cuban writer and Hans-Georg Gadamer (ˈgaːdamɐ February 11, 1900 &ndash March 13, 2002) was a German Philosopher of the continental Thomas Ruggles Pynchon Jr (born May 8 1937 is an American writer based in New York City, noted for his dense and complex works of Fiction. Georges Perec ( 7 March 1936 &ndash 3 March 1982) was a highly-regarded French Roberto Bolaño Ávalos ( April 28, 1953 — July 15, 2003) was a Latin American Poet and novelist Giannina Braschi (b San Juan Puerto Rico, February 5 1953 is credited with writing the first Spanglish novel YO-YO BOING! (1998 and Events 1071 - Battle of Manzikert: The Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantine Army at Manzikert. Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) The Belgae were a group of tribes living in northern Gaul in the 1st century BC and later also attested in Britain. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. An author is defined both as "the person who originates or gives existence to anything" and that authorship determines responsibility for what is created A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story The short story is a literary genre of Fictional Prose Narrative that tends to be more concise and to the point than longer works of fiction such He influenced an entire generation of Latin American writers from Mexico to Argentina. was married three times: first to Aurora Bernárdez, then Ugnė Karvelis and finally the Bostonian Carol Dunlop. Aurora Bernárdez was a writer and translator married to Julio Cortázar from 1953 until 1967 Ugnė Karvelis (June 13 1935 Noreikiškės Lithuania – March 4 2002 in Paris, France) was a writer a translator and a member of the UNESCO Executive Carol Dunlop (1946&ndash1982 was a writer and photographer from Canada who married and traveled with Julio Cortázar. Most of his best known work work was written in France where he established himself in 1951. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January

Contents

Early life

Jules Florencio Cortázar was born in Ixelles-Brussels, Belgium on August 26, 1914 a few days after the invasion of Germany during the on set of WWI. Elsene ( Dutch) or Ixelles ( French) is one of the nineteen municipalities located in the Brussels-Capital Region of Belgium Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Events 1071 - Battle of Manzikert: The Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantine Army at Manzikert. Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Julio, as he would be known in his adult life, was the son of merchant Julio José Cortázar and María Herminia Descotte. His parents settled in Europe in 1913 representing the commercial interests of grandpa Descotte [1]. Many years later, Cortázar would recall "my birth was a product of tourism and diplomacy "[2] adding a veil of unfounded mystery to his biography. Tourism is Travel for Recreational or Leisure purposes The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting Negotiations between representatives of groups or states

Taking advantage of the fact that grandma Descotte (Victoria Gabel) was a German citizen, the family traveled to Zürich via Frankfurt to reunite with grandpa Descotte (Victoria Gabel's lover and father of María Herminia). Zürich (, Zürich German: Züri, Zurich, Zurigo; in English generally Zurich) is the largest city in Switzerland and capital of the Grandpa Descotte was a French citizen at a time when Frenchmen were not welcome in Belgium. Cortázar and his family spent a good two years in Switzerland until finally, towards the end of the war, they moved to Barcelona for a short while before returning to Argentina. By then Julio José Cortázar and María Herminia Descotte had already split-up. [3]

When Cortázar was four years old, his family returned to Argentina. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. He spent the rest of his childhood in Banfield, near Buenos Aires, together with his mother and his only sister, who was one year his junior. Estación de Banfield Buenos Aires Argentinajpg|260px|thumb|left|Banfield railway station Greater Buenos Aires ( Gran Buenos Aires, GBA in Spanish) is the generic denomination to refer to the Megalopolis comprised by the Autonomous city During his childhood, Cortázar's father abandoned the family; Cortázar would never see him again. In Banfield Cortázar lived in a house with a yard out back from which he obtained inspiration for future stories. His time in Banfield, however, was not happy; he would later describe it, in a letter to Graciela M. de Solá (December 4, 1963) as "full of servitude, excessive touchiness, terrible and frequent sadness. "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song. Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "

Cortázar was a sickly child and spent much of his childhood in bed reading. His mother selected the books for him to read, introducing her son most notably to the works of Jules Verne, whom Cortázar admired for the rest of his life. Jules Gabriel Verne ( February 8 1828 &ndash March 24 1905) was a French Author who pioneered the science-fiction He was to say later, in the magazine Plural (issue 44, Mexico City, 5/1975) "I spent my childhood in a haze full of goblins and elfs, with a sense of space and time that was different from everybody else's".

Education and teaching career

Although he never completed his studies at the University of Buenos Aires where he studied Philosophy and Languages, he taught in several provincial secondary schools. The University of Buenos Aires (in Spanish Universidad de Buenos Aires - ( UBA) is the largest University in Argentina, founded on August Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them Secondary school is a term used to describe an educational Institution where the final stage of compulsory schooling known as Secondary education, takes In 1938 he published a volume of sonnets under the pseudonym Julio Denis. The sonnet is one of the poetic forms that can be found in Lyric poetry from Europe. He would later disparage this volume. In 1944, he became professor of French literature at the National University of Cuyo. This article is a general introduction to French literature For detailed information on French literature in specific historic periods see the separate historical articles in the The National University of Cuyo (Castilian Universidad Nacional de Cuyo UNCuyo is the largest center of higher education in the province of Mendoza, In 1949, he published a play, Los Reyes (The Kings), based on the myth of Theseus and the Minotaur. See also Mythology Myth is derived from the Greek word μύθος mythos, which simply means 'story' For other uses see Theseus (disambiguation Theseus (Θησεύς was a Legendary king of Athens, son of Aethra, and fathered In Greek mythology, the Minotaur ( Greek:, Mīnṓtauros) was a creature that was part man and part bull.

Paris and later years (33 years)

In 1951, in opposition to the government of Juan Domingo Perón[4], Cortázar emigrated to France where he lived and worked for the rest of his life. Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January Juan Domingo Perón (October 8 1895 &ndash July 1 1974 was an Argentine Colonel and Politician, elected three times as President of Argentina This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. From 1952, he worked for UNESCO as a translator. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 Translation is the interpreting of the meaning of a text and the subsequent production of an equivalent text likewise called a " translation His translation projects included Spanish renderings of Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, Marguerite Yourcenar's Mémoires d'Hadrien and the stories of Edgar Allan Poe. Daniel Defoe (1659/1661 — April 24, 1731 was an English Writer, Journalist, and Pamphleteer, who gained enduring fame for The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (of York Mariner Who lived Eight and Twenty Years all alone in an un-inhabited Island on the Coast of America near the Mouth Marguerite Yourcenar was the Pseudonym of French Novelist Marguerite Antoinette Jeanne Marie Ghislaine Cleenewerck de Crayencour ( Brussels Memoirs of Hadrian is a Novel by the French Writer Marguerite Yourcenar about the life and death of Roman Emperor Edgar Allan Poe (January 19 1809 – October 7 1849 was an American poet, short-story Writer, editor and Literary critic, Alfred Jarry and Comte de Lautréamont were other decisive influences. Alfred Jarry ( 8 September 1873 &ndash 1 November 1907) was a French Writer born in Laval, Mayenne Comte de Lautréamont (lotʁeaˈmɔ̃ in French was the Pen name of Isidore Lucien Ducasse ( April 4 Julio Cortázar wrote most of his major works in Paris. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city

In later years he underwent a political transformation, becoming actively engaged with human rights causes in Latin America and openly supporting the Sandinista revolution in Nicaragua. Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled The Sandinista National Liberation Front ( Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional) is a socialist Nicaraguan Political party. Nicaragua (ˌnɪkəˈrɑgwə officially the Republic of Nicaragua () is a representative democratic republic and the largest nation in Central America Cortázar died in Paris in 1984 and is interred in the Cimetière de Montparnasse next to his third wife Carol Dunlop. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) Montparnasse Cemetery ( French: Cimetière de Montparnasse) is a famous cemetery in the Montparnasse quarter of Paris, part of the Carol Dunlop (1946&ndash1982 was a writer and photographer from Canada who married and traveled with Julio Cortázar.

Cortazar's grave in Montparnasse, Paris
Cortazar's grave in Montparnasse, Paris

Legacy

Julio Cortázar is highly regarded as a master of short story narrations. Collections like Bestiario (1951), Final del juego (1956) and Las armas secretas (1959) contain many of the best examples of surrealist writing in postmodern literature. Bestiario is a book of 8 short stories written by Julio Cortázar. Final del juego is a game book of 18 short stories written by Julio Cortázar. Las armas secretas (translates to The Secret Weapons in English is a book of 5 short stories written by Julio Cortázar. The term Postmodern literature is used to describe certain tendencies in post- World War II literature Selections from those volumes were published in 1967 in English translations by Paul Blackburn under the title Blow-Up and Other Stories in deference to the English title of Michelangelo Antonioni's celebrated film of 1966 (Blowup) inspired by Julio Cortázar's story Las Babas del Diablo. Paul Blackburn ( 24 November 1926 - 13 September 1971) was an American poet Michelangelo Antonioni, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI ( September 29 1912 &ndash July 30 2007) was an Italian Modernist Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. Blowup (as in screen credits also rendered as Blow-Up) is an award-winning 1966 British - Italian Art film

Cortázar also influenced Jean-Luc Godard to write Week End (1967) with La Autopista del Sur. Jean-Luc Godard (French ʒɑ̃lyk gɔˈdaʀ (born on December 3 1930 is a French and Swiss Filmmaker and one of the founding members of the Nouvelle Vague Le weekend ( 1967) is a Black comedy Film written and directed by Jean-Luc Godard and starring Mireille Darc and Jean One of his most notable short fictions is El Perseguidor (The Pursuer), based on the life of jazz musician Charlie Parker. Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States He also published several novels, including Los premios (The Winners, 1960), Hopscotch (Rayuela , 1963), 62: A Model Kit (62 Modelo para Armar, 1968) and Libro de Manuel (A Manual for Manuel, 1973). Los Premios (translated into English as The Winners) is a novel by Julio Cortázar published in 1960 Hopscotch (Rayuela is a Novel by Argentine author Julio Cortázar. 62 A Model Kit (translated from 62/Modelo para armar) is a novel by Julio Cortázar published on 1968 Libro de Manuel (translates to A manual for Manuel in English is a famous book by Julio Cortázar published on 1973 They were later translated by Gregory Rabassa. Gregory Rabassa (born 9 March 1922) is a renowned literary translator from Spanish and Portuguese to English

Julio Cortázar's masterpiece, Hopscotch, has been praised by other Latin American writers including José Lezama Lima, Carlos Fuentes, Gabriel García Márquez, and Mario Vargas Llosa. Hopscotch (Rayuela is a Novel by Argentine author Julio Cortázar. José Lezama Lima ( December 19, 1910 in Havana, Cuba - August 8, 1976 in Havana Cuba was a Cuban writer and Carlos Fuentes Macías (born March 11,1928 is a Mexican writer and one of the best-known living novelists and essayists in the Spanish -speaking world Gabriel José de la Concordia García Márquez (born March 6 1927 is a Colombian Jorge Mario Pedro Vargas Llosa (born March 28 1936 is a Peruvian writer Politician, Journalist, and Essayist. The novel has an open-ended structure that invites the reader to choose between a linear and a non-linear mode of reading that inspired the work of Puerto Rican writer Giannina Braschi who named a chapter of her novel "Yo-Yo Boing!" after Cortázar's "Blow-Up". Poet and novelist Giannina Braschi (b San Juan Puerto Rico, February 5 1953 is credited with writing the first Spanglish novel YO-YO BOING! (1998 and Cortázar's employment of interior monologue and stream of consciousness is reminiscent of modernists like James Joyce, but his main influences were Surrealism, the French Nouveau roman and the improvisatory aesthetic of jazz. James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February 1882 &ndash 13 January 1941 was an Irish expatriate writer widely considered to be one of the most influential writers of the Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early-1920s and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members The nouveau roman ( French: "new novel" is a type of 1950s French Novel that diverged from classical literary genres Aesthetics or esthetics ( also spelled æsthetics) is commonly known as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values sometimes called

He also published poetry, drama and various works of non-fiction. Drama is the specific mode of Fiction represented in Performance. Non-fiction is an account or representation of a subject which is presented as Fact. One of his last works was a collaboration with his third wife, Carol Dunlop, entitled The Autonauts of the Cosmoroute; it related, partly in mock-heroic style, the couple's extended expedition along the autoroute from Paris to Marseille in a Volkswagen camper nicknamed Fafner. Carol Dunlop (1946&ndash1982 was a writer and photographer from Canada who married and traveled with Julio Cortázar. Los autonautas de la cosmopista ("The Autonauts of the Cosmoroute" is a book written by Julio Cortázar in collaboration with Carol Dunlop two years Marseille, ( English alt Marseilles mɑrˈseɪ — French: maʁsɛj locally — Provençal Occitan: Marselha maʀˈsijɔ

In 2007, Bertrand Delanoë baptized a small plaza in the Île Saint-Louis of Paris in the name of Julio Cortázar. Bertrand Delanoë (born 30 May 1950) /bɛʁtʁɑ̃ dəlanɔe/ ( is a French Politician, and has been the mayor of Paris The Île Saint-Louis is one of two natural Islands in the Seine river in Paris, France (the other natural island is Île de la Cité Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city

Notable works

Originally published as End of the Game and Other Stories in 1967
A compilation of stories translated into English from the books Final del juego and Las armas secretas

See also

Further Reading

English

Spanish


Notes

  1. ^ Cortázar sin barba, by Eduardo Montes-Bradley. Random House Mondadori, Editorial Debate, Madrid, 2004
  2. ^ Televisión Española, Serie A Fondo. Interview by: Joaquin Soler Serrano.
  3. ^ Cortázar sin barba, by Eduardo Montes-Bradley. Random House Mondadori, Editorial Debate, Madrid, 2004
  4. ^ Cortázar sin barba, by Eduardo Montes-Bradley. Random House Mondadori, Editorial Debate, Madrid, 2004

External links

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