| Jubaland | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
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 |
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| Capital (and largest city) |
Kismayo | |||
| Government | ||||
| - | President | Mohamud Ali Magan 2008- | ||
| Independence | From Somalia | |||
| - | Declared | 1998 | ||
| - | Ended by JVA | 1999 | ||
Jubaland (Somali: Jubbaland) or Juba Valley (Somali: Dooxada Jubba), formerly Trans-Juba (Italian: Oltre Giuba), is the southwesternmost part of Somalia, on the far side of the Juba River (thus "Trans"-Juba), bordering on Kenya. Kismayo or Kismayu (Kismaayo كيسمايو; Chisimaio is a Port For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. Independence is the Self-government of a Nation, Country, or State by its residents and population or some portion thereof generally exercising Somalia ( Soomaaliya; الصومال) officially the Somali Republic ( Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, جمهورية الصومال) and formerly known The Juba Valley Alliance (JVA (Somali Isbahaysiga Dooxada Jubba) is a political faction of the Somali Civil War. Somali ( Af Soomaali, الصوماليه is a member of the East Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family spoken by ethnic Somalis Somali ( Af Soomaali, الصوماليه is a member of the East Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family spoken by ethnic Somalis Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Somalia ( Soomaaliya; الصومال) officially the Somali Republic ( Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, جمهورية الصومال) and formerly known The Jubba River (Webi Jubba is a River in southern Somalia which begins at the border with Ethiopia where the Dawa and Gebele The Republic of Kenya is a country in East Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the north Somalia to the northeast Tanzania to the south
Total population of Jubaland is estimated at 1. 3 million inhabitants. Its constituent administrative regions of Gedo, Lower Juba, and Middle Juba had estimated populations of 690,000, 400,000 and 240,000, respectively, in 2005. Gedo ( Geedo) is an administrative region ( gobolka) formerly part of the historic Upper Juba Region, Somalia. Lower Juba (Jubbada Hoose is an administrative region ( gobolka) in the traditional region of Jubaland in southern Somalia. Middle Juba (Jubbada Dhexe is an administrative region ( gobolka) in southern Somalia in the historical region of Jubaland. [1] The region has a total area of 87,000 km² (33,000 sq mi). The main city is Kismayo, on the coast near the mouth of the Juba. Kismayo or Kismayu (Kismaayo كيسمايو; Chisimaio is a Port
The region has been the site of numerous battles in the ongoing Somali Civil War and was briefly declared independent in 1998–1999. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common The Somali Civil War is an armed conflict in Somalia that started in 1988 As of early 2008, the region is under nominal control of the Somali Transitional Federal Government. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common The Transitional Federal Government (TFG of the Somali Republic ( Dowladda federaalka kumeelgaarka) is the present internationally recognized government of Somalia
Contents |
History
Precolonial history
Jubaland was ruled by the Arabian Sultanate of Muscat (now in Oman) from 1836 until 1861 when the new Sultanate of Zanzibar was split from Muscat and Oman and given control of its African territories . Muscat ( Arabic: مسقط) is the Capital and largest city of the Sultanate of Oman. Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman ( Arabic: سلطنة عُمان) is an Arab Country in Southwest Asia on the southeast Zanzibar ( is part of the East African republic of Tanzania. It consists of the Zanzibar Archipelago in the Muscat and Oman (مسقط وعمان was a country that encompassed the present day Sultanate of Oman and parts of the United Arab Emirates (UAE
British and Italian rule
On 7 November 1890, Zanzibar became a British protectorate and, on 1 July 1895, ceded all its coastal possessions in continental East Africa to its protector. Events 1492 - The Ensisheim Meteorite the oldest Meteorite with a known date of impact strikes the Earth around noon in a Wheat The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. In International law, a protectorate is a autonomous territory that is "protected" by a stronger state or entity hense the protector which engages to protect "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Together with Zanzibar's other former possessions in the area, Jubaland became part of the British colony of British East Africa (present day Kenya)
Jubaland was ceded to Italy 29 June 1925, purportedly as a reward for joining the Allies in World War I and had a brief existence as the Italian colony of Trans-Juba (Oltre Giuba), under governor (16 July 1924 - 31 December 1926) Corrado Zoli (b. British East Africa was an area of East Africa controlled by the British in the late 19th century which became a Protectorate covering roughly the area of present-day The Republic of Kenya is a country in East Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the north Somalia to the northeast Tanzania to the south Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Events 512 - A Solar eclipse is recorded by a monastic chronicler in Ireland. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Italian colonial empire was created after the Kingdom of Italy joined other European powers in establishing colonies overseas during the " Scramble for Africa Events 622 - The beginning of the Islamic calendar. 1054 - Three Roman legates fractured relations between the Western and Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. 1877 - d. 1951). It was incorporated into the neighboring colony of Italian Somaliland on 30 June 1926. Italian Somalia (also known as Italian Somaliland) was a colony of the Kingdom of Italy ( Regno d'Italia) from the 1880s until 1942 in the territory Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper The colony had a total area of 87,000 km² (33,000 sq mi), and in 1926 a population of 120,000.
Jubaland as part of Somalia
On 1 July 1960, Jubaland, along with the rest of Italian Somaliland and British Somaliland, became part of the independent republic Somalia. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. British Somaliland was a British Protectorate in the north part of the Horn of Africa. Somalia ( Soomaaliya; الصومال) officially the Somali Republic ( Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, جمهورية الصومال) and formerly known
Some of the major recent history events of the Jubba Regions included internal migration after Somali Independence in 1960. The two Jubba regions were mainly inhabited by the Somali Ogaden and Marehan clans. The Somali military government established a resettlement program for people from the devastating 1974 famine which hit the northern Somalia and Ogaden region or Western Somalia.
The programme created farming communities in Lower Jubba and Middle Jubba regions. Lower Juba (Jubbada Hoose is an administrative region ( gobolka) in the traditional region of Jubaland in southern Somalia. Middle Juba (Jubbada Dhexe is an administrative region ( gobolka) in southern Somalia in the historical region of Jubaland. These settlements were named Dajuma, Kuntuwaareey and Sablaale. The ressetlment program was known as the "Danwadaagaha" or "Collective Duty. " These new communities were mainly populated with northern tribes of Isaq and Dhulbahante. Ogaden subclans from drought prone and disputed Ogaden region took part of another resettlement progam in late 1978 to early 1979.
The Soviet Union which had strategic relations with Somalia used its army planes to airlift the drought-affected people of Hobyo and Caynaba and bring them to government-built village-camps in the Lower Jubba Region. Hobyo (also spelled Obbia and Hobyaa) is an ancient harbor city in the Mudug region of Somalia. Aside from the three main resettlement areas, which were in Dajuuma, Sablaale and Kuntuwaareey, Horogle, near Dajuuma, became the 4th largest settlement.
Horogle is a river-fed lake. Dajuma is in the Middle Jubba Region. Vast majority of the settlers in the mid 1970s, have returned to their former homes after they had re-established their lives and the economic lives for their individual families.
Somali Civil War
In December 1993, Mohammed Said Hersi's troops captured Kismayo, and awaited the departure of Belgian UN peacekeepers who were stationed there. Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) General Mohammed Said Hersi Morgan ( Maxamed Siciid Xirsi Moorgan) was the Son-in-law of Siad Barre and minister of defense of Somalia. Kismayo or Kismayu (Kismaayo كيسمايو; Chisimaio is a Port His troops had taken advantage of the UN's preoccupation with Mohamed Farah Aidid and had rearmed and regrouped. General Mohamed Farrah Aidid (محمد فرح عيديدمحمد فرح عيديد December 15 1934 – August 2 1996 was a controversial Somali leader often described [1] Mohammed Said Hersi, supported by the Marehan clan, remained in control of Kismayo until 1999. The Marehan ( Somali: Mareexaan Arabic:مريحان Marehan bin Ahmed bin Abdirahman bin Is'mail bin Ibrahim al Jaberti) are a Somali Kismayo or Kismayu (Kismaayo كيسمايو; Chisimaio is a Port In that period Hersi Morgan cooperated with his former enemies, the Majerteen of the Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF). See also Somali clan The Majeerteen, Majerteen or Macherten (Majerteen ماجرتين Muhammad Harti Amaleh Abdi Muhammad Abdirahman Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF (in Somali: Jabhadda Diimuqraadiga Badbaadinta Soomaaliyeed, and initially known as the Democratic Front for Salvation Operating from Kismayo Mohammed Said Hersi was also active in the Kenyan border area . His militia rarely fought those of Siyad Hussein, Col. Omar Jess, Ahmed Hashi which also operated in this region. Instead, they devoted most of their energies to preying upon IDPs and refugees. Internally displaced persons (IDPs are people forced to flee their homes but who unlike refugees remain within their country's borders According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race The area around Dobley refugee camp earned a reputation as one of the most dangerous and violent places in the entire region; women gathering firewood in the bush were routinely raped by predatory militiamen, aid convoys were looted, and refugees subjected to extortion and shakedowns. [2]
Declaration of independence
After the SNF had split up between Marehan and other factions Hersi had lost his position as leader in that faction. Following the civil war and the ensuing anarchy some factions managed to exert a degree of authority over certain regions of Somalia where they maintained broad clan-based support The Marehan ( Somali: Mareexaan Arabic:مريحان Marehan bin Ahmed bin Abdirahman bin Is'mail bin Ibrahim al Jaberti) are a Somali He then joined the Somali Patriot Movement (SPM), which consisted of Darod tribe militias, the Rahanweyn Resistance Army, and the South Somali National Movement (SSNM). The Somali Patriotic Movement is a Political party and Paramilitary organization in Somalia, and a key faction in the Somali Civil War. See also Somali clan The Darod ( Darood or Daarood, بني داوود is a Somali clan. The Rahanweyn Resistance Army (RRA also known as the Reewin Resistance Army is an autonomist militant group operating in the two southwestern regions of Somalia,
Hersi Morgan was head of the self created entity called Jubaland between September 3, 1998—June 11, 1999. Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) However he lost the territory to the Juba Valley Alliance (JVA) under Ahmed Warsame in 1999 and only briefly recaptured Kismayo on 6-7 Aug 2001. The Juba Valley Alliance (JVA (Somali Isbahaysiga Dooxada Jubba) is a political faction of the Somali Civil War. General Ahmed Warsame was the Head of the former Somali Military Academy and Somali National Front. The town remained in the hands of the JVA until 2006.
Juba Valley Alliance rule
A separate administration under the Juba Valley Alliance (Isbahaysiga Dooxada Jubba or JVA) fought against General Mohammed Said Hersi Morgan. The Juba Valley Alliance (JVA (Somali Isbahaysiga Dooxada Jubba) is a political faction of the Somali Civil War. The Juba Valley Alliance (JVA (Somali Isbahaysiga Dooxada Jubba) is a political faction of the Somali Civil War. General Mohammed Said Hersi Morgan ( Maxamed Siciid Xirsi Moorgan) was the Son-in-law of Siad Barre and minister of defense of Somalia. The leader of the JVA is Colonel Barre Adan Shire Hiiraale, who later became Defense Minister for the TFG. Barre Adan Shire ( Barre Aadan Shire) also known as Barre Hiiraale, Barre "Hirale" Aden Shire, or Abdikadir Adan Shire, is the The militia commander of the JVA is Col. Abdulahi Sheik Ismael Fara-Tag. Colonel Abdulahi Sheik Ismael (Fara-Tag) ( Cabdullaahi Sheekh Ismaaciil '') is a commander in the army of the Transitional Federal Government JVA's senior security chief Ahmed Mohamed Gannow remains in Kismayo.
On June 18, 2001, an 11-member interclan council decided to ally the JVA with the newly establishing Transitional National Government (TNG). Events 618 - Coronation of the Chinese governor Li Yuan as Emperor Gaozu of Tang, the new Emperor of China, initiating three centuries Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. The Transitional National Government of Somalia was established in April –May 2000 at the Somalia National Peace Conference (SNPC held in Djibouti [3][4]
On August 6, 2001, after 10 days of heavy fighting in a battle involving 40 technicals and 1,000 militiamen, the JVA moved north from Kismayo and took the town of Jilib from the Somali Reconciliation and Restoration Council (SRRC). Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. A technical is a type of Improvised fighting vehicle, typically a civilian or military non-combat vehicle modified to Jilib (other names Gilib, Gelib, Jillib, Jillio) is a town in Somalia, with an estimated population of approximately 45000 The Somalia Reconciliation and Restoration Council (abbreviated SRRC) was a political movement as well as an armed militia founded by Hussein Mohamed Farrah Aidid The Somalia Reconciliation and Restoration Council (abbreviated SRRC) was a political movement as well as an armed militia founded by Hussein Mohamed Farrah Aidid [5] Through 2002, the JVA battled with the SRRC, which opposed the TFG, resulting in 6,000 refugees fleeing Bulo Hawa. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. In 2003, there were 15,000 internally displaced persons (IDPs) accommodated in Kismayo. Internally displaced persons (IDPs are people forced to flee their homes but who unlike refugees remain within their country's borders Fighting throughout southern and central Somalia resulted in 86,000 IDPs by 2004. [6] Landmines were cited as a problem affecting the area due to the fighting between the JVA and SRRC. [7]
Eventually the leader of the SRRC, Hussein Mohammed Farah Aidid, son of the late warlord Mohammed Farah Aidid, settled his differences with the JVA and the TNG, and in 2004 became the Interior Minister in the new Transitional Federal Government, which succeeded the TNG. Hussein Mohamed Farrah ( Xuseen Maxamed Faarax و حسين محمد فرح born August 16, 1962 in Beledweyne, Somalia) is the son General Mohamed Farrah Aidid (محمد فرح عيديدمحمد فرح عيديد December 15 1934 – August 2 1996 was a controversial Somali leader often described
Rise and fall of the Islamic Courts Union
- See also: Juba Valley Alliance, Rise of the Islamic Courts Union (2006), and War in Somalia (2006-present)
In late August 2006, the Islamic Courts Union seized control of all of Lower and Middle Juba, including the key city of Kismayo, and established its own administration. The Juba Valley Alliance (JVA (Somali Isbahaysiga Dooxada Jubba) is a political faction of the Somali Civil War. The Advance of the Islamic Courts Union is the period in the Somali Civil War that began on May 2006 with the Islamic Courts Union 's (ICU conquest of Mogadishu The War in Somalia is an ongoing armed conflict involving largely Ethiopian and Somali Transitional Federal Government (TFG forces versus the Somali The Islamic Courts Union ( ICU, Somali: Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga Arabic: اتحاد المحاكم الإسلامية Ittihād al-mahākim
The JVA suffered the loss of Kismayo in September 2006 to an array of ICU forces with 130 technicals[8][9], and further defeat during Islamic Court Union's takeover of the Juba Valley in October 2006. September 2006 was marked by a controversy surrounding statements made by Pope Benedict XVI regarding Islam, during the same week as the fifth anniversary A technical is a type of Improvised fighting vehicle, typically a civilian or military non-combat vehicle modified to The Islamic Courts Union ( ICU, Somali: Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga Arabic: اتحاد المحاكم الإسلامية Ittihād al-mahākim October 2006 was a month that began on a Sunday The month was marked by a nuclear test by North Korea that prompted that passing of Resolution 1718 [10]
The JVA ruled only in Gedo and suffered a number of defections and surrenders of their commanders and militias. However, in late December 2006 the JVA, now incorporated into the Transitional Federal Government (TFG), with the military support of Ethiopia, retook the Juba Valley. The Transitional Federal Government (TFG of the Somali Republic ( Dowladda federaalka kumeelgaarka) is the present internationally recognized government of Somalia NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page After the Battle of Baidoa (December 20–26), the JVA began to reassert control over the Juba Valley. The Battle of Baidoa began on December 20, 2006 when the Somali Transitional Federal Government 's forces (TFG allied with Ethiopian forces stationed Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Events 1481 - Battle of Westbrook - Holland defeats troops of Utrecht. On December 27, the ICU abandoned its positions at Salagle and Sakow, north of Bu'aale. Events 537 - The Hagia Sophia is completed 1512 - The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the Bu'aale is the capital town of Jubbada Dhexe, in southern Somalia in the Jubba River valley [11]
After their defeat at the Battle of Jilib north of the city, the ICU forces withdrew, and on January 1, 2007, Kismayo fell to the TFG and Ethiopian forces without armed conflict. The Battle of Jilib was a battle in the 2006 Somali War fought by the Islamic Courts Union (ICU and affiliated militias against Ethiopian and New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The Fall of Kismayo occurred on January 1, 2007, when the militaries of Somalia 's Transitional Federal Government (TFG and
Stamps and postal history of Trans-Juba
Italy issued its first postage stamps for Jubaland on July 29, 1925, consisting of contemporary Italian stamps overprinted "OLTRE GIUBA" (Trans-Juba). A postage stamp is an adhesive paper evidence of pre-paying a fee for postal services Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat An overprint is the addition of text (and sometimes graphics to the face of a Postage stamp after it has been printed (although some overprints are solely in the Selvedge The same process was followed for the Italian commemorative issues of the time - the "Victor Emmanuel" issue, the "St. Francis" issue. Victor Emmanuel may refer to Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia Victor Emmanuel II of Italy Victor Emmanuel III of Italy For the opera by Olivier Messiaen see Saint-François d'Assise. On April 21, 1926, Italy issued a set of seven stamps printed specifically for the colony, depicting a map of the territory and inscribed "COMMISSARIATO GENLE / DELL' OLTRE GIUBA", then on June 1 the omnibus Colonial Institute issue included a set inscribed "OLTRE GIUBA". Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date) Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected
Only a couple of the higher values have more than a minimal price for collectors, although as usual for remote colonies of brief existence, genuine usages on cover are seldom seen.
Sources and References
- ^ Spinning Dunkirk: The Pentagon Quits Somalia Somalia News Update
- ^ US-Aid Kenya-Somalia Border Conflict Analysis, p. 39, August 2005 by Dr Ken Menkhaus ( In 2003 Dobley became the victim of JVA atrocities, p. 41)
- ^ Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Somalia, 11 Oct 2001, Document S/2001/963 United Nations Security Council
- ^ Somalia. World Statesmen. Retrieved on March 9, 2006. Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. - also shows Italian colonial flag & links to map
- ^ Simultaneous Heavy Fightings Erupt in Somalia People's Daily
- ^ Recurrent displacements in southern and central Somalia due to intermittent inter-factional conflicts (2004) IDMC
- ^ SOMALIA Land Mine Monitor
- ^ Somalia's Islamists Resume Their Momentum and Embark on a Diplomatic Path PINR
- ^ Witnesses: Somali Islamists advance on key port. Associated Press, 13 September 2006
- ^ War Clouds Loom over Somalia as Military Fronts Open Up Amid a Flurry of Diplomacy PINR
- ^ Somalia: Insecurity rages in Islamist abandoned areas Shabelle Media Network
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