Julian Huxley
Julian Huxley as Fellow of New College, Oxford 1922
Born	22 June 1887 London
Died	14 February 1975
Residence	London
Nationality	British
Fields	Evolutionary biologist
Institutions	Rice Institute, Oxford University, Kings College London, Zoological Society, UNESCO
Alma mater	Balliol College, Oxford
Known for	Evolutionary synthesis, Humanism, UNESCO, Conservation, Eugenics
Influences	T. Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. Year 1887 ( MDCCCLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval Balliol College (ˈbeɪlɪəl founded in 1263 is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England. Humanism is a broad category of ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 The conservation movement also known as nature conservation is a political social and to some extent scientific movement that seeks to protect natural resources including Eugenics is a social Philosophy which advocates the improvement of Human Hereditary traits through various forms of intervention H. Huxley, W. G. (Piggy) Hill
Influenced	E.B. Ford, Gavin de Beer, Aldous Huxley
Notable awards	Kalinga Prize, Darwin Medal, Darwin-Wallace Medal, Lasker Award

Sir Julian Sorell Huxley FRS (22 June 1887–14 February 1975) was an English evolutionary biologist, humanist and internationalist. Professor Edmund Brisco "Henry" Ford FRS, Hon FRCP ( 23rd April 1901- 2nd January 1988 was a British ecological Sir Gavin Rylands de Beer FRS (1899–1972 was a British Evolutionary embryologist. Aldous Leonard Huxley (26 July 1894 &ndash 22 November 1963 was an English writer and one of the most prominent members of the famous Huxley family. The Kalinga Prize for the Popularization of Science is an Award given by UNESCO for exceptional skill in presenting scientific ideas to lay people. The Darwin Medal is given by the Royal Society every even year for "work of acknowledged distinction in the broad area of Biology in which Charles Darwin The Linnean Society of London is the World 's premier society for the study and dissemination of Taxonomy and natural history The Albert Lasker Medical Research Awards have been awarded annually since 1946 to living persons who have made major contributions to Medical science. The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, known simply as The Royal Society, is a Learned society for science that was founded in 1660 Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. Year 1887 ( MDCCCLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 A biologist is a Scientist devoted to and producing results in Biology through the study of Organisms Typically biologists study organisms and their relationship See also philosophical Humanism For the Renaissance liberal arts movement see Renaissance humanism Humanism is For the Marxist concept of internationalism see Proletarian internationalism. He was a proponent of natural selection, and a leading figure in the mid-twentieth century evolutionary synthesis. Natural selection is the process by which favorable Heritable traits become more common in successive Generations of a Population of He was Secretary of the Zoological Society of London (1935-1942), the first Director of UNESCO, and a founding member of the World Wildlife Fund. The Zoological Society of London (sometimes known by the abbreviation ZSL) is a Learned society founded in London in April 1826 by Sir Thomas Stamford United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16

Huxley was well-known for his presentation of science in books and articles, and on radio and television. He was awarded UNESCO's Kalinga Prize for the popularisation of science in 1953, the Darwin Medal of the Royal Society in 1956, and the Darwin-Wallace medal of the Linnaean Society in 1958. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 The Kalinga Prize for the Popularization of Science is an Award given by UNESCO for exceptional skill in presenting scientific ideas to lay people. The Darwin Medal is given by the Royal Society every even year for "work of acknowledged distinction in the broad area of Biology in which Charles Darwin The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, known simply as The Royal Society, is a Learned society for science that was founded in 1660 The Linnean Society of London is the World 's premier society for the study and dissemination of Taxonomy and natural history He was also knighted in that same year, 1958, a hundred years after Darwin and Wallace announced the theory of evolution by natural selection. The British honours system is a means of rewarding individuals' personal bravery achievement or service to the United Kingdom. Charles Robert Darwin (February 12 1809 &ndash April 19 1882 was an English naturalist, who realised and demonstrated that all Species of life Alfred Russel Wallace OM, FRS (8 January 1823 &ndash 7 November 1913 was an British naturalist, Explorer, Geographer In 1959 he received a Special Award of the Lasker Foundation in the category Planned Parenthood — World Population. The Albert Lasker Medical Research Awards have been awarded annually since 1946 to living persons who have made major contributions to Medical science.

Huxley came from the distinguished Huxley family. The Huxley family is a British family with outstanding scientific medical artistic and literary talent His brother was the writer Aldous Huxley, and his half-brother a fellow biologist and Nobel laureate, Andrew Huxley; his father was writer and editor Leonard Huxley; and his paternal grandfather was Thomas Henry Huxley, a friend and supporter of Charles Darwin and protagonist of evolution. Aldous Leonard Huxley (26 July 1894 &ndash 22 November 1963 was an English writer and one of the most prominent members of the famous Huxley family. Sir Andrew Fielding Huxley, OM, FRS (born 22 November 1917, Hampstead, London) is an English physiologist Leonard Huxley ( December 11, 1860 - May 2 1933) was a British Schoolteacher, Writer and editor. Thomas Henry Huxley PC FRS (4 May 1825 – 29 June 1895 was an English Biologist, known as "Darwin's Bulldog" for his advocacy Charles Robert Darwin (February 12 1809 &ndash April 19 1882 was an English naturalist, who realised and demonstrated that all Species of life His maternal grandfather was the academic Tom Arnold, great-uncle poet Matthew Arnold and great-grandfather Thomas Arnold of Rugby School. Tom Arnold (1823 &ndash 1900 also known as Thomas Arnold the Younger, was a British literary scholar Matthew Arnold (24 December 1822 &ndash 15 April 1888 was an English Poet, and Cultural critic who worked as an inspector of schools Thomas Arnold ( 13 June 1795 &ndash 12 June 1842) was a British schoolmaster and historian head of Rugby School from 1828 Rugby School, located in the town of Rugby, Warwickshire, is a Co-educational Boarding school and one of the oldest public schools

Contents 1 Life 1.1 Early life 1.2 Student life 2 Career 2.1 Early career 2.2 Mid career 2.3 Later career 3 Special themes 3.1 Evolution 3.1.1 Personal influence 3.1.2 Evolutionary synthesis 3.1.3 Evolutionary progress 3.2 Humanism 3.3 Eugenics and race 3.4 Public life and science popularisation 3.5 Terms coined 3.6 Titles and phrases 4 References 5 Works 5.1 Contributions 6 Biographies 7 External links 8 Awards

Life

Early life

Huxley was born on June 22, 1887, at the London house of his aunt, the novelist Mary Augusta Ward, while his father was attending the jubilee celebrations of Queen Victoria. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Mary Augusta Ward ( née Arnold 11 June 1851 &ndash 26 March 1920) was a British novelist who wrote under her married Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901 was from 20 June 1837 the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Huxley grew up at the family home in Surrey, England where he showed an early interest in nature, as he was given lessons by his grandfather, Thomas Henry Huxley. Surrey is a county in the South East of England and is one of the Home Counties. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Thomas Henry Huxley PC FRS (4 May 1825 – 29 June 1895 was an English Biologist, known as "Darwin's Bulldog" for his advocacy When he heard THH talking at dinner about the lack of parental care in fish, Julian piped up with "What about the stickleback, Gran'pater?". The Gasterosteidae are a family of Fish including the sticklebacks. Also, according to Julian himself, his grandfather took him to visit J.D. Hooker at Kew. Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, OM, GCSI, MD, FRS (30 June 1817 – 10 December 1911 was an English Botanist and Explorer ^[1]

At the age of thirteen Huxley attended Eton College as a King's Scholar, and continued to develop scientific interests; his grandfather had influenced the school to build science laboratories much earlier. Eton College, or just Eton, is a world-famous British Independent school for boys founded in 1440 by King Henry VI. At Eton he developed an interest in ornithology, guided by science master W. D. 'Piggy' Hill. "Piggy was a genius as a teacher. . . I have always been grateful to him. "^[2] In 1905 Huxley won a scholarship in Zoology to Balliol College, Oxford. Zoology (from Greek ζῷον, zoon, "animal" + λόγος, " Logos " "knowledge" is the branch of Balliol College (ˈbeɪlɪəl founded in 1263 is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England.

Student life

In 1906, after a summer in Germany, Huxley took his place in Oxford, where he developed a particular interest in embryology and protozoa. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the Embryology (from Greek grc ἔμβρυον embryon, "unborn embryo" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the development Protozoa (in Greek πρῶτον proton "first" and ζῷα zoia "animals" are unicellular Eukaryotes (singular In the autumn term of his final year, 1908, his mother died from cancer at only 46: a terrible blow for her husband, three sons and young eight-year old daughter Margaret. Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled In 1909 he graduated with first class honours, and spent that July at the international gathering for the centenary of Darwin's birth, held at the University of Cambridge. The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the Also, it was the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of the Origin of species. Charles Darwin 's On the Origin of Species (published 24 November 1859) is a seminal work in Scientific literature and arguably the

Career

Early career

Huxley got a scholarship to spend a year at the Naples Marine Biological Station where he developed his interest in developmental biology by investigating sea squirts and sea urchins. Tunicate, also known as urochordata, tunicata (and by the common names of urochordates, sea squirts, and sea pork) is the Sea urchins are small globular spiny sea cat animals composing most of class Echinoidea. In 1910 he was appointed as Demonstrator in the Department of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy at Oxford University, and started on the systematic observation of the courtship habits of water birds such as redshanks (which are waders) and grebes (which are divers). The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the Grebes are members of the Podicipediformes order, a widely distributed order of freshwater diving birds some of which visit the sea when migrating Bird watching in childhood had given Huxley his interest in ornithology, and he helped devise systems for the surveying and conservation of birds. Birdwatching or birding is the observation and study of Birds with the naked eye or through a visual enhancement device like Binoculars. Ornithology (from Greek ὄρνις ὄρνιθος ornis, ornithos, "bird" and λόγος logos, "knowledge" is the branch of Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. His particular interest was bird behaviour, especially the courtship of water birds. His 1914 paper on the Great Crested Grebe, later published as a book, was a landmark in avian ethology; his invention of vivid labels for the rituals (such as 'penguin dance', 'plesiosaurus race' etc. The Great Crested Grebe, Podiceps cristatus is a member of the Grebe family of water birds Ethology ( from Greek ἦθος ethos, "character" and λόγος logos, "knowledge") is the scientific study of Animal ) made the ideas memorable and interesting to the general reader. For an assessment of Huxley's ethology see Burkhardt 1993. ^[3]

In 1912 his life took a new turn. He was asked by Edgar Odell Lovett to take the lead in setting up the new Department of Biology at the newly created Rice Institute in Houston, Texas, which he accepted, planning to start the following year. Edgar Odell Lovett (April 14 1871 - August 13 1957 was an American educator and education administrator William Marsh Rice University (commonly called Rice University and opened in 1912 as The William Marsh Rice Institute for the Advancement of Letters Science and Art Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. Huxley made an exploratory trip to the USA in September 1912, visiting a number of leading universities as well as the Rice Institute. At T.H. Morgan's fly lab (Columbia University) he invited H.J. Muller to join him at Rice. Thomas Hunt Morgan ( September 25, 1866 &ndash December 4, 1945) was an American geneticist and embryologist. Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. Hermann Joseph “HJ” Muller ( December 21 1890 &ndash April 5 1967) was an American Geneticist, educator and Muller agreed to be his deputy, hurried to complete his PhD and moved to Houston for the beginning of the 1915-1916 academic year. At Rice, Muller taught biology and continued Drosophila lab work.

Before taking up the post of Assistant Professor at the Rice Institute, Huxley spent a year in Germany preparing for his demanding new job. Working in a laboratory just months before the outbreak of World War I, Huxley overheard fellow academics comment on a passing aircraft "it will not be long before those planes are flying over England". World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All In 1913 Huxley had a nervous breakdown after the break-up of his relationship with 'K',^[4] and rested in a nursing home. Mental breakdown (also known as nervous breakdown or snapping) is a non-medical term used to describe a sudden acute attack of Mental illness such as His depression returned the next year, and he and his brother Trevenen (two years his junior) ended up in the same nursing home. Sadly, Trevenen hanged himself. Hanging is the lethal suspension of a person by a ligature The Oxford English Dictionary states that hanging in this sense is "specifically to put to death Depressive illness had afflicted others in the Huxley family: see discussion in Thomas Henry Huxley. Thomas Henry Huxley PC FRS (4 May 1825 – 29 June 1895 was an English Biologist, known as "Darwin's Bulldog" for his advocacy

One pleasure of Huxley's life in Texas was the sight of his first hummingbird, though his visit to Edward Avery McIlhenny's estate on Avery Island in Louisiana was more significant. Hummingbirds are Birds in the family Trochilidae, and are endemic to the Americas. Edward Avery "Ned" McIlhenny (1872 &ndash 1949 son of Tabasco brand pepper sauce inventor Edmund McIlhenny, was a Louisiana Businessman Avery Island is a Salt dome located in Iberia Parish Louisiana, United States, about three miles (5 km inland from Vermilion Bay, which in The McIlhennys and their Avery cousins owned the entire island, and the McIlhenny branch used it to produce their famous Tabasco sauce. Tabasco sauce is a brand of Hot sauce made from Tabasco peppers ( Capsicum frutescens var Birds were one of McIlhenny's passions, however, and around 1895 he had set up a private sanctuary on the Island, called Bird City. Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year There Huxley found egrets, herons and bitterns. This is an article about a type of bird For the EGRET satellite mission see Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope. The herons are wading Birds in the Ardeidae family Some are called Egrets or Bitterns instead of herons Bitterns are a classification of wading birds in the Heron family Ardeidae These water birds, like the grebes, exhibit mutual courtship, with the pairs displaying to each other, and with the secondary sexual characters equally developed in both sexes. ^[5]

In September 1916 Huxley returned to England from Texas to assist in the war effort, working in intelligence, first at GCHQ and then in northern Italy. The Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ is a British Intelligence agency responsible for providing Signals intelligence (SIGINT and Information After the war he became a Fellow at New College Oxford and was made Senior Demonstrator in the University Department of Zoology. The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the New College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom. In fact, Huxley took the place of his old tutor Geoffrey Smith, who had been killed in the battle of the Somme on the Western Front. The Battle of the Somme, also known as the Somme Offensive, fought from July to November 1916 was among the largest battles of the First World War See Western Front (disambiguation for other meanings Western Front was a term used during the First and Second World

In 1919 Huxley married Juliette Baillot. She was a French Swiss girl whom he had met at Garsington Manor, the country house of Lady Ottoline Morrell, a Bloomsbury Group socialite with a penchant for artists and intellectuals. Garsington Manor, in the village of Garsington, near Oxford England, is a Tudor building best known as the former home of Lady Ottoline Morrell The Lady Ottoline Violet Anne Morrell ( June 16, 1873 – April 21, 1938) was an English Aristocrat and society hostess The Bloomsbury Group was an English collectivity of loving friends and relatives who lived in or near London during the first half of the twentieth century The newly-weds' life together included students, faculty wives, grebes and, unfortunately, another depressive breakdown, this time rather serious. From his wife's autobiography it seems his mental illness took the form of a bipolar disorder, with the depressive phases being of moderate to severe intensity. It took a long time for him to recover on this occasion, but despite this he left a legacy of students who admired him, and who became leaders in zoology for the next thirty or forty years. E.B. Ford always remembered his openness and encouragement at the start of his career. Professor Edmund Brisco "Henry" Ford FRS, Hon FRCP ( 23rd April 1901- 2nd January 1988 was a British ecological ^[6][7]

In 1925 Huxley moved to King's College London as Professor of Zoology, but in 1927, to the amazement of his colleagues, he resigned his chair to work full time with H.G. Wells and his son G.P. Wells on The Science of Life (see below). King's College London is a British Higher education institution and co-founding constituent college of the federal University of London. Zoology (from Greek ζῷον, zoon, "animal" + λόγος, " Logos " "knowledge" is the branch of Herbert George Wells (21 September 1866 &ndash 13 August 1946 He was an outspoken socialist and a pacifist, his later works becoming increasingly political George Philip Wells FRS ( 17 July 1901 – 27 September 1985) son of the British Science fiction Author The Science of Life is nine books in three volumes written by Julian Huxley and G For some time Huxley retained his room at King's College, and continued as Honorary Lecturer in the Zoology Department. From 1927-31 he was also Fullerian Professor of Physiology at the Royal Institution, where he gave an annual lectures series. The Royal Institution of Great Britain is an organization devoted to scientific education and research based in London. The Royal Institution of Great Britain is an organization devoted to scientific education and research based in London. No-one realised it at the time, but he had abruptly come to the end of his life as a university academic.

In 1929, after finishing work on The Science of Life, Huxley visited East Africa to advise the Colonial Office on education in British East Africa (for the most part Kenya, Uganda and Tanganyika). East Africa is the Easternmost Region of the African Continent. The Secretary of State for the Colonies or Colonial Secretary was the British Cabinet official in charge of managing the various British Colonies. British East Africa was an area of East Africa controlled by the British in the late 19th century which became a Protectorate covering roughly the area of present-day The Republic of Kenya is a country in East Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the north Somalia to the northeast Tanzania to the south The Republic of Uganda is a Landlocked country in East Africa. Tanganyika is the name of an East African territory lying between the largest of the African great lakes Lake Victoria, Lake Malawi and Lake Tanganyika He discovered that the wildlife on the Serengeti plain was almost undisturbed because the tsetse fly (the vector for the trypanosome parasite which causes sleeping sickness in humans) prevented human settlement there. This article is about a geographical region for the National Park see Serengeti National Park The Serengeti ecosystem is located in north-western Tanzania This page is about the insect For other meanings see Tsetse (disambiguation. Trypanosomes are a group of Kinetoplastid protozoa distinguished by having only a single Flagellum. Sleeping sickness or human African trypanosomiasis is a Parasitic Disease of people and animals caused by Protozoa of species He tells about these experiences in Africa view (1931), and so does his wife. ^[8] She reveals that he fell in love with an 18-year old American girl on board ship (when Juliette was not present), and then presented Juliette with his ideas for an open marriage! "What Julian really wanted was. . . a definite freedom from the conventional bonds of marriage. " The couple separated for a while; Julian traveled to the USA, hoping to land a suitable appointment and, in due course, to marry Miss Weldmeier. He left no account of what transpired, but he was evidently not successful, and returned to England to resume his marriage in 1931. For the next couple of years Huxley still angled for an appointment in the USA, without success. ^[9]

Mid career

As the 1930s started, Huxley travelled widely and took part in a variety of activities which were partly scientific and partly political. In 1931 Huxley visited the USSR at the invitation of Intourist, where initially he admired the results of social and economic planning on a large scale. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Intourist (Интурист contraction of иностранный турист 'foreign tourist' is a Russian Travel agency, 66%-owned by Moscow -based Later, back in the United Kingdom, he became a founding member of the think tank Political and Economic Planning. Political and Economic Planning (PEP was a British policy Think tank, formed in 1931 in response to Max Nicholson 's article A National

In the 1930s Huxley visited Kenya and other East African countries to see the conservation work, including the creation of national parks, which was happening in the few areas that remained uninhabited due to malaria. The Republic of Kenya is a country in East Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the north Somalia to the northeast Tanzania to the south East Africa is the Easternmost Region of the African Continent. A national park is a reserve of land usually declared and owned by a national Government, protected from most Human development and pollution Malaria is a vector -borne Infectious disease caused by Protozoan Parasites It is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions including From 1933-38 he was a member of the committee for Lord Hailey's Africa Survey.

In 1935 Huxley was appointed Secretary to the Zoological Society of London, and spent much of the next seven years running the society and its zoological gardens, the London Zoo and Whipsnade Park, alongside his writing and research. The Zoological Society of London (sometimes known by the abbreviation ZSL) is a Learned society founded in London in April 1826 by Sir Thomas Stamford ZSL London Zoo is the world's oldest scientific Zoo. It was opened in London on April 27 1828, and was originally intended to be used ZSL Whipsnade Zoo is a Zoo located at Whipsnade, near Dunstable in Bedfordshire, England. The previous Director, Peter Chalmers Mitchell, had been in post for many years, and had skillfully avoided conflict with the Fellows and Council. Sir Peter Chalmers Mitchell CBE FRS DSc LLD (23rd November 1864–1945 zoologist was Secretary of the Zoological Society of London Things were rather different when Huxley arrived. Huxley was not a skilled administrator; his wife said "He was impatient. . . and lacked tact". ^[10] He instituted a number of changes and innovations, more than some approved of. For example, Huxley introduced a whole range of ideas designed to make the Zoo child-friendly. Today, this would pass without comment; but then it was more controversial. He fenced off the Fellows' Lawn to establish Pets Corner; he appointed new assistant curators, encouraging them to talk to children; he initiated the Zoo Magazine. ^[11] Fellows and their guests had the privilege of free entry on Sundays, a closed day to the general public. Today, that would be unthinkable, and Sundays are now open to the public. Huxley's mild suggestion (that the guests should pay) encroached on territory the Fellows thought was theirs by right.

In 1941 Huxley was invited to the United States on a lecturing tour, and generated some controversy by saying that he thought the United States should join World War II: a few weeks later came the attack on Pearl Harbor. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The attack on Pearl Harbor (or Hawaii Operation, as it was called by the Imperial General Headquarters) was a surprise Military strike conducted by When the USA joined the war, he found it difficult to get a passage back to the UK, and his lecture tour was extended. The Council of the Zoological Society — "a curious assemblage. . . of wealthy amateurs, self-perpetuating and autocratic"^[12] — uneasy with their Secretary, used this as an opportunity to remove him by the rather unpleasant tactic of abolishing his post "to save expenses". Since Huxley had taken a half-salary cut at the start of the war, and no salary at all whilst he was in America, the Council's action was widely read as a personal attack on Huxley. A public controversy ensued, but eventually the Council got its way.

In 1943 he was asked by the British government to join the Colonial Commission on Higher Education. The Commission's remit was to survey the West African Commonwealth countries for suitable locations for the creation of universities. West Africa or Western Africa is the Westernmost Region of the African Continent. There he acquired a disease, went down with hepatitis, and had a serious mental breakdown. Hepatitis (plural hepatitides) implies injury to the Liver characterized by the presence of Inflammatory cells in the tissue of He was completely disabled, treated with ECT, and took a full year to recover. Electroconvulsive therapy ( ECT) also known as electroshock, is a controversial psychiatric treatment in which Seizures are electrically induced He was 55.

Later career

Huxley, a lifelong internationalist with a concern for education, got involved in the creation of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and became the organization's first Director-General in 1946. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 His term of office, six years in the Charter, was cut down to two years at the behest of the USA delegation. ^[13] The reasons are not known for sure, but his left-wing tendencies and humanism were likely factors. In practice, his lack of religious affiliation was a positive strength, as was his wide range of international interests and contacts. His brief tenure of office was generally regarded as dynamic and successful. In a fornight he dashed off a 60-page booklet on the purpose and philosophy of UNESCO, eventually printed and issued as an official document. There were, however, many conservative-minded opponents of his scientific humanism. His idea of restraining population growth with birth control (to limit war and famine) was anathema to both the Catholic Church and the Comintern/Cominform. The Comintern ( Com munist Intern ational also known as the Third International) was an international Communist organisation founded in Moscow Cominform ( Com munist Inform ation Bureau) is the common name for what was officially referred to as the Information Bureau of the Communist In its first few years UNESCO was dynamic and broke new ground; since Huxley it has become larger, more bureaucratic and stable. ^[14][15] The personal and social side of the years in Paris are well described by his wife. ^[16]

Huxley's internationalist and conservation interests also led him, with Victor Stolan, Sir Peter Scott, Max Nicholson and Guy Mountfort, to set up the WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature under its former name of the World Wildlife Fund) as an international fundraising group dedicated to the conservation of nature. Sir Peter Markham Scott, CH, CBE, DSC, FRS, FZS, ( September 14, 1909 – August 29, 1989 Guy Mountfort OBE ( December 4, 1905 - April 24, 2003) was an English Advertising executive amateur Ornithologist

Another post-war activity was Huxley's attack on the Soviet politico-scientist Lysenko, who had espoused a Lamarkian heredity, made unscientific pronouncements on agriculture, used his influence to destroy classical genetics in Russia and to move genuine scientists from their posts. Trofim Denisovich Lysenko (Трофи́м Дени́сович Лысе́нко ( September 29, 1898 &ndash November 20, 1976) was an agronomist Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet Chevalier de Lamarck ( August 1, 1744 &ndash December 18, 1829) was a French Soldier

In 1940, the leading botanical geneticist Vavilov was arrested, and Lysenko replaced him as director of the Institute of Genetics. Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov (Николай Иванович Вавилов ( &ndash January 26 1943) was a prominent Russian and Soviet Botanist In 1941, Vavilov was tried, found guilty of 'sabotage' and sentenced to death. Reprieved, he died in jail of malnutrition in 1943. Lysenko's machinations were the cause of his arrest. Worse still, Lysenkoism not only denied proven genetic facts, it stopped the artificial selection of crops on Darwinian principles. Lysenkoism was a set of repressive political and social campaigns in science and Agriculture by the powerful Stalinist director of the Soviet Lenin All-Union Artificial selection is the intentional breeding for certain traits or combinations of traits over others and is synonymous with " Selective breeding " This may have contributed to the regular shortage of food from the Soviet agricultural system (Soviet famines). Huxley, who had twice visited the Soviet Union, was originally not anti-communist, but the ruthless adoption of Lysenkoism by Stalin ended his tolerant attitude. Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party ^[17] Lysenko ended his days in a Soviet mental hospital, and Vavilov's reputation was posthumously restored in 1955.

In the 1950s Huxley played a role in bringing to the English-speaking public the work of the French Jesuit-palaeontologist Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, whom he believed had been unfairly treated by the Catholic hierarchy. An Anglophone (or anglophone) is someone who speaks the English language. The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order Palaeontology redirects here For the Scientific journal, see Palaeontology (journal. Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (pjɛʀ tejaʀ də ʃaʀdɛ̃ 1 May 1881, Orcines, France – 10 The Jesuits had forbidden publication of his ideas, but after his death his niece arranged for their publication. Huxley wrote the Forward to The Phenomenon of Man (1959) and was bitterly attacked by his rationalist friends. ^[18] Both men believed in evolution, but the fact that de Chardin was a deist whilst Huxley was an unbeliever meant that their interpretation of evolution was, at heart, fundamentally different. Deism is the belief that a supreme God exists and created the physical universe and that religious truths can be arrived at by the application of reason alone without dependence on revelation Infidel (literally "one without faith" is an English word meaning "one who doubts or rejects central tenets of a Religion or

On Huxley's death at 87 in 1975, John Owen (Director of National Parks for Tanganyika) said "Julian Huxley was one of the world's great men. Tanganyika is the name of an East African territory lying between the largest of the African great lakes Lake Victoria, Lake Malawi and Lake Tanganyika . . he played a seminal role in wild life conservation in [East] Africa in the early days. . . [and in] the far-reaching influence he exerted [on] the international community. "

In addition to his international and humanist concerns, his research interests covered evolution in all its aspects, ethology, embryology, genetics, anthropology and to some extent the infant field of cell biology. Ethology ( from Greek ἦθος ethos, "character" and λόγος logos, "knowledge") is the scientific study of Animal Embryology (from Greek grc ἔμβρυον embryon, "unborn embryo" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the development Genetics (from Ancient Greek grc-Latn genetikos, “genitive” and that from grc-Latn genesis, “origin” a discipline of Biology, is Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of See also List of basic cell biology topics. Cell biology (also called cellular biology or formerly cytology, from the His eminence in this field, and especially his contribution to the new evolutionary synthesis, led to his awards of the Darwin Medal of the Royal Society (1956) and the Darwin-Wallace Medal of the Linnaean Society in 1958, the centenary anniversary of the joint presentation On the tendency of species to form varieties; and the perpetuation of varieties and species by natural means of selection by Darwin and Wallace. The Darwin Medal is given by the Royal Society every even year for "work of acknowledged distinction in the broad area of Biology in which Charles Darwin The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, known simply as The Royal Society, is a Learned society for science that was founded in 1660 The Linnean Society of London is the World 's premier society for the study and dissemination of Taxonomy and natural history

He was a friend and mentor of the biologist and Nobel laureate Konrad Lorenz, and taught and encouraged many others. Konrad Zacharias Lorenz ( November 7, 1903 in Vienna &ndash February 27, 1989 in Vienna) was an Austrian In general, he was more of an all-round naturalist than his famous grandfather, and contributed much to the acceptance of natural selection. His outlook was international, and somewhat idealistic: he might have been shocked to see some of what transpired later.

Special themes

Evolution

Huxley was the most important biologist after August Weismann to insist on natural selection as the primary agent in evolution. Friedrich Leopold August Weismann (Birth January 17, 1834 in Frankfurt am Main; Death eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 He was a major player in the mid-twentieth century evolutionary synthesis. A fine communicator, he was a prominent populariser of biological science to the public. Three aspects deserve special mention:

Personal influence

• In the early 20th century he was one of the minority of biologists^[19] who believed that natural selection was the main driving force of evolution, and that evolution occurred by small steps and not by saltation (jumps). Natural selection is the process by which favorable Heritable traits become more common in successive Generations of a Population of These opinions are now standard. ^[20]
  Though his time as an academic was quite brief, he taught and encouraged a number of evolutionary biologists at the University of Oxford in the 1920s. Charles Elton (ecology), Alister Hardy (marine biology) and John Baker (cytology) all became highly successful, and Baker eventually wrote Huxley's Royal Society obituary memoir. Charles Sutherland Elton ( 29 March 1900 &ndash 1 May 1991) was an English zoologist and animal ecologist Ecology (from Greek grc οἶκος oikos, "house(hold" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of Sir Alister Clavering Hardy ( 10 February 1896 &ndash 22 May 1985) was an Oxford -educated Marine biologist, expert on Marine biology is the scientific study of living Organisms in the Ocean or other marine or Brackish bodies of water Dr John Randal Baker FRS (1900-1984 was a biologist, physical anthropologist, and professor at the University of Oxford (where he was the ^[21]
  Perhaps the most significant was Edmund Brisco Ford, who founded a field of research called ecological genetics, which played a role in the evolutionary synthesis. Professor Edmund Brisco "Henry" Ford FRS, Hon FRCP ( 23rd April 1901- 2nd January 1988 was a British ecological Ecological genetics is the study of Genetics in the context of the interactions among organisms and between the organisms and their environment Another important disciple was Gavin de Beer, who wrote on evolution and development, and became Director of the Natural History Museum. Sir Gavin Rylands de Beer FRS (1899–1972 was a British Evolutionary embryologist. Evolutionary developmental biology ( evolution of development or informally evo-devo) is a field of Biology that compares the developmental processes The Natural History Museum is one of three large Museums on Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London (the others are the Science Museum Both these fine scholars had attended Huxley's lectures on genetics, experimental zoology (including embryology) and ethology. Genetics (from Ancient Greek grc-Latn genetikos, “genitive” and that from grc-Latn genesis, “origin” a discipline of Biology, is Zoology (from Greek ζῷον, zoon, "animal" + λόγος, " Logos " "knowledge" is the branch of Embryology (from Greek grc ἔμβρυον embryon, "unborn embryo" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the development Ethology ( from Greek ἦθος ethos, "character" and λόγος logos, "knowledge") is the scientific study of Animal Later, they became his collaborators, and then leaders in their own right.
• In an era when scientists did not travel so frequently as today, Huxley was an exception, for he travelled widely in Europe, Africa and the USA. He was therefore able to learn from and influence other scientists, naturalists and administrators. In the USA he was able to meet other evolutionists at a critical time in the reassessment of natural selection. Natural selection is the process by which favorable Heritable traits become more common in successive Generations of a Population of In Africa he was able to influence colonial administrators about education and wild-life conservation. The conservation movement also known as nature conservation is a political social and to some extent scientific movement that seeks to protect natural resources including In Europe, through UNESCO, he was at the centre of the post-WWII revival of education. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including In Russia, however, his experiences were mixed. His initially favourable view was changed by his growing awareness of Stalin's murderous repression, and the Lysenko affair. Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party Lysenko may refer to Mykola Lysenko (Ukrainian composer Tatyana Lysenko (Russian hammer thrower Trofim Lysenko ^[22] There seems little evidence that he had any effect on the Soviet Union, and the same could be said for some other Western scientists. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991
  "Marxist-Leninism had become a dogmatic religion. . . and like all dogmatic religions, it had turned from reform to persecution. "^[23]

Evolutionary synthesis

• Huxley was one of the main architects of the new evolutionary synthesis which took place around the time of WWII. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The synthesis of genetic and population ideas produced a consensus which reigned in biology from about 1940, and which is still broadly tenable.

"The most informative episode in the history of evolutionary biology was the establishment of the 'neo-Darwinian synthesis' (Berry and Bradshaw 1992)^[24] The synthesis was brought about "not by one side being proved right and the others wrong, but by the exchange of the most viable components of the previously competing research strategies. " (Ernst Mayr 1980)^[25]

• Huxley's first 'trial run' was the treatment of evolution in the Science of Life (1929-30), and in 1936 he published a long and significant paper for the British Association. ^[26] In 1938 came three lengthy and significant reviews. ^[27][28][29]
  Two of these lengthy papers were on the subject of sexual selection, an idea of Darwin's whose standing has been revived in recent times. Sexual selection is the Theory proposed by Charles Darwin that states that certain evolutionary traits can be explained by Intraspecific competition ^[30][31] Huxley thought that sexual selection was ". . . merely an aspect of natural selection which. . . is concerned with characters which subserve mating, and are usually sex-limited. Sex-limited genes are Genes which are present in both sexes of sexually reproducing Species but turned on in only one sex " This rather grudging acceptance of sexual selection was influenced by his studies on the courtship of the Great Crested Grebe (and other birds that pair for life): the courtship takes place mostly after mate selection, not before. The Great Crested Grebe, Podiceps cristatus is a member of the Grebe family of water birds
• Now it was time for Huxley to tackle the subject of evolution at full length, in what became the defining work of his life. His role was that of a synthesiser, and it helped that he had met many of the other participants. His book Evolution: the modern synthesis was written whilst he was Secretary to the Zoological Society, and made use of his remarkable collection of reprints covering the first part of the century. Evolution The Modern Synthesis, a 1942 book by Julian Huxley (grandson of T It was published in 1942. Reviews of the book in learned journals were little short of ecstatic; the American Naturalist called it "The outstanding evolutionary treatise of the decade, perhaps of the century. The approach is thoroughly scientific; the command of basic information amazing. "^[32][33]
• Huxley's main co-respondents in the modern evolutionary synthesis are usually listed as Ernst Mayr, Theodosius Dobzhansky, George Gaylord Simpson, Bernhard Rensch, Ledyard Stebbins and the population geneticists J.B.S. Haldane, Ronald Fisher and Sewall Wright. Ernst Walter Mayr ( July 5, 1904, Kempten, Germany &ndash February 3, 2005, Bedford Massachusetts U Theodosius Grygorovych Dobzhansky, also known George Gaylord Simpson ( June 16, 1902 &ndash October 6, 1984) was an American Paleontologist. Bernhard Rensch ( 21 January 1900 &ndash 4 April 1990) was a German evolutionary biologist and Ornithologist who did field George Ledyard Stebbins Jr (January 6 1906 &ndash January 19 2000 was an American John Burdon Sanderson Haldane FRS ( 5 November 1892 &ndash 1 December 1964) known as Jack (but who used 'J Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher, FRS ( 17 February 1890 – 29 July 1962) was an English Statistician, Evolutionary Sewall Green Wright ( December 21, 1889 – March 3, 1988) was an American Geneticist
  However, at the time of Huxley's book several of these had yet to make their distinctive contribution. Certainly, for Huxley, E.B. Ford and his co-workers in ecological genetics were at least as important; and Cyril Darlington, the chromosome expert, was a notable source of facts and ideas. Professor Edmund Brisco "Henry" Ford FRS, Hon FRCP ( 23rd April 1901- 2nd January 1988 was a British ecological Ecological genetics is the study of Genetics in the context of the interactions among organisms and between the organisms and their environment Cyril Dean Darlington ( 19 December 1903 - 26 March 1981) was an English Biologist,
  An analysis of the 'authorities cited' index of Evolution the modern synthesis shows indirectly those whom Huxley regarded as the most important contributors to the synthesis up to 1941 (the book was published in 1942, and references go up to 1941). The authorities cited 20 or more times are:
  Darlington, Darwin, Dobzhansky, Fisher, Ford, Goldschmidt, Haldane, J. Cyril Dean Darlington ( 19 December 1903 - 26 March 1981) was an English Biologist, Charles Robert Darwin (February 12 1809 &ndash April 19 1882 was an English naturalist, who realised and demonstrated that all Species of life Theodosius Grygorovych Dobzhansky, also known Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher, FRS ( 17 February 1890 – 29 July 1962) was an English Statistician, Evolutionary Professor Edmund Brisco "Henry" Ford FRS, Hon FRCP ( 23rd April 1901- 2nd January 1988 was a British ecological Richard Benedict Goldschmidt ( April 12, 1878 – April 24, 1958) was a German -born American Geneticist. John Burdon Sanderson Haldane FRS ( 5 November 1892 &ndash 1 December 1964) known as Jack (but who used 'J S. Huxley, Muller, Rensch, Turrill, Wright. Hermann Joseph “HJ” Muller ( December 21 1890 &ndash April 5 1967) was an American Geneticist, educator and Bernhard Rensch ( 21 January 1900 &ndash 4 April 1990) was a German evolutionary biologist and Ornithologist who did field Sewall Green Wright ( December 21, 1889 – March 3, 1988) was an American Geneticist
  This list contains a few surprises. Goldschmidt was an influential geneticist who advocated evolution by saltation, and was sometimes mentioned in disagreement. Turrill provided Huxley with botanical information. The list omits three key members of the synthesis who are listed above: Mayr, Stebbins the botanist and Simpson the palaeontologist. Ernst Walter Mayr ( July 5, 1904, Kempten, Germany &ndash February 3, 2005, Bedford Massachusetts U George Ledyard Stebbins Jr (January 6 1906 &ndash January 19 2000 was an American George Gaylord Simpson ( June 16, 1902 &ndash October 6, 1984) was an American Paleontologist. Mayr gets 16 citations and more in the two later editions; all three published outstanding and relevant books some years later. Their contribution to the synthesis is unquestionable, and their lesser weight in Huxley's citations was caused by the early publication date of his book. Huxley's book is not strong in palaeontology, which illustrates perfectly why Simpson's later works were such an important contribution.
  
• It was Huxley who coined the terms the new synthesis and evolutionary synthesis;^[34] he also invented the term cline in 1938 to describe species whose members fall into a series of sub-species with continuous change in characters over a geographical area. ^[35][36] The classic example of a cline is the circle of subspecies of the gull Larus round the Arctic zone. Larus is a large genus of Gulls with worldwide distribution (although by far the greatest Species diversity in the Northern Hemisphere) This cline is an example of a ring species. In Biology, a ring species is a connected series of neighboring populations that can interbreed with relatively closely related populations but for which there exist at least
  Some of Huxley's last contributions to the evolutionary synthesis were on the subject of ecological genetics. Ecological genetics is the study of Genetics in the context of the interactions among organisms and between the organisms and their environment In his survey of morphism he noted how surprisingly widespread morphism is in nature, with visible morphism much more prevalent in some groups than others. Polymorphism in biology occurs when two or more clearly different Phenotypes exist in the same population of a species — in other words the occurrence of more than one The immense diversity of colour and pattern in small bivalve molluscs, britlestars, sea-anemones, tubicular polychaetes and various grasshoppers is perhaps maintained by making recognition by predators more difficult. ^[37][38][39]

Evolutionary progress

• He always believed that on a broad view evolution led to advances in organisation. Progress without a goal was one of his phrases, to distinguish his point of view from classical Aristotelian teleology. Teleology ( Greek: telos: end purpose is the philosophical study of design and Purpose. "The ordinary man, or at least the ordinary poet, philosopher and theologian, always was anxious to find purpose in the evolutionary process. I believe this reasoning to be totally false. "^[40]
  The idea of evolutionary progress was subjected to some fierce criticism in the latter part of the twentieth century. Cladists, for example, were (and are) strongly against any suggestion that a group could be scientifically described as 'advanced' and others as 'primitive'. Cladistics is the hierarchical classification of Species based on evolutionary ancestry For them, and especially for the radical group of transformed cladists, there is no such thing as an advanced group, they are derived or apomorphic. Cladistics is the hierarchical classification of Species based on evolutionary ancestry Primitive groups are plesiomorphic. Cladistics is the hierarchical classification of Species based on evolutionary ancestry Ironically, it was Huxley who invented the terms clade and grades in 1957-9. A clade is a taxonomic group comprising a single Common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor In Alpha taxonomy, a grade refers to a level of morphological and/or Physiological complexity ^[41][42][43]
  However, to take a rather extreme case, it would seem strange to say that when man is compared to bacteria, that mankind is not a vastly more complex and advanced form of life; or that the invasion of the land by plants and animals was not a great advance in the history of life on this planet.
  On this issue Julian was at the opposite end of the spectrum from his grandfather, who was, at least for the first half of his career, a propagandist for 'persistent types', getting close to denying any advances at all. ^[44][45]

• Huxley argued his case many times, even in his most important works. In the final chapter of his Evolution the modern synthesis he defines evolutionary progress as "a raising of the upper level of biological efficiency, this being defined as increased control over and independence of the environment,"^[46]
  Evolution in action discusses evolutionary progress at length: "Natural selection plus time produces biological improvement. . . 'Improvement' is not yet a recognised technical term in biology. . . however, living things are improved during evolution. . . Darwin was not afraid to use the word for the results of natural selection in general. . . I believe that improvement can become one of the key concepts in evolutionary biology. "
  "Can it be scientifically defined? Improvements in biological machinery. . . the limbs and teeth of grazing horses. . . the increase in brain-power. . . The eyes of a dragon-fly, which can see all round [it] in every direction, are an improvement over the mere microscopic eye-spots of early forms of life. "^[47]
  "[Over] the whole range of evolutionary time we see general advance — improvement in all the main properties of life, including its general organization. 'Advance' is thus a useful term for long-term improvement in some general property of life. [But] improvement is not universal. Lower forms manage to survive alongside higher". ^[48]
  These excerpts are much abbreviated, but give some idea of his way of thinking. He addresses the topic of 'persistent types' (living fossils) later in the same book (p126-8). Living fossil is an informal term for any living Species (or Clade) of organism which appears

• The question of evolutionary advancement has quite a history. Of course, pre-Darwin, it was believed without question that Man stood at the head of a pyramid (scala naturae). The great chain of being or scala naturæ is a classical and western Medieval conception of the order of the universe whose chief characteristic is a strict The matter is not so simple with evolution by natural selection; Darwin's own opinion varied from time to time. In the Origin he wrote "And as natural selection works by and for the good of each being, all corporeal and mental endowments will tend to progress towards perfection. "^[49] This was much too strong; as Sober remarks, there is nothing in the theory of natural selection which demands that selection must produce an increase in complexity or any other measure of advancement. It is merely compatible with the theory that this might happen. ^[50] Elsewhere Darwin admits that "naturalists have not yet defined to each other's satisfaction what is meant by high and low forms" (p336); nor have they now – this is one of the problems.
  The objective description of complexity was one of the issues addressed by cybernetics in the 1950s. Cybernetics is the interdisciplinary study of the Structure of Complex systems especially Communication processes control mechanisms and Feedback The idea that advanced machines (including living beings) could exert more control over their environments and operate in a wider range of situations perhaps serves as a basis for making the terms such as 'advanced' amenable to more exact definition. ^[51][52] This is a debate that continues today.
  For a modern survey of the idea of progress in evolution see Nitecki^[53] and Dawkins. ^[54]

Humanism

Huxley's humanism came from his appreciation that mankind was in charge of its own destiny (at least in principle), and this raised the need for a sense of direction and a system of ethics. His grandfather THH had, of course, faced the same problems and had created agnosticism. Thomas Henry Huxley PC FRS (4 May 1825 – 29 June 1895 was an English Biologist, known as "Darwin's Bulldog" for his advocacy Agnosticism ( Greek: α- a-, without + γνώσις gnōsis, knowledge after Gnosticism) is the philosophical view that the Julian's thinking went along these lines: "The critical point in the evolution of man. . . was when he acquired the use of [language]. . . Man's development is potentially open. . . He has developed a new method of evolution: the transmission of organized experience by way of tradition, which. . . largely overrides the automatic process of natural selection as the agent of change. "^[55] Like agnosticism, humanism is a form of rational thought, and does not rely upon revelation or religious tradition. Revelation is the act of revealing or disclosing (see etymology or in the theological perception making something obvious and clearly understood through active or passive communication Unlike agnosticism, it is more directed to supplying a basis for ethics. Both Huxley and his grandfather gave Romanes Lectures on Evolution and Ethics. The Romanes Lecture is a prestigious free public lecture given annually at the Sheldonian Theatre, Oxford. ^[56] (see evolutionary ethics)

Huxley had a close association with the British rationalist and humanist movements. Evolutionary ethics concerns approaches to Ethics ( Morality) based on the role of Evolution in shaping human Psychology and behavior The modern rationalist movement is a philosophical doctrine that asserts that the Truth can best be discovered by reason and factual analysis rather than Faith Secular humanism is a humanist philosophy that upholds Reason, Ethics and Justice, and specifically rejects the Supernatural He was an Honorary Associate of the Rationalist Press Association from 1927 until his death, and on the formation of the British Humanist Association in 1963 became its first President, to be succeeded by AJ Ayer in 1965. The Rationalist Association, formerly the Rationalist Press Association, is an organisation of the United Kingdom, founded on 26 May 1899 to The British Humanist Association is an organisation of the United Kingdom which promotes Humanism. Sir Alfred Jules ("Freddie" Ayer ( October 29, 1910 &ndash June 27, 1989) better known as A He was also closely involved with the International Humanist and Ethical Union. This article discusses the non-theistic Life stance of a major Humanist organisation Many of Huxley's books address humanist themes. In 1962 Huxley accepted the American Humanist Association's annual "Humanist of the Year" award.

Huxley also presided over the founding Congress of the International Humanist and Ethical Union and served with John Dewey, Albert Einstein and Thomas Mann on the founding advisory board of the First Humanist Society of New York. This article discusses the non-theistic Life stance of a major Humanist organisation John Dewey (October 20 1859 &ndash June 1 1952 was an American Philosopher, Psychologist, and educational reformer, whose thoughts and ideas have Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical Paul Thomas Mann ( June

Eugenics and race

Huxley was a prominent member of the British Eugenics Society, and was Vice-President (1937-1944) and President (1959-1962). The Galton Institute is a Learned society based in the United Kingdom. He thought eugenics was important for removing undesirable variants from the human gene pool; but at least after WWII he believed race was a meaningless concept in biology, and its application to humans was highly inconsistent. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The term race or racial group usually refers to the concept of categorizing Humans into Populations or groups on the basis of various sets ^[57]

Although Huxley was an outspoken critic of the most extreme eugenicism in the 1920s and 1930s (the stimulus for which was the greater fertility of the 'feckless' poor compared to the 'responsible' prosperous classes), he was, nevertheless, a leading figure in the eugenics movement. He gave the Galton memorial lecture twice, in 1936 and 1962. Sir Francis Galton FRS ( 16 February 1822 &ndash 17 January 1911) half-cousin of Charles Darwin, was an In his writing he used this argument several times: no-one doubts the wisdom of managing the germ-plasm of agricultural stocks, so why not apply the same concept to human stocks? "The agricultural analogy appears over and over again as it did in the writings of many American eugenicists. " ^[58]

Huxley was one of many intellectuals at the time who believed that the lowest class in society was genetically inferior. This passage, from 1941, puts the view forcefully:

"The lowest strata are reproducing too fast. Therefore. . . they must not have too easy access to relief or hospital treatment lest the removal of the last check on natural selection should make it too easy for children to be produced or to survive; long unemployment should be a ground for sterilisation. " ^[59]

Here, he does not demean the working class in general, but aims for "the virtual elimination of the few lowest and most degenerate types". Working class is a term used in academic Sociology and in ordinary conversation to describe depending on context and speaker those employed in specific fields or types ^[60] The sentiment is not at all untypical of the time, and similar views were held by many geneticists (William E. Castle, C.B. Davenport, H.J. Muller are examples), and by other prominent intellectuals. Professor William Ernest Castle ( October 25 1867 &mdash June 3 1962) was an early American geneticist. Charles Benedict Davenport ( June 1, 1866 &ndash February 18, 1944) was a prominent American biologist and eugenicist Hermann Joseph “HJ” Muller ( December 21 1890 &ndash April 5 1967) was an American Geneticist, educator and An intellectual (from the adjective meaning "involving thought and reason" is a person who tries to use his or her Intelligence and analytical thinking,

In the opinion of Duvall, "His views fell well within the spectrum of opinion acceptable to the English liberal intellectual elite. He shared Nature's enthusiasm for birth control, and 'voluntary' sterilization. Nature is a prominent Scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869 " ^[61] However, the word 'English' in this passage is unnecessary: such views were widespread. ^[62] Duvall comments that Huxley's enthusiasm for centralised social and economic planning and anti-industrial values was common to leftist ideologists during the inter-war years. Planning in Organizations and Public policy is both the organizational process of creating and maintaining a Plan; and the psychological process of An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics Towards the end of his life Huxley himself must have recognised how unpopular these views became after the end of WWII. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including In the two volumes of his autobiography there is no mention of eugenics in the index, nor is Galton mentioned; and the subject has also been omitted from many of the obituaries and biographies. An exception is the proceedings of a conference organised by the British Eugenics Society. The Galton Institute is a Learned society based in the United Kingdom. ^[63]

In response to the rise of European fascism in the 1930s he was asked to write We Europeans with the ethnologist A.C. Haddon, zoologist Alexander Carr-Saunders and historian of science Charles Singer. Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology Alfred Cort Haddon ( May 24[[ 855]]- April 20[[ 940]] was an influential British anthropologist Sir Alexander Morris Carr-Saunders, KBE, FBA (1886 - 1966 was an English biologist and sociologist Charles Joseph Singer ( 2 November 1876 - 10 June 1960) was a British historian of science and medicine. Huxley suggested the word 'race' be replaced with ethnic group. After the Second World War he was instrumental in producing the UNESCO statement The Race Question,^[64] which asserted that:

"A race, from the biological standpoint, may therefore be defined as one of the group of populations constituting the species Homo sapiens" and "Now what has the scientist to say about the groups of mankind which may be recognized at the present time? Human races can be and have been differently classified by different anthropologists, but at the present time most anthropologists agree on classifying the greater part of present-day mankind into three major divisions, as follows: The Mongoloid Division; The Negroid Division; The Caucasoid Division. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 The Race Question is a UNESCO statement issued on 18 July, 1950 following World War II. " The UNESCO statement also helped destroy the idea that Jewish people form a distinct racial group when it asserted that "Catholics, Protestants, Moslems and Jews are not races. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ . . "

In the post war years, after the realisation that eugenic ideas had been used to excuse mass murder, Huxley (1957) coined the term "transhumanism" to describe the view that man should better himself through science and technology, possibly including eugenics, but also, importantly, the improvement of the social environment. Transhumanism (sometimes symbolized by >H or H+) a term often used as a synonym for " Human enhancement " is an international intellectual

Public life and science popularisation

Huxley was always able to write well, and was ever willing to address the public on scientific topics. Well over half his books are addressed to an educated general audience, and he wrote often in periodicals and newspapers. The most extensive bibliography of Huxley lists some of these ephemeral articles, though there are others unrecorded. ^[65]

These articles, some reissued as Essays of a biologist (1923), probably led to the invitation from H.G. Wells to help write a comprehensive work on biology for a general readership, The Science of Life. Herbert George Wells (21 September 1866 &ndash 13 August 1946 He was an outspoken socialist and a pacifist, his later works becoming increasingly political ^[66] This work was published in stages in 1929-30,^[67] and in one volume in 1931. Of this Robert Olby said "Book IV The essence of the controversies about evolution offers perhaps the clearest, most readable, succinct and informative popular account of the subject ever penned. Robert Cecil Olby (born in 1933 is a research professor in the Department of History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Pittsburgh. It was here that he first expounded his his own version of what later developed into the evolutionary synthesis. "^[68][69] In his memoirs, Huxley says that, all told, he made close to £10,000 out of the book. ^[70]

In 1934 Huxley collaborated with the naturalist Ronald Lockley to create for Alexander Korda the world's first natural history documentary The Private Life of the Gannets. Ronald Mathias Lockley ( -) was a Welsh naturalist and Author who spent much of his later life in New Zealand. Sir Alexander Korda (September 16 1893 - January 23 1956 was a Hungarian-born Film director and producer. The Private Life of the Gannets is a 1937 short Documentary film directed by Julian Huxley. For the film, shot with the support of the Royal Navy around Grassholm off the Pembrokeshire coast, they won an Oscar for best documentary. Geography Pembrokeshire is a maritime County, bordered by the sea on three sides by Ceredigion (Cardiganshire to the northeast and by "The Oscar" redirects here for the film see The Oscar (film. ^[71]

Huxley had given talks on the radio since the 1920s, followed by written versions in The Listener. See also New Zealand Listener and Listener (musician and The Listener (TV series The Listener was a weekly In later life, he became known to an even wider audience through television. Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic In 1939 the BBC asked him to be a regular panelist on a Home Service general knowledge show, The Brains Trust, in which he and other panelists were asked to discuss questions submitted by listeners. For other uses see Brain Trust (disambiguation. The Brains Trust was a popular informational BBC radio and later television The show was commissioned to keep up war time morale, by preventing the war from "disrupting the normal discussion of interesting ideas". The audience was not large for this somewhat elite program; however, listener research ranked Huxley the most popular member of the Brains Trust from 1941 to 1944. ^[72][73]
Later, he was a regular panelist on one of the BBC's first quiz shows (1955) Animal, Vegetable, Mineral?, a version of Twenty Questions, the famous Quiz Show format which was first presented in the USA. Twenty Questions is a spoken parlor game which encourages Deductive reasoning and Creativity.

In his essay The Crowded World Huxley was openly critical of Communist and Catholic attitudes to birth control, population control and overpopulation. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Catholic is an Adjective derived from the Greek adjective '' / 'katholikos' meaning "whole" or "complete". Birth control, sometimes synonymous with contraception, is a regimen of one or more actions devices or Medications followed in order to deliberately prevent Population control is the practice of limiting population increase usually by reducing the Birth rate. Overpopulation refers to a condition where an Organism 's numbers exceed the Carrying capacity of its Habitat. Based on variable rates of compound interest, Huxley predicted a probable world population of 6 billion by 2000. Compound interest is the concept of adding accumulated Interest back to the principal so that interest is earned on interest from that moment on The world population is the total number of living Humans on Earth at a given time The United Nations Population Fund marked 12 October 1999 as The Day Of 6 Billion. The United Nations Population Fund ( UNFPA) began operations in 1969 as the United Nations Fund for Population Activities (the name was changed in 1987 Events 539 BC - The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar)

Terms coined

Huxley's use of language was highly skilled, and when no word seemed to suit he invented one. These are the most significant:

• Clade (1957)
• Cline (1938)
• Grade (1959)
• Ethnic group (1936: as opposed to race)
• Morph (1942: as more correct and simpler than polymorph)
• Ritualization (1914: formalised activities in bird behaviour)
• Transhumanism (1957: the improvement of human beings)

Titles and phrases

Huxley always chose his titles carefully. A clade is a taxonomic group comprising a single Common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor In Alpha taxonomy, a grade refers to a level of morphological and/or Physiological complexity Polymorphism in biology occurs when two or more clearly different Phenotypes exist in the same population of a species — in other words the occurrence of more than one Polymorphism in biology occurs when two or more clearly different Phenotypes exist in the same population of a species — in other words the occurrence of more than one Ritualization is a behavior that occurs typically in the member of a given Species in a highly Stereotyped fashion and independent of any direct Physiological Transhumanism (sometimes symbolized by >H or H+) a term often used as a synonym for " Human enhancement " is an international intellectual He wrote about fifty books (depending on how you count them), and these themes are characteristic:

• Religion without revelation (1927, 1957)
• The new systematics (1940)
• The uniqueness of man (1941)
• Evolution: the modern synthesis (1942)
• Evolutionary ethics (1943)
• Evolution as a process (1954)
• Essays of a humanist (1964)
• The future of man. Biological systematics is the study of the diversity of Life on the planet Earth both past and present and the relationships among living things through time (1966)

References

Works

• The individual in the animal kingdom (1911)
• The courtship habits of the Great Crested Grebe (1914) [a landmark in ethology]
• Essays of a Biologist (1923)
• The stream of life (1926)
• Animal biology (with J.B.S. Haldane, 1927)
• Religion without revelation (1927, revised edition 1957)
• The tissue-culture king (1927) [science fiction]
• Ants (1929)
• The science of life: a summary of contemporary knowledge about life and its possibilities (with H.G. & G.P. Wells, 1929-30). The Great Crested Grebe, Podiceps cristatus is a member of the Grebe family of water birds Ethology ( from Greek ἦθος ethos, "character" and λόγος logos, "knowledge") is the scientific study of Animal John Burdon Sanderson Haldane FRS ( 5 November 1892 &ndash 1 December 1964) known as Jack (but who used 'J Tissue culture is the growth of tissues and/or cells separate from the organism Ants are social Insects of the family Formicidae and along with the related families of Wasps and Bees belong to the order Herbert George Wells (21 September 1866 &ndash 13 August 1946 He was an outspoken socialist and a pacifist, his later works becoming increasingly political George Philip Wells FRS ( 17 July 1901 – 27 September 1985) son of the British Science fiction Author First issued in 31 fortnightly parts published by Amalgamated Press, 1929-31, bound up in three volumes as publication proceeded. First issued in one volume by Cassell in 1931, reprinted 1934, 1937, popular edition, fully revised, 1938. Published as separate volumes by Cassell 1934-37: I The living body. II Patterns of life (1934). III Evolution—fact and theory. IV Reproduction, heredity and the development of sex. V The history and adventure of life. VI The drama of life. VII How animals behave (1937). VIII Man's mind and behaviour. IX Biology and the human race. Published in New York by Doubleday, Doran & Co. 1931, 1934, 1939; and by The Literary Guild 1934. Three of the Cassell spin-off books were also published by Doubleday in 1932: Evolution, fact and theory; The human mind and the behavior of Man; Reproduction, genetics and the development of sex.
• Bird-watching and bird behaviour (1930)
• An introduction to science (with Edward Andrade, 1931-34)
• What dare I think?: the challenge of modern science to human action and belief. Birdwatching or birding is the observation and study of Birds with the naked eye or through a visual enhancement device like Binoculars. Edward Neville da Costa Andrade FRS ( December 27, 1887 - June 6, 1971) was an English Physicist, writer and Chatto & Windus, London; Harper, N. Y. (1931)
• Africa view (1931)
• The captive shrew and other poems (1932)
• Problems of relative growth (1932)
• A scientist among the Soviets (1932)
• If I were Dictator. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Methuen, London; Harper, N. Y. (1934)
• Scientific research and social needs (1934)
• Elements of experimental embryology (with Gavin de Beer, 1934)
• Thomas Huxley's diary of the voyage of HMS Rattlesnake (1935)
• We Europeans (with A.C. Haddon, 1936)
• Animal language (photographs by Ylla, includes recordings of animal calls: 1938, reprinted 1964)
• The present standing of the theory of sexual selection. Embryology (from Greek grc ἔμβρυον embryon, "unborn embryo" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the development Sir Gavin Rylands de Beer FRS (1899–1972 was a British Evolutionary embryologist. Nine ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Rattlesnake, including, a 16-gun sloop in service from 1791, a 28-gun frigate launched The European peoples are the various Nations and Ethnic groups of Europe. Alfred Cort Haddon ( May 24[[ 855]]- April 20[[ 940]] was an influential British anthropologist Animal language is the modeling of human language in non human animal systems Sexual selection is the Theory proposed by Charles Darwin that states that certain evolutionary traits can be explained by Intraspecific competition In Gavin de Beer (ed) Evolution: Essays on aspects of evolutionary biology (p11-42). Sir Gavin Rylands de Beer FRS (1899–1972 was a British Evolutionary embryologist. Oxford: Clarendon Press (1938)
• The living thoughts of Darwin (1939)
• The new systematics. Charles Robert Darwin (February 12 1809 &ndash April 19 1882 was an English naturalist, who realised and demonstrated that all Species of life Oxford. (1940) [this multi-author volume, edited by Huxley, is one of the foundation stones of the 'New Synthesis', with essays on taxonomy, evolution, natural selection, Mendelian genetics and population genetics]
• Democracy marches. Taxonomy is the practice and science of classification The word comes from the Greek, taxis (meaning 'order' 'arrangement' and, nomos eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 Natural selection is the process by which favorable Heritable traits become more common in successive Generations of a Population of Mendelian inheritance (or Mendelian genetics or Mendelism) is a set of primary tenets relating to the transmission of hereditary characteristics from parent Population genetics is the study of the Allele frequency distribution and change under the influence of the four evolutionary forces Natural selection, Genetic Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system Chatto & Windus, London; Harper N. Y. (1941)
• The uniqueness of man. Chatto & Windus, London. (1941; reprint 1943). U. S. as Man stands alone. Harper, N. Y. 1941.
• On living in a revolution. Harper, N,Y. (1944)
• Evolution: the modern synthesis. Allen & Unwin, London. (1942, reprinted 1943, 1944, 1945, 1948, 1955; 2nd ed, with new introduction and bibliography by the author, 1963; 3rd ed, with new introduction and bibliography by nine contributors, 1974). U. S. first edition by Harper, 1943. [this summarises research on all topics relevant to evolution up to the Second World War]
• Evolutionary ethics (1943)
• TVA: Adventure in planning (1944)
• Evolution and ethics 1893-1943. Planning in Organizations and Public policy is both the organizational process of creating and maintaining a Plan; and the psychological process of Pilot, London. In USA as Touchstone for ethics Harper, N. Y. (1947) [includes text from both T.H. Huxley and Julian Huxley]
• Man in the modern world (1947) eBook [essays selected from The uniqueness of man (1941) and On living in a revolution (1944)
• Soviet genetics and World science: Lysenko and the meaning of heredity. Thomas Henry Huxley PC FRS (4 May 1825 – 29 June 1895 was an English Biologist, known as "Darwin's Bulldog" for his advocacy Lysenko may refer to Mykola Lysenko (Ukrainian composer Tatyana Lysenko (Russian hammer thrower Trofim Lysenko Chatto & Windus, London. In USA as Heredity, East and West. Schuman, N. Y. (1949).
• Evolution in action (1953)
• Evolution as a process (with Hardy A.C. and Ford E.B. eds. Sir Alister Clavering Hardy ( 10 February 1896 &ndash 22 May 1985) was an Oxford -educated Marine biologist, expert on Professor Edmund Brisco "Henry" Ford FRS, Hon FRCP ( 23rd April 1901- 2nd January 1988 was a British ecological ) Allen & Unwin, London. (1954)
• From an antique land: ancient and modern in the Middle East. Parrish, London (1954, revised 1966)
• Kingdom of the beasts (with W. Suschitzky, 1956)
• Biological aspects of cancer (1957)
• New bottles for new wine Chatto & Windus, London; Harper N. Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled Y. (1957); repr as Knowledge, morality, destiny. N. Y. (1960)
• The coming new religion of humanism (1962)
• The humanist frame (as editor, 1961)
• Essays of a humanist (1964) reprinted 1966, 1969, 1992: ISBN 0-87975-778-7
• The human crisis (1964)
• Darwin and his world (with Bernard Kettlewell, 1965)
• Aldous Huxley 1894-1963: a memorial volume. Humanism is a broad category of ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal Charles Robert Darwin (February 12 1809 &ndash April 19 1882 was an English naturalist, who realised and demonstrated that all Species of life Henry Bernard Davis Kettlewell ( 24 February 1907 - 1979 was a British Geneticist, Lepidopterist and Medical doctor, who Aldous Leonard Huxley (26 July 1894 &ndash 22 November 1963 was an English writer and one of the most prominent members of the famous Huxley family. (as editor, 1965)
• The future of man: evolutionary aspects. (1966)
• The wonderful world of evolution (1969)
• Memories (2 vols 1970 & 1973) [his autobiography]
• The Mitchell Beazley Atlas of World Wildlife. eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 An autobiography, from the Greek αὐτός autos "self" βίος bios "life" and γράφειν graphein "to write" Mitchell Beazley, London; also published as The Atlas of World Wildlife. Purnell, Cape Town. (1973)

Contributions

• Eliot Howard, Territory in bird life. Henry Eliot Howard ( November 13, 1873 - December 26, 1940) was an English Ornithologist, noted for being one of the first Collins (1948 edition) - Foreword, with James Fisher

Biographies

• Baker John R. A foreword is a (usually short piece of writing often found at the beginning of a book or other piece of Literature, before the introduction, and written by someone James Maxwell McConnell Fisher ( 3 September, 1912 &ndash 25 September, 1970) was a British Author, editor 1978. Julian Huxley, scientist and world citizen, 1887-1975. UNESCO, Paris.
• Clark, Ronald W. 1960. Sir Julian Huxley. Phoenix, London.
• Clark, Ronald W. 1968. The Huxleys. Heinemann, London.
• Dronamraju, Krishna R. 1993. If I am to be remembered: the life & work of Julian Huxley, with selected correspondence. World Scientific, Singapore.
• Green, Jens-Peter 1981. Krise und Hoffnung, der Evolutionshumanismus Julian Huxleys. Carl Winter Universitatsverlag.
• Huxley, Julian. 1970, 1973. Memories and Memories II. George Allen & Unwin, London.
• Huxley, Juliette 1986. Leaves of the tulip tree. Murray, London [her autobiography includes much about Julian]
• Keynes, Milo and Harrison, G. Ainsworth (eds) 1989. Evolutionary studies: a centenary celebration of the life of Julian Huxley. Proceeding of the 24th annual symposium of the Eugenics Society, London 1987. Macmillan, London.
• Olby, Robert 2004. Huxley, Sir Julian Sorell (1887–1975). In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. (2680 words)
• Waters, C. Kenneth and Van Helden, Albert (eds) 1993. Julian Huxley: biologist and statesman of science. Rice University Press, Houston. [scholarly articles by historians of science on Huxley's work and ideas]

External links

• Short biography.
• "Guide to the Julian Sorell Huxley Papers, 1899-1980" (Woodson Research Center, Fondren Library, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA)—"Julian Huxley papers documenting his career as a biologist and a leading intellectual. 180 boxes of materials ranging in date from 1899-1980. " Extent: 91 linear feet.
• "Transhumanism" in New Bottles for New Wine. London: Chatto & Windus, 1957.
• "The New Divination" in Essays of a Humanist. London: Chatto & Windus, 1964.
• Fullerian Professorships

Awards

Political offices
Preceded by n. a.	UNESCO Director-General 1946–1948	Succeeded by Jaime Torres Bodet
Academic offices
Preceded by Joseph Barcroft	Fullerian Professor of Physiology 1927–1930	Succeeded by J.B.S. Haldane
Professional and academic associations
Preceded by Peter Chalmers Mitchell	Secretary of the Zoological Society of London 1935–1942	Succeeded by Sheffield Airey Neave
Awards
Preceded by Louis de Broglie	Kalinga Prize 1953	Succeeded by Waldemar Kaempffert
Preceded by Edmund Brisco Ford	Darwin Medal 1956	Succeeded by Gavin de Beer
Preceded by N/A	Darwin-Wallace Medal 1958	Succeeded by N/A
Preceded by Harrison S. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 Jaime Torres Bodet ( 17 April 1902 – 13 May 1974) was a prominent Mexican politician and writer who served in the executive cabinet Sir Joseph Barcroft ( 26 July 1872 - 21 March 1947) was a British Physiologist best known for his studies of the Oxygenation The Royal Institution of Great Britain is an organization devoted to scientific education and research based in London. John Burdon Sanderson Haldane FRS ( 5 November 1892 &ndash 1 December 1964) known as Jack (but who used 'J Sir Peter Chalmers Mitchell CBE FRS DSc LLD (23rd November 1864–1945 zoologist was Secretary of the Zoological Society of London The Zoological Society of London (sometimes known by the abbreviation ZSL) is a Learned society founded in London in April 1826 by Sir Thomas Stamford Louis-Victor-Pierre-Raymond 7th duc de Broglie, FRS (də bʁœj ( August 15 1892 &ndash March 19 1987) was a French The Kalinga Prize for the Popularization of Science is an Award given by UNESCO for exceptional skill in presenting scientific ideas to lay people. Waldemar Kaempffert ( September 27, 1877 - 1956 was a US science writer and museum director Professor Edmund Brisco "Henry" Ford FRS, Hon FRCP ( 23rd April 1901- 2nd January 1988 was a British ecological The Darwin Medal is given by the Royal Society every even year for "work of acknowledged distinction in the broad area of Biology in which Charles Darwin Sir Gavin Rylands de Beer FRS (1899–1972 was a British Evolutionary embryologist. The Linnean Society of London is the World 's premier society for the study and dissemination of Taxonomy and natural history Brown	Lasker Award 1959	Succeeded by Gregory Pincus

The Albert Lasker Medical Research Awards have been awarded annually since 1946 to living persons who have made major contributions to Medical science. Gregory Goodwin Pincus ( April 9, 1903 - August 22, 1967) American biologist and researcher was co-inventor of the Combined

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