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Juan Domingo Perón
Juan Perón
In office
October 12, 1973 – July 1, 1974
Vice President Isabel Perón
Preceded by Raúl Lastiri
Succeeded by Isabel Perón
In office
June 4, 1946 – June 4, 1952
Vice President Hortensio Quijano(1946-1952)
None(Apr-Jun 1952)
Preceded by Edelmiro Farrell
Succeeded by Juan Perón
In office
June 4, 1952 – September 21, 1955
Vice President None(1952-1954)
Alberto Tessaire(1954-1955)
Preceded by Juan Perón
Succeeded by Military junta (José Domingo Molina)
In office
1952 – September 21, 1955
Preceded by Maria Eva Duarte de Perón
Succeeded by None
Born October 8, 1895(1895-10-08)
Lobos, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Died July 1, 1974 (aged 78)
Olivos, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Nationality Argentine
Political party Justicialist
Peronista Feminist
Spouse Aurelia Tizón (died 1938)
María Eva Duarte de Perón (died 1952)
María Estela "Isabel" Martínez de Perón (married 1961)
Profession Military

Juan Domingo Perón Sosa (October 8, 1895 – July 1, 1974) was an Argentine colonel and politician, elected three times as President of Argentina, after serving in several government positons including Labor Secretary and Vice President. The President of Argentina (full title President of the Argentine Nation, Spanish: Presidente de la Nación Argentina) is the Head of state Events 539 BC - The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon. Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. María Estela Martínez Cartas de Perón (born February 4, 1931) better known as Isabel Martínez de Perón or Isabel Perón, is a former Raúl Alberto Lastiri (1915-1978 was an Argentine politician who was interim president of Argentina from July 13 1973 until October 12 María Estela Martínez Cartas de Perón (born February 4, 1931) better known as Isabel Martínez de Perón or Isabel Perón, is a former Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China. Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China. Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Dr Juan Hortensio Quijano (died April 3, 1952) was the Vice-President of Argentina under President Juan Perón from 1946 until his General Edelmiro Julián Farrell (born February 12, 1887 in Avellaneda &ndash died October 21, 1980) was an Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China. Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) A military junta is a government ruled by a committee of military leaders José Domingo Molina Gómez (1896&ndash1969 was a De facto interim President of Argentina from September 21, 1955 until The Eva Perón Foundation was a charitable foundation begun by Eva Perón, a prominent Argentine political leader, when she was the First Lady and Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) María Eva Duarte de Perón' ( May 7 1919 &ndash July 26 1952) was the second wife of President Juan Domingo Perón Events 314 - Roman Emperor Licinius is defeated by his colleague Constantine I at the Battle of Cibalae, and loses Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year For the Canary Island see Lobos Island. Lobos is the head city of the Lobos Partido in the Buenos Aires Province, For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Olivos is an Argentine city in Vicente López Partido in the Province of Buenos Aires and a suburb within the Greater Buenos Aires metro area For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. The Justicialist Party ( Spanish: Partido Justicialista, PJ) is a Peronist political party in Argentina, and the largest component The Female Peronist Party, also known as the Feminist Peronist Party and the Peronist Feminist Party was the women's branch of the Peronist Justicialist Aurelia Tizón Erostarbe de Perón ( March 18, 1908 – September 10, 1938) was the first wife of Argentine president Juan Perón María Eva Duarte de Perón' ( May 7 1919 &ndash July 26 1952) was the second wife of President Juan Domingo Perón María Estela Martínez Cartas de Perón (born February 4, 1931) better known as Isabel Martínez de Perón or Isabel Perón, is a former A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking Events 314 - Roman Emperor Licinius is defeated by his colleague Constantine I at the Battle of Cibalae, and loses Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Colonel ( RP ˈkɜnəl GA ˈkɜrnəl is a Military rank of a Commissioned officer, with corresponding ranks existing in almost every country A politician (from Greek " Polis " is an individual who is involved in influencing public decision making through the influence of Politics or a person The President of Argentina (full title President of the Argentine Nation, Spanish: Presidente de la Nación Argentina) is the Head of state He returned to power in 1973 and served for nine months, until his death in 1974 when he was succeeded by his third wife Isabel Martínez. María Estela Martínez Cartas de Perón (born February 4, 1931) better known as Isabel Martínez de Perón or Isabel Perón, is a former

Perón and his second wife, Eva, were immensely popular amongst many of the Argentine people and are still considered icons by the Peronist Party. María Eva Duarte de Perón' ( May 7 1919 &ndash July 26 1952) was the second wife of President Juan Domingo Perón Peronism (Peronismo or Justicialism (Spanish Justicialismo) is an Argentine political movement based on the ideas and programs associated with The Peróns' followers praised their efforts to eliminate poverty and to dignify labor, while their detractors considered them demagogues and dictators. Poverty (also called penury) is deprivation of common necessities that determine the quality of life including food clothing shelter and safe Drinking water, and Demagogy (also demagoguery) ( Ancient Greek δημαγωγία from dēmos "people" and agein "to lead" refers to a political A dictator is an Authoritarian ruler (eg Absolutist or autocratic) who assumes sole and absolute power without hereditary ascension such as an Absolute The Peróns gave their name to the political movement known as Peronism, which is followed by the Justicialist Party. Peronism (Peronismo or Justicialism (Spanish Justicialismo) is an Argentine political movement based on the ideas and programs associated with The Justicialist Party ( Spanish: Partido Justicialista, PJ) is a Peronist political party in Argentina, and the largest component

Contents

Childhood and youth

Perón was born near Lobos, Province of Buenos Aires. For the Canary Island see Lobos Island. Lobos is the head city of the Lobos Partido in the Buenos Aires Province, Buenos Aires Province (ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes Spanish: Provincia de Buenos Aires is the most populated province of Argentina. He was the son of Mario Tomás Perón, a farmer whose family was partly Scottish and Italian, and Juana Sosa, of Spanish descent. The Scots people ( Scots Gaelic: Albannaich) are a Nation and an Ethnic group indigenous to Scotland. The' Italian people' are a Southern European Ethnic group located primarily in Italy, Switzerland, France and by virtue of a wide-ranging

Perón married his first wife, Aurelia Tizón, on January 5, 1929, but she died of uterine cancer nine years later. Aurelia Tizón Erostarbe de Perón ( March 18, 1908 – September 10, 1938) was the first wife of Argentine president Juan Perón Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France. Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The term uterine cancer may refer to any of several different types of Cancer which occur in the Uterus, namely Uterine sarcomas He called her "Potota. "

Perón received a strict Catholic upbringing. Catholic is an Adjective derived from the Greek adjective '' / 'katholikos' meaning "whole" or "complete". He entered military school at 16, and after graduation he progressed through the ranks. In 1938 he was sent to Italy, France, Spain, Germany, Hungary, Albania and Yugoslavia as a military observer, and became familiar with Benito Mussolini's government and other European governments of the time. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian

Military government of 1943-1946

In May 1943, as a colonel, he took a significant part in the military coup by the GOU (United Officers' Group), a secret society, against the conservative civilian government of Ramón Castillo. Colonel ( RP ˈkɜnəl GA ˈkɜrnəl is a Military rank of a Commissioned officer, with corresponding ranks existing in almost every country Ramón S Castillo Barrionuevo ( November 20 1873 - October 10, 1944) was a conservative Argentine politician who served as At first an assistant to Secretary of War General Edelmiro Farrell, under the administration of General Pedro Ramírez, he later became the head of the then-insignificant Department of Labor. General Edelmiro Julián Farrell (born February 12, 1887 in Avellaneda &ndash died October 21, 1980) was an General Pedro Pablo Ramírez Machuca (1884 - 1962 was President of Argentina from June 7 1943 to February 24 1944

Demonstration for Perón's release, on October 17th, 1945.
Demonstration for Perón's release, on October 17th, 1945.

Perón's work in the Labor Department led to an alliance with the socialist and syndicalist movements in the Argentine labor unions. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Syndicalism is a type of movement which aims to degrade capitalist societies through action by the Working class on the industrial front A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming This caused his power and influence to increase in the military government[1] . After the coup, socialists from the labor union CGT Nº1, made contact with Colonels Perón and Mercante through the mercantile labor leader Borlenghi and the railroad union lawyer Juan Bramuglia. The General Confederation of Labour ( Confederación General del Trabajo de la República Argentina, CGT is a national trade union center of Argentina founded A lawyer, according to Black's Law Dictionary, is "a person learned in the law as an attorney, Counsel or Solicitor; a person They established an alliance to promote labor laws that had long been demanded by the workers' movement, strengthen the unions, and transform the Department of Labor into a more significant government office.

In February 1945, Peron became Vice President and Secretary of War under General Edelmiro Farrell. General Edelmiro Julián Farrell (born February 12, 1887 in Avellaneda &ndash died October 21, 1980) was an Forced to resign by opponents within the armed forces on October 9, 1945, Perón was arrested, but mass demonstrations organized by the CGT trade union federation forced his release on October 17. For the military meaning see Armed forces. For the Soviet sports society see Armed Forces (sports society Armed Forces Events 768 - Carloman I and Charlemagne are crowned Kings of The Franks. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar A demonstration is an historically and geographically common form of Nonviolent action by groups of people A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost Four days later, he married his second wife, Eva Duarte, who became hugely popular. María Eva Duarte de Perón' ( May 7 1919 &ndash July 26 1952) was the second wife of President Juan Domingo Perón Known as Evita, she helped her husband gain support with labor and women's groups.

Election as president and first term (1946-1952)

Perón leveraged his popular support to victory in the February 24, 1946 presidential elections. Events 303 - Galerius, Roman Emperor, publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Once in office, Perón pursued policies aimed at empowering the working class. He greatly expanded the number of unionized workers, and strengthened the General Confederation of Labour (CGT), created in 1930. The General Confederation of Labour ( Confederación General del Trabajo de la República Argentina, CGT is a national trade union center of Argentina founded He called these policies the "third position", between capitalism and communism. Perón also pushed industrialization hard; in 1947 he announced the first five-year plan to boost newly nationalized industries. Peronism became a major force in Argentine politics, and Perón continued to exert a strong influence after the 1955 military uprising forced him into exile. Peronism (Peronismo or Justicialism (Spanish Justicialismo) is an Argentine political movement based on the ideas and programs associated with The Revolución Libertadora ( Spanish, Liberating Revolution) was a military uprising that ended the second presidential term of

Among upper-class Argentines, improvement of the workers' situation was a source of resentment; industrial workers from rural areas had formerly been treated as servants. It was common for better-off Argentines to refer to these workers using racist slurs like "little black heads" (cabecitas negras, the name of a bird), "greased" (grasas which came from people with grease in their hands/fingernails ie blue-collar), "un-shirted" (descamisados, since they "took off their jackets and/or shirts"). The radical deputy Ernesto Sammartino said that people who vote for Perón were a "zoological flood" (aluvión zoológico). The Radical Civic Union (in Spanish Unión Cívica Radical, UCR) is a Political party in Argentina. [2] In the 1940s upper-class students were the first to oppose Peronist workers, with the slogan: "No to espadrille dictatorship" (No a la dictadura de las alpargatas). Espadrilles are casual flat or high-heel fashion sandals originating from the Pyrenees. A graffito revealing the strong opposition between Peronists and anti-Peronists appeared in upper-class districts in the 1950s, "Long live cancer!" (¡Viva el cáncer!), when Eva Perón was dying of cancer. [3] She died of uterine cancer in 1952 at the age of thirty-three. The term uterine cancer may refer to any of several different types of Cancer which occur in the Uterus, namely Uterine sarcomas [4]

Weiss (2005, p. 45) recalls events in the universities:

"As a young student in Buenos Aires in the early 1950s, I well remember the graffiti found on many an empty wall all over town: "Build the Fatherland. Kill a Student" (Haga patria, mate un estudiante). [Perón] opposed the universities, which questioned his methods and his goals. A well-remembered slogan was, Alpargatas sí, libros no ('peon footwear [=espadrilles] yes, books no'). The words peon and peonage are derived from the Spanish peón (pe'on Universities were [then] 'intervened'. In some, a Peronista mediocrity was appointed rector. Others were closed for years. "

Between 1947 and 1950, Argentina manufactured two advanced jet aircraft called Pulqui I (designed by the Argentine engineers Cardehilac, Morchio and Ricciardi with the French Emile Dewoitine, condemned in France in absentia for Collaborationism), and Pulqui II designed by Kurt Tank. The IAe 27 Pulqui I was an Argentine jet fighter designed at the "Instituto Aerotecnico" (AeroTechnical Institute in 1946 Émile Dewoitine (September 26th 1892 - July 5 1979 was a French aviation industrialist Collaborationism, can describe the Treason of cooperating with enemy Forces occupying one's Country. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Kurt Waldemar Tank ( February 24 1898 - June 5 1983) was a resourceful German aeronautical Engineer and test In the test flights, the planes were flown by Lieutenant Edmundo Osvaldo Weiss and Kurt Tank himself, reaching 1000 km/h with the Pulqui II. Argentina continued testing the Pulqui II until 1959; in the tests, two pilots lost their lives. [5] The Pulqui project opened the door to two successful Argentinian planes: I.A.58"Pucara and the I.A.63'Pampa manufactured at the Aircraft Factory of Córdoba. [6]

In 1951, Perón announced that the Huemul Project would produce nuclear fusion before any other country. The Huemul Project (Proyecto Huemul was a secret project proposed by the German scientist of Austrian origin Ronald Richter to the government of Argentina The project was led by an Austrian, Ronald Richter, who had been recommended by Kurt Tank. Ronald Richter (1909-1991 was an Austrian later Argentine, scientist who became famous in connection with the Huemul Project and the National Atomic Energy Tank expected to power his aircraft with Richter's invention. Perón announced that energy produced by the fusion process would be delivered in milk-bottle sized containers. Richter announced success in 1951, but no proof was given. The next year, Perón appointed a scientific team to investigate Richter's activities. Reports by José Antonio Balseiro and Mario Báncora revealed that the project was a fraud. José Antonio Balseiro (born March 29 1919 in Córdoba - died March 26, 1962 in Bariloche) was an important Argentine After that, the Huemul Project was transferred to the Centro Atómico Bariloche (CAB) of the Argentine National Atomic Energy Commission (CNEA) and to the physics institute of the Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, later named Instituto Balseiro (IB). The National Atomic Energy Commission ( Spanish: Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, CNEA is the Argentine government agency in charge of The National University of Cuyo (Castilian Universidad Nacional de Cuyo UNCuyo is the largest center of higher education in the province of Mendoza, Balseiro Institute ( Instituto Balseiro) is an academic institution chartered by the National University of Cuyo and the National Atomic Energy Commission

Protection of Nazi war criminals

Further information: Ratlines (history)

After World War II, Argentina became a leading haven for Nazi war criminals, with explicit protection from Perón. Ratlines were systems of escape routes for Nazis and other Fascists fleeing Europe at the end of World War II. Uki Goñi showed in his 1998 book that Nazis and French and Belgian collaborationists, including Pierre Daye, organized a meeting in the Casa Rosada with Perón. Writer Uki Goñi is known principally for his work documenting the escape of Nazi war criminals from Europe. During World War II Nazi Germany occupied all or parts of the following countries Poland, Denmark, Norway, Luxembourg, Pierre Daye ( Schaerbeek, 1892 - Buenos Aires, 1960 was a Belgian Collaborationist and follower of Rexism, who exiled himself to Juan Peron La Casa Rosada ( Spanish for "the Pink House" officially known as the Casa de Gobierno ("Government House" or Palacio Presidencial In this meeting, a network was created with support by the Immigration Service and foreign office. The Swiss Chief of Police Heinrich Rothmund [1] and the Croatian Roman Catholic priest Krunoslav Draganović also helped organize the ratline [7]. Krunoslav Draganović (born 30 October 1903, Brčko Monarchy died June 1983 Sarajevo) was a Croatian Roman Catholic priest known as one of Ratlines were systems of escape routes for Nazis and other Fascists fleeing Europe at the end of World War II. According to Goñi, 1948 was the most active year, during which Carlos Fuldner was in Switzerland with a special passport describing him as "special envoy of the President of Argentina. " In 1946, Cardinal Antonio Caggiano went to the Vatican, in the name of the Argentine government, offered refuge for French collaborationists who had fled to Rome [7]. His Eminence Antonio Caggiano ( 30 January 1889 – 23 October 1979) was an Archbishop.

An investigation of 22,000 documents by the DAIA in 1997 discovered that the network was managed by Rodolfo Freude who had an office in the Casa Rosada and was close to Eva Perón's brother, Juan Duarte. DAIA ( Delegacion de Asociaciones Israelitas Argentinas) is the umbrella organization of Argentina 's Jewish community Rodolfo Freude (1922-2003 was a close advisor of Argentine President Juan Perón and served as his Director of the Information Division ( División de Informaciones According to Ronald Newton, Ludwig Freude, Rudolfo's father, was probably the local representative of the Office Three secret service headed by Joachim von Ribbentrop, with probably more influence than the German ambassador Edmund von Thermann. Ulrich Friedrich Wilhelm Joachim von Ribbentrop (30 April 1893 – 16 October 1946 was Foreign Minister of Germany from 1938 until 1945 He had met Perón in the 1930s, and had contacts with Generals Juan Pistarini, Domingo Martínez and Molina. Juan Pistarini (1882-1956 was an Argentine general and politician José Domingo Molina Gómez (1896&ndash1969 was a De facto interim President of Argentina from September 21, 1955 until Ludwig Freude's house became the meetingplace for Nazis and Argentine military officers supporting the Axis. The Axis powers also known as the Axis alliance Axis nations Axis countries or sometimes just the Axis were those Countries In 1943, he went with Perón to Europe to attempt an arms deal with Germany. [8]

Examples of Nazis and collaborators who went to Argentina include Emile Dewoitine, who arrived in May 1946 and worked on the Pulqui jet, Erich Priebke, who arrived in 1947, Josef Mengele in 1949, Adolf Eichmann in 1950, his adjutant Franz Stangl, Austrian representative of Spitzy in Spain, Reinhard Spitzy, Charles Lescat, editor of Je Suis Partout in Vichy France, SS functionary Ludwig Lienhardt, German industrialist Ludwig Freude, SS-HauptsturmführerKlaus Barbie. The Pulqui jet was developed by Argentina after World War II It is the first Latin American jet Erich Priebke (born July 29, 1913 at Hennigsdorf, Brandenburg, Germany) was a Hauptsturmführer Dr Josef Mengele ( March 16, 1911 – February 7, 1979) was a German SS officer and a Physician in the Franz Stangl ( March 26, 1908 &ndash June 28, 1971) was an SS officer commandant of the Sobibór and of Treblinka Charles Lescat ( Buenos Aires, February 19 1887 - 1948 was an Argentine citizen who studied in France and wrote in Je suis partout, the ultra- Collaborationist Je suis partout ( I Am Everywhere) was a French Newspaper founded by Jean Fayard, first published on 29 November 1930 Vichy France, or the Vichy regime are the common terms used to describe the government of France from July 1940 to August 1944 Klaus Barbie ( October 25, 1913 &ndash September 25, 1991) was an SS - Hauptsturmführer, Soldier As well, many members of the notorious Croatian Ustaše took refuge in Argentina, as did Milan Stojadinovich, Prime minister of occupied Yugoslavia [9]. For the militiamen of the Military Frontier, see Uskoci The Ustaša - Croatian Revolutionary Movement ( Croatian: Milan Stojadinović (Милан Стојадиновић ( July 23 1888 – October 26 1961) was a Yugoslav Political figure As in the United States (Operation Paperclip), Argentina also welcomed displaced German technicians such as Kurt Tank and Ronald Richter. Operation Paperclip (also Project Paperclip) was the code name for the O Kurt Waldemar Tank ( February 24 1898 - June 5 1983) was a resourceful German aeronautical Engineer and test Ronald Richter (1909-1991 was an Austrian later Argentine, scientist who became famous in connection with the Huemul Project and the National Atomic Energy Some of these refugees took important roles in Perón's Argentina, such as French collaborationist Jacques de Mahieu, who became an ideologue of the Peronist movement, before becoming mentor to a Roman Catholic nationalist youth group in the 1960s. Jacques de Mahieu ( Paris, 1915 - Buenos Aires, 1990) was a French Collaborationist under Vichy and former member of the Charlemagne SS Belgian collaborationist Pierre Daye became editor of a Peronist magazine. Pierre Daye ( Schaerbeek, 1892 - Buenos Aires, 1960 was a Belgian Collaborationist and follower of Rexism, who exiled himself to Juan Peron Rodolfo Freude, Ludwig's son, became Perón's chief of presidential intelligence in his first term. Rodolfo Freude (1922-2003 was a close advisor of Argentine President Juan Perón and served as his Director of the Information Division ( División de Informaciones Stojadinovitch founded El Economista in 1951, which still carries his name on its masthead. El Economista is a Mexican Business and Economics Newspaper It was founded in 1989 The Croatian priest Krunoslav Draganović, organizer of the San Girolamo ratline, was authorized by Perón to help Nazis come to Argentina, including Ante Pavelic [9]. Krunoslav Draganović (born 30 October 1903, Brčko Monarchy died June 1983 Sarajevo) was a Croatian Roman Catholic priest known as one of For the vice president of the National assembly of the State of Slovenes Croats and Serbs see Ante Pavelić (1869 Ante Pavelić ( July

Recently, Uki Goñi's research, drawing on investigations in Argentine, Swiss, American, British and Belgian government archives, as well as numerous interviews and other sources, was detailed in The Real Odessa: Smuggling the Nazis to Perón's Argentina (2002), showing how escape routes known as ratlines were used by former NSDAP members and like-minded people to escape trial and judgment. Writer Uki Goñi is known principally for his work documenting the escape of Nazi war criminals from Europe. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those ODESSA which stands for the German phrase O rganisation d er e hemaligen SS - A ngehörigen which in turn translates Ratlines were systems of escape routes for Nazis and other Fascists fleeing Europe at the end of World War II. In the context of this article the term ex-Nazi, or more correctly ex-Nazi Party member refers either to those few who were once Nazis and resigned from the [10] Uki Goñi places particular emphasis on the part played by Perón's government in organizing the ratlines, as well as documenting the aid of Swiss and Vatican authorities in their flight. The Argentine consulate in Barcelona gave false passports to fleeing Nazi war criminals and collaborationists. Barcelona ( Catalan bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish baɾθeˈlona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia

Juan Perón and the Jewish and German communities of Argentina

Further information: History of the Jews in Argentina
Further information: Germans in Argentina
“ When I realized that Perón, contrary to previous governments, gave Jewish citizens access to public office, I began to change my way of thinking about Argentine politics. The history of the Jews of Argentina harks back to the days of the Spanish Inquisition and Portuguese Inquisition when Jews fleeing persecution settled in what . .

Ezequiel Zabotinsky, president of the Jewish-Peronist Organizacion Israelita Argentina, 1952-1955 [11]

 ”

Fraser and Navarro write that Juan Perón was a complicated man who over the years stood for many different, often contradictory, things. [12] In the book Inside Argentina from Perón to Menem author Laurence Levine, former president of the US-Argentine Chamber of Commerce, writes, "although anti-Semitism existed in Argentina, Perón's own views and his political associations were not anti-Semitic. A chamber of commerce (also referred to in some circles as a board of trade) is a form of Business network. . . . " Laurence also writes that one of Perón's advisors was a Jewish man from Poland named José Ber Gelbard. José Ber Gelbard (born Radomsko, Poland April 14, 1917; died Washington D [13] U. S. Ambassador George S. Messersmith visited Argentina in 1947 during the first term of Juan Perón. An ambassador is the highest ranking Diplomat who represents their country George S Messersmith was a United States Ambassador to Mexico. Messersmith noted, "There is not as much social discrimination against Jews here as there is right in New York or in most places at home. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous . . "[14]

Besides Ber Gelbard, Perón sought out the Jewish community for participation in his government. The powerful Secretary of Media, Raúl Apold, was also Jewish, ironically called "Perón´s Goebbels. Raúl Apold was the Propaganda chief for Juan Domingo Peron. As a close associate of Eva Peron, Apold an official with the General Confederation of " He favoured the creation of institutions like New Sion (Nueva Sión), the Argentine-Jewish Institute of Culture and Information, presided by Simón Mirelman, and the Argentine-Israeli Chamber of Commerce. Also, he named Rabbi Amran Blum the first Jewish professor of philosophy in the National University of Buenos Aires. After being the first Latin American government to acknowledge the State of Israel, he sent a Jewish ambassador, Pablo Mangel. Education and Diplomacy were the two strongholds of Catholic nationalism, and both appointments were highly symbolic. The same goes for the 1946 decision of allowing Jewish privates to celebrate their holidays, which was aimed at fostering the Jewish position in another traditionally Catholic institution, the army. Argentina signed a generous commercial agreement with the Jewish state, that granted favourable terms for Israeli acquisitions of Argentine commodities, and also the Eva Perón Foundation sent a huge humanitarian aid. The Eva Perón Foundation was a charitable foundation begun by Eva Perón, a prominent Argentine political leader, when she was the First Lady and Chaim Weizmann and Golda Meir expressed their gratitude during their visit to Buenos Aires in 1951. Chaim Azriel Weizmann ( Hebrew: חיים עזריאל ויצמן – November 27, 1874 &ndash November 9, 1952) was a Zionist Golda Meir ( גּוֹלְדָּה מֵאִיר جولدا مائير born Golda Mabovitch, 3 May 1898 - 8 December 1978 known as Golda Myerson from 1917-1956

The German Argentine community in Argentina is the third largest ethnic group in the country, after the Spanish Argentines and the Italian Argentines. German Argentines ( German: Deutschargentinier, Spanish: germano argentinos) are Argentines of German descent An Italian Argentine ( Spanish and Italian: italo-argentino) is an Argentine citizen of full or partial Italian ancestry The German Argentine community predates Juan Perón's presidency, going back as far as the time of the unification of Germany. The unification of Germany took place on January 18, 1871, when Prussian Chief Minister Otto von Bismarck managed to unify a number of independent Laurence Levine writes that Perón found German civilization too "rigid" and therefore had a "distaste" for it. [15] Crassweller writes that while Juan Perón's own personal preference was for Hispanic culture, with which he felt a spiritual affinity, Perón was "pragmatic" in dealing with the diverse populace of Argentina. Hispanic (hispano hispánico hispânico Hispānus adjective from ''Hispānia'', the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula) is a term that historically Pragmatism generally considered to have originated in the late nineteenth century with Charles Peirce, who first stated the Pragmatic maxim. [16]

While Juan Perón's Argentina allowed many Nazi criminals to take refuge in Argentina, Juan Perón's Argentina also accepted more Jewish immigrants than any other country in Latin America, which in part accounts for the fact that Argentina to this day has a population of over 200,000 Jewish citizens, the largest in Latin America, the third largest in the Americas, and the sixth largest in the world. The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America [17] [18] [19] [20] The Jewish Virtual Library writes that while Juan Perón had sympathized with the Axis powers, "Perón also expressed sympathy for Jewish rights and established diplomatic relations with Israel in 1949. The Jewish Virtual Library is an online Encyclopedia published by the American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (AICE Since then, more than 45,000 Jews have immigrated to Israel from Argentina. " [21] Tomás Eloy Martínez, professor of Latin American studies at Rutgers University, writes that Juan Perón allowed Nazi criminals into the country in hopes of acquiring advanced German technology developed during the war. Tomás Eloy Martínez (born July 16, 1934 in Tucumán) is an Argentine journalist and writer Rutgers The State University of New Jersey (also known as Rutgers University) is the largest institution for higher education in the state of New Jersey Martínez also notes that Juan Perón's wife, Eva Perón, played no part in allowing Nazis into the country. [22]

The second term (1952-1955)

Perón was re-elected in 1951. During his second term, Perón's administration faced serious economic problems. Perón called employers and unions to a Productivity Congress to regulate social conflict through dialogue, but the congress failed and a deal was not made.

Perón signed a contract with an American oil company, Standard Oil of California, in May 1955, starting a policy of economic development with the help of foreign investment. The radical party leader, Arturo Frondizi, considered it to be an anti-patriotic decision, but three years later he himself signed contracts with foreign oil companies. Arturo Frondizi Ercoli ( October 28, 1908 - April 18, 1995) was the President of Argentina between 1 May

During the second term, several terrorist acts were committed against civilian targets. On April 15, 1953, a terrorist group detonated two bombs in a public rally at Plaza de Mayo, killing 7 and injuring 95. Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Plaza_de_la_Victoriapng|thumb|225px|1867 view of the Plaza de la Victoria On June 15, 1955, a failed coup d'état by anti-Peronists used navy aircraft to bomb Peronists at Plaza de Mayo, killing 364. Events 763 BC - Assyrians record a Solar eclipse that will be used to fix the Chronology of Mesopotamian history Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) Plaza_de_la_Victoriapng|thumb|225px|1867 view of the Plaza de la Victoria This is considered a prelude to the dirty war in Argentina between 1976 and 1983. This article refers to the Argentine Dirty War for the British film of the same name see Dirty War (film.

In 1954, the Roman Catholic Church, which had supported Perón's government, confronted Perón's enactment of the divorce law, among other reasons. Following the expulsion of two Catholic priests, Perón was excommunicated by the Pope Pius XII in 1955. Pope On September 16, 1955, a nationalist Catholic group from both the Army and Navy, led by General Eduardo Lonardi, General Pedro E. Aramburu and Admiral Isaac Rojas, took power in a coup which they named Revolución Libertadora (the "Liberating Revolution"). Events 1400 - Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) Eduardo A Lonardi Doucet (1896-1956 was a former De facto president of Argentina who was in office from September 23 till November 13 Pedro Eugenio Aramburu Cilveti Army General Born in Río Cuarto, Córdoba on May 21, Isaac Francisco Rojas Madariaga (born Buenos Aires 1906 died April 13 1993) was an Argentine Admiral of the Navy and de-facto vice-president The Revolución Libertadora ( Spanish, Liberating Revolution) was a military uprising that ended the second presidential term of The military regime accused Peronist leaders of corruption, but no one was prosecuted.

Exile (1955-1973)

Presidents Stroessner and Perón. The stamp is Scott Paraguay no. 871
Presidents Stroessner and Perón. The stamp is Scott Paraguay no. 871

After the coup, Perón escaped to Paraguay with the help of his friend President Alfredo Stroessner of Paraguay, who sent a gunboat to anchor in the Rio de la Plaza. Paraguay, officially the Republic of Paraguay ( Spanish: República del Paraguay; Guaraní: Tetã Paraguái) is one of the only Alfredo Stroessner Matiauda, whose name is also spelled Strössner or Strößner (November 3 1912 Encarnación - August 16 2006 Brasília The Río de la Plata ( Spanish: " Silver River" &mdash which is often referred to in English-speaking countries as the River Plate Later, he lived in Panama, where he met the nightclub singer María Estela Martínez. Panama, officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá) is the southernmost country of Central America. María Estela Martínez Cartas de Perón (born February 4, 1931) better known as Isabel Martínez de Perón or Isabel Perón, is a former Eventually settling in Madrid, Spain under the protection of Francisco Franco, he married Isabel in 1961. Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde (born December 4, 1892 in Ferrol, died November 20, 1975 in Madrid In Argentina, Peronism was banned and Peronists were persecuted. In 1963, the Aramburu decree made even the simple naming of Juan Perón illegal.

In Argentina, the 1950s and 1960s were marked by frequent coups d'état, low economic growth in the 1950s and high growth rates in the 1960s (Gerchunoff et al, 309-321). Argentina faced problems of continued social and labor demands. During those years poverty decreased, with rates between 2% and 5% in the first years of the 1960s (INDEC). National Statistics and Censuses Institute ( Spanish: Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos, INDEC is the Argentine government agency responsible Argentine painter Antonio Berni's works reflected the social tragedies of these times. Delesio Antonio Berni ( 14 May 1905 &ndash 13 October 1981) was a neofigurative artist, born in Rosario, province In particular, Berni dealt with hardship in the villas miseria (shanty towns) through his series Juanito Laguna, a slum child, and Ramona Montiel, a prostitute. Vista Riachuelo desde Puente Boschjpg|thumb|240px| Villa miseria along the Riachuelo, on Buenos Aires' industrial southern edge

Perón was admitted back into the church in 1963. Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Perón sent his wife, Isabel, to Argentina in 1965, to meet political dissidents there. María Estela Martínez Cartas de Perón (born February 4, 1931) better known as Isabel Martínez de Perón or Isabel Perón, is a former She organized a meeting in the house of mayor Bernardo Alberte, Perón's delegate and sponsor of various left-wing Peronist movements such as the CGT de los Argentinos. The General Confederation of Labour ( Confederación General del Trabajo de la República Argentina, CGT is a national trade union center of Argentina founded Between 1968 and 1972, the CGT organized opponents to Juan Carlos Onganía's dictatorship, and would have an important role in the 1969 Cordobazo insurrection. Juan Carlos Onganía Carballo (1914-1995 was a military President of Argentina from 29 June 1966 to 8 June 1970. The Cordobazo was a Civil uprising in the city of Córdoba Argentina, in the end of May 1969 during the military dictatorship of General Juan Carlos During Isabel's visit, José López Rega, future founder of the Triple A death squad, won Isabel's trust, and then went to Spain see Perón. José López Rega ( 17 October 1916  &ndash 9 June 1989) was Argentina 's Minister of Social Welfare during the Peronist The Argentine Anticommunist Alliance ( Alianza Anticomunista Argentina, usually known as Triple A or AAA was a Far-right Death squad active in There, he worked for Perón's security before becoming the couple's personal secretary.

Perón supported the more active unions and maintained close links with the Montoneros, a left-wing Catholic Peronist group. The Montonero Peronist Movement (Movimiento Peronista Montonero was an Argentine left-wing Peronist guerrilla group active during the 1960s and 1970s On June 1, 1970, the Montoneros kidnapped and assassinated former anti-Peronist president Pedro Eugenio Aramburu in retaliation for the June 1956 Leon Suarez massacre and the execution of Juan José Valle, who had headed a Peronist uprising against the junta. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Pedro Eugenio Aramburu Cilveti Army General Born in Río Cuarto, Córdoba on May 21, Juan José Valle (executed in Buenos Aires, July 12, 1956) was an Argentine military who headed a rebellion against General Aramburu

General Alejandro Lanusse took power in March 1971 and, faced with strong opposition and social conflicts, declared his intention to restore constitutional democracy by 1973. Alejandro Agustín Lanusse Gelly ( August 28 1918, Buenos Aires Argentina - August 26 1996, Buenos Aires was the military From exile, Perón supported both left-wing Peronists and right-wing Peronists. He supported conservative radicals such as Ricardo Balbín, member of the Radical Civic Union and an old opponent of Perón's. Ricardo Balbín (born on July 19, 1904 in Buenos Aires - died September 9 1981) was an Argentine lawyer and politician The Radical Civic Union (in Spanish Unión Cívica Radical, UCR) is a Political party in Argentina. He also supported the left-wing Peronist Héctor José Cámpora, who also became his "personal secretary. Héctor José Cámpora Demaestre (1909-1980 was president of Argentina from May 25 until July 13 1973. " In 1971, he sent two letters to the film director Octavio Getino, one congratulating him for his work with Fernando Solanas and Gerardo Vallejo, in the Grupo Cine Liberación, and another concerning two film documentaries, La Revolución Justicialista and Actualización política y doctrinaria [23]. Octavio Getino (born in August 6, 1935 in León, Spain) is an Argentine film director who is best known for co-founding along with Fernando Ezequiel 'Pino' Solanas (born 16 February 1936, Olivos, Buenos Aires, Argentina) is an Argentine Film director The Grupo Cine Liberación (The Liberation Film Group was an Argentine film movement that took place during the end of the sixties Documentary film is a broad category of visual expression that is based on the attempt in one fashion or another to " Document " reality

Finally, members of the right-wing Tacuara Nationalist Movement, considered the first Argentine guerrilla group, turned towards him. The Movimiento Nacionalista Tacuara (MNT Tacuara Nationalist Movement) was an Argentine Far right group in the 1960s which after having violently Founded in the early 1960s, the Tacuaras were a fascist, anti-Semitic and anti-conformist group founded on the model of Primo de Rivera's Falange, who first strongly opposed Peronism. José Antonio Primo de Rivera y Sáenz de Heredia 3rd Marquis of Estella ( April 24 1903, Madrid November 20 1936, Alicante This article is about the Spanish political party For the Lebanese Phalange see the Kataeb Party. However, they split after the 1959 Cuban Revolution into three groups. The Cuban Revolution refers to the revolution that led to the overthrow of the United States proxy ruler General Fulgencio Batista 's regime on January 1, Opposed to the Peronist alliance, the Catholic priest Meinvielle retained the original hard-line stance. Dardo Cabo founded the Movimiento Nueva Argentina (MNA, New Argentina Movement), officially launched on June 9, 1961, to commemorate General Juan José Valle’s Peronist uprising in 1956. Dardo Manuel Cabo (January 1 1941 - circa January 6 1977 was an Argentine journalist and activist Juan José Valle (executed in Buenos Aires, July 12, 1956) was an Argentine military who headed a rebellion against General Aramburu The MNA became the ancestor of all modern Catholic nationalist groups in Argentina. Finally, Joe Baxter and José Luis Nell joined the Peronists, believing in its revolutionary capacities. They created the Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario Tacuara (MNRT, Revolutionary Nationalist Tacuara Movement) which, without forsaking nationalism, broke from the Church, and abandoned anti-Semitism. Baxter’s MNRT became progressively Marxist. Many of the Montoneros and of the ERP’s leaders came from this group. The Montonero Peronist Movement (Movimiento Peronista Montonero was an Argentine left-wing Peronist guerrilla group active during the 1960s and 1970s The Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (ERP was the military branch of the Communist PRT ( Partido Revolucionario de los Trabajadores, or Workers' Revolutionary

The third term (1973-1974)

General elections were held on March 11, 1973. Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Perón was banned from running, but a stand-in, Héctor Cámpora, a left-wing Peronist and his personal secretary, was elected and took office on May 25. Héctor José Cámpora Demaestre (1909-1980 was president of Argentina from May 25 until July 13 1973. Events 1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo Spain back from the Moors. On June 20, 1973, Perón returned from Spain to end his 18-year exile. Events 451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius ' defeats Attila the Hun. Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. According to Pagina 12 newspaper, Licio Gelli, headmaster of Propaganda Due, had provided an Alitalia plane to return to his native country [24]. Página/12 a left-wing newspaper based in Buenos Aires, Argentina, founded on May 25, 1987 by journalist Jorge Lanata Licio Gelli (born in Pistoia, Tuscany, April 21, 1919) is an Italian Financier, chiefly known for his role in the Propaganda Due or P2 was a Masonic lodge operating under the jurisdiction of the Grand Orient of Italy from 1877 to 1976 (when its charter was withdrawn AlitaliaLinee Aeree Italiane SpA ( Italian for Alitalia - Italian Air Lines) ( is the Flag carrier Airline of Italy. Gelli was part of a committee supporting Perón, along with Carlos Saúl Menem (future President of Argentina in the 1980s-90s) [24]. Carlos Saúl Menem Akil (born July 2, 1930) was President of Argentina from July 8, 1989 to December 10, 1999 The former Italian Premier Giulio Andreotti recalled an encounter between Perón, his wife Isabel Martínez and Gelli, saying that Perón knelt before Licio Gelli to salute him [24]. Giulio Andreotti (born 14 January 1919 in Rome) is an Italian Politician of the centrist Christian Democratic party

On the day of Perón's return, a crowd of left-wing Peronists (estimated at 3. 5 million) gathered at the Ezeiza airport in Buenos Aires to welcome him. Perón was accompanied by Cámpora, whose first measures were to grant amnesty to all political prisoners and reestablish relations with Cuba, helping Castro break the US embargo. Amnesty (from the Greek amnestia, oblivion is a legislative or executive act by which a state restores those who may have been guilty of an offense against it to A political prisoner is someone held in Prison or otherwise detained perhaps under House arrest, for his or her involvement in political activity Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born August 13 1926 is a Cuban revolutionary leader who was prime minister of Cuba from December 1959 to December 1976 and then president until The United States Embargo Against Cuba (described in Cuba as el bloqueo, Spanish for "the Blockade " is an economic commercial and This, along with his social policies, had earned him the opposition of right-wing Peronists, including the trade-unionist bureaucracy.

Camouflaged snipers, including members of the Argentine Anti-Communist Alliance (aka Triple A), opened fire on the crowd at the airport. The Argentine Anticommunist Alliance ( Alianza Anticomunista Argentina, usually known as Triple A or AAA was a Far-right Death squad active in The left-wing Peronist Youth Organization and the Montoneros had been trapped. The Montonero Peronist Movement (Movimiento Peronista Montonero was an Argentine left-wing Peronist guerrilla group active during the 1960s and 1970s At least 13 people were killed and 365 injured in this episode, which became known as the Ezeiza massacre. The Ezeiza massacre took place on June 20, 1973 near the Ezeiza International Airport in Buenos Aires, Argentina. [25]

Cámpora resigned in July 1973, paving the way for new elections, this time with Perón's participation. Argentina had reached a peak of instability, and Perón was viewed by many as the country's only hope for prosperity and safety.

UCR leader Ricardo Balbín and Perón contemplated a Peronist-Radical joint government, but opposition in both parties made this impossible. Ricardo Balbín (born on July 19, 1904 in Buenos Aires - died September 9 1981) was an Argentine lawyer and politician Perón received 62% of the vote, returning him to the presidency. In October 1973 he began his third term, with Isabel, his wife, as Vice President.

Perón's third term was marked by an escalating conflict between the Peronist left- and right-wing factions. This turmoil was fueled primarily by Perón's growing ties to conservative Radical Party leader Ricardo Balbín, who the opposition, led by Raúl Alfonsín, considered a right-wing radical. Raúl Ricardo Alfonsín Foulkes (born 13 March 1927 in Chascomús) is an Argentine politician who was the President of Argentina The Montoneros became marginalized in the Peronist movement and were mocked by Perón himself after the Ezeiza massacre. In his speech to the governors on 2 August 1973, Perón openly criticized radical Argentine youth for a lack of political maturity. Shortly after Perón's attack on left-wing Peronism, the Montoneros went underground. Another guerrilla group, the Guevarists ERP, also opposed the right-wing Peronists, and started engaging in armed struggle, attempting to create a foco in Tucuman, the smallest province of Argentina located in the Northwest. Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc The foco theory of Revolution by way of Guerrilla warfare, also known as focalism (foquismo was inspired by Marxist revolutionary San Miguel de Tucumán (usually referred to as simply Tucumán) is the largest City in northern Argentina, with a population of 525853 per the. Meanwhile, José Lopez Rega, personal secretary of Juan Perón and then of Isabel Perón, began targeting left-wing opponents. José López Rega ( 17 October 1916  &ndash 9 June 1989) was Argentina 's Minister of Social Welfare during the Peronist

Perón died of a heart attack on July 1, 1974 recommending that his wife, Isabel, rely on Balbín for support. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. At the president's burial Balbín uttered a historic phrase, "This old adversary bids farewell to a friend".

Isabel Perón succeeded her husband to the presidency, but proved incapable of managing the country's political and economic problems, including the left-wing insurgency and the reactions of the extreme right. Ignoring her late husband's advice, Isabel gave Balbín no role in her new government, instead granting broad powers to López Rega, who started a "dirty war" against political opponents. This article refers to the Argentine Dirty War for the British film of the same name see Dirty War (film.

Isabel Perón's term ended abruptly on March 24, 1976 by a military coup d'état. Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A military junta, headed by Jorge Rafael Videla took control of the country, starting the self-styled National Reorganization Process. A military junta is a government ruled by a committee of military leaders Jorge Rafael Videla Redondo (born August 21, 1925 in Mercedes Buenos Aires) was the dictator and President of Argentina from 1976 to 1981 The National Reorganization Process (in Spanish, Proceso de Reorganización Nacional, often simply El Proceso) was the name used by its leaders The junta combined widespread persecution of political dissidents with state terrorism. State terrorism refers to acts of Terrorism conducted by governments The death toll rose to thousands (at least 9,000, with human rights organizations claiming it was closer to 30,000). Many of these were "the disappeared" (desaparecidos), people kidnapped and executed without trial or record. A forced disappearance occurs when an organization forces a person to vanish from Public view either by Murder or by simple Sequestration.

Perón's corpse

Perón was buried in La Chacarita Cemetery in Buenos Aires. Cementerio de la Chacarita in Buenos Aires, Argentina, known as the National Cemetery was opened during a Yellow fever epidemic in 1871. Buenos Aires is the Capital and largest city of Argentina. It is geographically located on the southern shore of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern In 1987, his tomb was desecrated, and his hands and some personal effects, such as his sword, were stolen. In the year 2007, journalist David Cox and Damian Nabot in their book La Segunda Muerte reported that the robbery of his hands was connected to Licio Gelli, and military officers that were involved during Argentina's Dirty War.

On 17 October 2006 his body was moved to a mausoleum at his former summer residence, rebuilt as a museum, in the Buenos Aires suburb of San Vicente. Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. San Vicente is the head town of the San Vicente Partido in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. A few people were injured in riots, as Peronist trade unions fought over access to the ceremony. The police contained the violence enough for the procession to move to the mausoleum. This move of Perón's body offered his self-proclaimed illegitimate daughter the opportunity to obtain a DNA sample from his corpse. The woman, Martha Holgado, 72, had been trying for 15 years to do this DNA analysis, which, in November 2006, proved she was not his daughter. [26][27]

Footnotes

  1. ^ (Spanish) Colonel J. D. Perón Vice president Minister or War and Secretary of Work and Welfare speaks September 18 1945 from the his offices for union leaders, "From work to home and from home to work" speech
  2. ^ Quoted by Hugo Gambini in his book "Historia del peronismo" He said, in Spanish: "El aluvión zoológico del 24 de febrero parece haber arrojado a algún diputado a su banca, para que desde ella maúlle a los astros por una dieta de 2. 500 pesos. Que siga maullando, que a mí no me molesta. . . "
  3. ^ Eduardo Galeano , Memorias del Fuego , México, Siglo XXI, 1990
  4. ^ Lerner, BH (2000). The illness and death of Eva Perón: cancer, politics, and secrecy. Lancet 355:1988-1991
  5. ^ El proyecto Pulqui: propaganda peronista de la época
  6. ^ http://www.reconstruccion2005.com.ar/0412/aviacion.htm La aviación militar apunta a Cordoba como vector comercial del poder aéreo
  7. ^ a b La Odessa que creó Perón, Pagina/12, 15 December 2002 (Spanish)
  8. ^ La rama nazi de Perón, La Nacion, 16 February 1997 (Spanish)
  9. ^ a b Mark Falcoff, Perón's Nazi Ties, Time, November 9, 1998, vol 152, n°19
  10. ^ Uki Goñi, The Real Odessa: Smuggling the Nazis to Perón's Argentina (2002) (Granta Books, 2002, ISBN 1862075816)
  11. ^ "The Jews and Perón: Communal Politics and National Identity in Peronist Argentina, 1946–1955" by Lawrence D. Bell Page 10. Página/12 a left-wing newspaper based in Buenos Aires, Argentina, founded on May 25, 1987 by journalist Jorge Lanata La Nación is an Argentine daily Newspaper. It is on the right of the political spectrum with the centrist Clarín being its main Mark Falcoff is an American scholar and policy consultant who has worked with a number of important Think tanks For other uses see Time (disambiguation Time is a component of a measuring system used to sequence events to compare the durations of Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Writer Uki Goñi is known principally for his work documenting the escape of Nazi war criminals from Europe. ODESSA which stands for the German phrase O rganisation d er e hemaligen SS - A ngehörigen which in turn translates Retrieved May 2, 2008
  12. ^ Fraser, Nicholas. Navarro, Marysa. Evita: The Real Life of Eva Peron. W. W. Norton & Company, New York, London. 1980, 1996.
  13. ^ Inside Argentina from Perón to Menem: 1950–2000 From an American Point of View by Laurence Levine, page 23 ISBN 0964924773
  14. ^ Crassweller, David. Peron and the Enigmas of Argentina. W. W. Norton and Company. 1987: 221. ISBN 0-393-30543-0
  15. ^ Inside Argentina from Perón to Menem: 1950–2000 From an American Point of View by Laurence Levine, page 23 ISBN 0964924773
  16. ^ Crassweller, David. Peron and the Enigmas of Argentina. W. W. Norton and Company. 1987: 221. ISBN 0-393-30543-0
  17. ^ "Continuing Efforts to Conceal Anti-Semitic Past. " Valente, Marcela. Valente, Marcela. IPS-Inter Press Service. April 27, 2005.
  18. ^ [http://www.jpppi.org.il/JPPPI/SendFile.asp?DBID=1&LNGID=1&GID=489 The Jewish People Policy Planning Institute; Annual Assessment, 2007
  19. ^ United Jewish Communities; Global Jewish Populations
  20. ^ http://www.jdc.org/p_amer_arg_pop.html
  21. ^ Jewish Virtual Library. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Argentina.html#WW2
  22. ^ THE WOMAN BEHIND THE FANTASY: PROSTITUTE, FASCIST, PROFLIGATE--EVA PERON WAS MUCH MALIGNED, MOSTLY UNFAIRLY Tomás Eloy Martínez, Director of the Latin American program at Rutgers University
  23. ^ Oscar Ranzani, La revolución es un sueño eterno, Pagina 12, 20 October 2004 (Spanish)
  24. ^ a b c Susana Viau and Eduardo Tagliaferro, Carlos Bartffeld, Mason y Amigo de Massera, Fue Embajador en Yugoslavia Cuando Se Vendieron Armas a Croacia - En el mismo barco, Pagina 12, December 14, 1998 (Spanish)
  25. ^ (Spanish) Horacio Verbitsky, Ezeiza, Contrapunto, Buenos Aires, 1985. Tomás Eloy Martínez (born July 16, 1934 in Tucumán) is an Argentine journalist and writer Página/12 a left-wing newspaper based in Buenos Aires, Argentina, founded on May 25, 1987 by journalist Jorge Lanata Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Página/12 a left-wing newspaper based in Buenos Aires, Argentina, founded on May 25, 1987 by journalist Jorge Lanata Events 1287 - St Lucia's flood: The Zuider Zee sea wall in the Netherlands collapses killing over 50000 people Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Horacio Verbitksy (born 1942 in Buenos Aires) is a prominent Argentine investigative journalist and author Available at ElOrtiba.
  26. ^ CNN. 17 October 2006. Body of Argentina's Perón to move to $1.1 million crypt
  27. ^ BBC News. 17 October 2006. Violence mars reburial of Perón

Further reading

See also

External links

Preceded by
Edelmiro Farrell		 Vice-President of Argentina
1944–1945		 Succeeded by
Juan Pistarini
Preceded by
Edelmiro Farrell		 President of Argentina
First and Second Terms
1946–1952, 1952–1955		 Succeeded by
Eduardo Lonardi
Preceded by
Raúl Lastiri		 President of Argentina
Third Term
1973–1974		 Succeeded by
Isabel Perón



Persondata
NAME Perón, Juan Domingo
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION Argentine politician
DATE OF BIRTH October 8, 1895
PLACE OF BIRTH Lobos, Buenos Aires, Argentina
DATE OF DEATH July 1, 1974
PLACE OF DEATH Olivos, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Tomás Eloy Martínez (born July 16, 1934 in Tucumán) is an Argentine journalist and writer General Edelmiro Julián Farrell (born February 12, 1887 in Avellaneda &ndash died October 21, 1980) was an The President of Argentina (full title President of the Argentine Nation, Spanish: Presidente de la Nación Argentina) is the Head of state Juan Pistarini (1882-1956 was an Argentine general and politician General Edelmiro Julián Farrell (born February 12, 1887 in Avellaneda &ndash died October 21, 1980) was an The President of Argentina (full title President of the Argentine Nation, Spanish: Presidente de la Nación Argentina) is the Head of state Eduardo A Lonardi Doucet (1896-1956 was a former De facto president of Argentina who was in office from September 23 till November 13 Raúl Alberto Lastiri (1915-1978 was an Argentine politician who was interim president of Argentina from July 13 1973 until October 12 The President of Argentina (full title President of the Argentine Nation, Spanish: Presidente de la Nación Argentina) is the Head of state María Estela Martínez Cartas de Perón (born February 4, 1931) better known as Isabel Martínez de Perón or Isabel Perón, is a former Events 314 - Roman Emperor Licinius is defeated by his colleague Constantine I at the Battle of Cibalae, and loses Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year For the Canary Island see Lobos Island. Lobos is the head city of the Lobos Partido in the Buenos Aires Province, "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Olivos is an Argentine city in Vicente López Partido in the Province of Buenos Aires and a suburb within the Greater Buenos Aires metro area
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