Judeo-Christian (or Judaeo-Christian, sometimes written as Judæo-Christian) is a term used to describe the body of concepts and values which are thought to be held in common by Judaism and adapted by Christianity, and considered by some (often along with classical Greco-Roman civilization) a fundamental basis for Western legal codes and moral values. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Classical antiquity (also the classical era or classical period) is a broad term for a long period of cultural History centered on the Mediterranean In modern Olympic and amateur Wrestling, Greco-Roman wrestling is a particular style and variation The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings In particular, the term refers to the common Old Testament/Tanakh (which is a basis of both moral traditions, including particularly the Ten Commandments); and implies a common set of values present in the modern Western World. In Western Christianity, the Old Testament refers to the books that form the first of the two-part Christian Biblical canon. See also Old testament, Septuagint, Targum, Peshitta The Tanakh (תַּנַ"ךְ (taˈnax or; also Tenakh or Tenak is The Ten Commandments, or Decalogue, are a list of religious and moral imperatives that according to Judeo-Christian tradition were authored by God and given The term has been criticized by some for suggesting more commonality than may actually exist. (Compare with Ebionites and Judaizers. The Ebionites ( Greek: grc Ἐβιωναῖοι Ebionaioi from Hebrew; he '''אביונים''' he-Latn ''Ebyonim'' "the Poor Ones" were an Judaizers, see also WiktionaryJudaization, generally describes those who inculcate to Christians the adherence to Torah Laws, which is normally considered )
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Historical background
- For a systematic contrast of the two see Christianity and Judaism. This article discusses the traditional views of the two religions and may not be applicable all adherents of each
Christianity emerged in the century after the death of Herod the Great, the century that saw the building and destruction of the Herodian Temple as well as the development of Rabbinical Judaism. Herod (הוֹרְדוֹס Horodos, Greek: Herōdes) also known as Herod I or Herod the Great (73 BC – 4 BC in Jericho Herod's Temple in Jerusalem was a massive expansion of the Temple Mount and construction of a completely new and much larger Jewish Temple by King Rabbinic Judaism or Rabbinism ( Hebrew: " Yehadut Rabanit " - יהדות רבנית is the mainstream religious system of post- diaspora Christians use New Testament scriptures, along with doctrines such as monotheism, the belief in the Messiah (in Christianity, known as [the] Christ, in Greek Χριστός, Christós, a translation of the Hebrew Mashiach, "Anointed One" or "Messiah"), concepts of sacred space and sacred time, and the use of the Psalms in community prayer. For the Celtic Frost album see Monotheist (album In Theology, monotheism (from Greek grc [[wiktμόνος μόνος]] This article is about the concept of a Messiah in religion notably in the Christian Islamic and Jewish traditions Christ is the English term for the Greek ( Khristós) meaning "the anointed " Koine Greek (Κοινὴ Ἑλληνική, "common Greek" or, ciˈni ðiˈale̞kto̞s "the common dialect" is the popular form of Greek which emerged in To anoint is to pour or smear with perfumed oil milk water melted butter or other substances a process employed ritually by many religions and races Psalms ( Hebrew: Tehilim, תהילים, or "praises" is a book of the Hebrew Bible (the Christian Old Testament) included Christianity in many cases discarded practices Judaism regarded as fundamental, believing their external, physical forms to be typology intended for a spiritual fulfillment. Among these were the Jewish covenant on male circumcision, keeping of the physical Sabbath, the keeping of kashrut, and much of the Law and traditions of the Oral Torah (but see also Christian view of the Law). Covenant, meaning a solemn contract oath or bond is the customary word used to translate the Hebrew word berith ( ברית, Male Circumcision, when practiced as a rite has its foundations in the Bible, in the Abrahamic covenant, such as, and is therefore practiced by Jews Shabbat or Shabbos ( Hebrew: שַׁבָּת, shabbāt, shabbes, "rest/inactivity" is the Weekly Sabbath Kashrut (also kashruth or kashrus, he כַּשְׁרוּת refers to Jewish dietary laws. According to Rabbinic Judaism, the oral Torah, oral Law, or oral tradition ( is the oral tradition received in conjunction with the written Torah In Western Christianity, the Old Testament refers to the books that form the first of the two-part Christian Biblical canon. Some Christian groups, however, have varying interpretations of New Testament scriptures and believe in continuing some of the above institutions, even in their physical, literal form. One of the most significant early Christian preachers, Paul of Tarsus, himself a Jew, Pharisee and Roman citizen who subsequently converted to the Christian faith, made a point of preaching to the gentiles in order to spread Christianity. Paul the apostle (שאול התרסי Šaʾul HaTarsi, meaning " Saul of Tarsus " Σαούλ Saul and Σαῦλος Saulos and Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 The term Gentile (from Latin, gentilis, meaning of or belonging to a clan or tribe refers to non- Israelite tribes or nations in the Bible.
Etymological background
The first-known uses of the terms "Judeo-Christian" and "Judeo-Christianity", according to the Oxford English Dictionary, are 1899 and 1910 respectively, but both were discussing the emergence of Christianity. The Oxford English Dictionary ( OED) published by the Oxford University Press (OUP is a comprehensive Dictionary of the English The term is sometimes used in politics as a shorthand for religious influences upon Western culture
Basis of a common concept of the two religions
Supporters of the Judeo-Christian concept point to the Christian claim that Christianity is the heir to Biblical Judaism, and that the whole logic of Christianity as a religion is that it exists (only) as a religion built upon Judaism. In addition, although the order of the books in the Christian Old Testament and the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) differ, the books are the same. In Western Christianity, the Old Testament refers to the books that form the first of the two-part Christian Biblical canon. See also Old testament, Septuagint, Targum, Peshitta The Tanakh (תַּנַ"ךְ (taˈnax or; also Tenakh or Tenak is The majority of the Old Testament is, in fact, Jewish scripture, and it is used as moral and spiritual teaching material throughout the Christian world. The prophets, patriarchs, and heroes of the Jewish scripture are also known in Christianity, which uses the Jewish text as the basis for its understanding of historic Judeo-Christian figures such as Abraham, Elijah, and Moses. Abraham ( Ashkenazi Avrohom or Avruhom; ابراهيم, {{Unicode|Ibrāhīm}}; Ge'ez: Elijah or Elias ( was a Prophet in Israel in the 9th century BC Moses ( Latin: Moyses,; Greek: grc Mωυσής in both the Septuagint and the New Testament; Arabic: ar موسىٰ As a result, a vast chunk of Jewish and Christian teachings are based on a common sacred text.
Use of term in United States law
In the legal case of Marsh v. Chambers, 463 U. Marsh v Chambers, 463 US 783 ( 1983) was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that government funding for chaplains S. 783 (1983), the Supreme Court of the United States held that a state legislature could constitutionally have a paid chaplain to conduct legislative prayers "in the Judeo-Christian tradition. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. " In Simpson v. Chesterfield County Board of Supervisors, No. 04-1045 (4th Cir. 2005), the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals held that the Supreme Court's holding in the Marsh case permitting legislative bodies to conduct prayer in the "Chesterfield County could constitutionally exclude Cynthia Simpson, a Wiccan priestess, from leading its legislative prayers, because her faith was not "in the Judeo-Christian tradition. The United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit is a federal court located in Richmond Virginia with Appellate jurisdiction over the " Chesterfield County's Board included Jewish, Christian, and Muslim clergy in its invited list.
Criticism of the term
The term Judeo-Christian has been criticized for implying more commonality than actually exists. In The Myth of the Judeo-Christian Tradition, Jewish theologian-novelist Arthur A. Cohen questions the theological appropriateness of the term and suggests that it was essentially an invention of American politics. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Arthur Allen Cohen (1928-1986 was an important American Jewish scholar theologian and author Politics of the United States takes place in the framework of a presidential, Federal republic where the President of the United States (the Head of [1]. It has been suggested that the term obscures fundamental differences between the two religions - Rabbi Eliezer Berkovits writes that "Judaism is Judaism because it rejects Christianity, and Christianity is Christianity because it rejects Judaism"[2] - while erasing continuities between them and other religions, especially other monotheistic faiths. Eliezer Berkovits (8 September 1908 Nagyvarad &ndash 20 August 1992) was a Rabbi, Theologian, For the Celtic Frost album see Monotheist (album In Theology, monotheism (from Greek grc [[wiktμόνος μόνος]] The Slovenian postmodern philosopher Slavoj Žižek has argued in this last point that the term Judeo-Muslim to describe the middle-east culture against the western Christian culture would be more appropriate in these days[3], especially noting the reduced influence from the Jewish culture on the western world due to the historical persecution and exclusion of the Jewish minority. Postmodernism literally means 'after the modernist movement' While " Modern " itself refers to something "related to the present" the movement of modernism Slavoj Žižek (ˈslavoj ˈʒiʒɛk (born 21 March 1949) is a Post-Marxist Sociologist, Philosopher, and Cultural critic A Judaeo-Christian-Muslim concept thus refers to the three main monotheistic religions, commonly known as the Abrahamic Religions.
See also
- Law and Gospel — traditional Protestant views against reviving Jewish laws among Christian Gentiles
- Supersessionism — the belief that Christianity has superseded Judaism
- Antinomianism — term used to describe those who believe that Christians are not subject to laws
- Cultural and historical background of Jesus — perspective on the period in which the two religions began to diverge
- Judaizers — term used to describe people that taught that Christians must keep the law of Moses
- Noahides — gentile monotheists who keep the Bible's universal commandments, the Noahide laws
- Ebionites — an early sect that combined Judaism with Christianity
- Messianic Judaism
Related terms
- Abrahamic religions — an umbrella term used to refer to the religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam as well as sometimes indicating smaller, related religions such as Bahá'í Faith and Samaritans . The relationship between God's Law and the Gospel is a major topic in Lutheran and Reformed theology Supersessionism ( British English: supercessionism) and replacement theology are particular interpretations of New Testament claims viewing For the term in politics describing socialist movements see Autonomism Antinomianism (from the Greek ἀντί, "against" Scholars examine the cultural and historical background of Jesus in order to better understand Jesus his ministry and the origins of Christianity Judaizers, see also WiktionaryJudaization, generally describes those who inculcate to Christians the adherence to Torah Laws, which is normally considered B'nei Noah ( Hebrew: בני נוח) or Children of Noah or Noahides is a modern monotheistic movement which observes the Seven Laws of Noah The Ebionites ( Greek: grc Ἐβιωναῖοι Ebionaioi from Hebrew; he '''אביונים''' he-Latn ''Ebyonim'' "the Poor Ones" were an Messianic Judaism is a Christian movement that emphasizes the Jewish roots of the Christian religion Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The Bahá'í Faith is a Religion founded by Bahá'u'lláh in nineteenth-century Persia, emphasizing the spiritual unity of all humankind
- Christo-Islamic — term used to refer to common elements in Christianity and Islam
- Judeo-Christo-Islamic — a term used to describe common elements in Judaism, Christianity and Islam; this is normally called Abrahamic. The historical interaction between Christianity and Islam, in the field of Comparative religion, connects fundamental ideas in Christianity with similar ones in Islam
- Judeo-Islamic — term used to refer to the common cultural elements and backgrounds of Islam and Judaism. The historical interaction of Judaism and Islam started in the 7th century CE with the origin and spread of Islam in the Arabian peninsula.
References
- ^ A Judeo-Christian Looks at the Judeo-Christian Tradition
- ^ Disputation and Dialogue: Readings in the Jewish Christian Encounter, Ed. F. E. Talmage, Ktav, 1975, p. 291.
- ^ Slavoj Zizek - A Glance into the Archives of Islam
- Bulliet, Richard. The Case for Islamo-Christian Civilization. Columbia University Press, 2004.
- Cohen, Arthur A. The Myth of the Judeo-Christian Tradition. Harper & Row, New York, 1970.
- Hexter, J. H. The Judaeo-Christian Tradition (Second Edition). Jack H Hexter ( May 25, 1910 – December 8, 1996) was an American historian a specialist in Tudor and seventeenth century Yale University Press, 1995.
- Neusner, Jacob. Jews and Christians: The Myth of a Common Tradition. Trinity Press International, Philadelphia, 1991.
External links
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