The four heroes of the story, left to right: Sūn Wùkōng, Xuánzàng, Zhū Bājiè, and Shā Wùjìng. Wu Cheng'en ( ca 1500–1582 Courtesy name Ruzhong (汝忠 was a Chinese novelist and poet of the Ming Dynasty. Publishing is the process of production and dissemination of Literature or Information &ndash the activity of making information available for public view

A block print of Journey to the West, Chinese, 16th century.

Journey to the West (traditional Chinese: 西遊記; simplified Chinese: 西游记; pinyin: Xīyóujì; Wade-Giles: Hsiyu-chi) is one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature. Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Wade-Giles (ˌweɪdˈʤaɪlz) sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization system (phonetic notation and Transcription) for the Mandarin The Four Great Classical Novels, or Four Major Classical Novels ( of Chinese literature, are the four novels commonly counted by scholars to be the greatest and most Chinese literature extends back thousands of years from the earliest recorded dynastic court Archives to the mature fictional Novel that arose during the Ming Dynasty Originally published anonymously in the 1590s during the Ming Dynasty, and even though no direct evidence of its authorship survives, it has been ascribed to the scholar Wú Chéng'ēn since the 20th century. The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led Wu Cheng'en ( ca 1500–1582 Courtesy name Ruzhong (汝忠 was a Chinese novelist and poet of the Ming Dynasty. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on

In western countries, the tale is also often known simply as Monkey. The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings Monkey A Folk-Tale of China ( 1942) usually known as simply Monkey, is an abridged translation by Arthur Waley of the Chinese This was one title used for a popular, abridged translation by Arthur Waley. Arthur David Waley CH ( August 19, 1889 &ndash June 27, 1966) was a noted English Orientalist and Sinologist The Waley translation has also been published as Adventures of the Monkey God; and Monkey: [A] Folk Novel of China; and The Adventures of Monkey.

The novel is a fictionalized account of the legends around the Buddhist monk Xuánzàng's pilgrimage to India during the Táng dynasty in order to obtain Buddhist religious texts called sutras. Fiction is the telling of stories which are not real More specifically fiction is an imaginative form of Narrative, one of the four basic Rhetorical modes. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices See also Xuanzang (fictional character Xuanzang ( pronounced Shwan-dzang) was a famous Chinese Buddhist Monk, scholar traveler In Religion and Spirituality, a pilgrimage is a long journey or Search of great Moral significance India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices The Bodhisattva Guānyīn, on instruction from the Buddha, gives this task to the monk and his three protectors in the form of disciples — namely Sūn Wùkōng, Zhū Bājiè and Shā Wùjìng — together with a dragon prince who acts as Xuánzàng's horse mount. In the Buddhist context a bodhisattva (बोधिसत्त्व bodhisattva;; Vietnamese Bồ Tát; बोधिसत्त bodhisatta Guanyin (觀音 pinyin guānyīn, Wade-Giles kuan-yin) is the Bodhisattva of compassion as venerated by East Asian Buddhists Siddhārtha Gautama ( Sanskrit; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual Teacher from Ancient India and the founder Sun Wukong ( known in the West as the Monkey King, is the main character in the classical Chinese epic novel Journey to the West. Zhu Bajie ( Sino-Vietnamese: Trư Bát Giới; Japanese: Cho Hakkai; Thai: Teu Poi Gai) also named Zhu Wuneng Shā Wùjìng ( is one of the three helpers of Xuánzàng in the classic Chinese novel Journey to the West. These four characters have agreed to help Xuánzàng as an atonement for past sins.

Some scholars propose that the book satirises the effete Chinese government at the time. Satire is often strictly defined as a literary genre or form; although in practice it is also found in the graphic and Performing arts In satire human Journey to the West has a strong background in Chinese folk religion, Chinese mythology and value systems; the pantheon of Taoist immortals and Buddhist bodhisattvas is still reflective of Chinese folk religious beliefs today. Chinese folk religion is a collective label given to various folkloric beliefs that draws heavily from Chinese mythology. Chinese mythology is a collection of Cultural history, Folktales, and Religions that have been passed down in oral or written form Taoism (pronounced /ˈdaʊɪzəm/ or /ˈtaʊɪzəm/ also spelled '''Daoism''') refers to a variety of related Philosophical and Religious traditions Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices

Part of the novel's enduring popularity comes from the fact that it works on multiple levels: it is a first-rate adventure story, a dispenser of spiritual insight, and an extended allegory in which the group of pilgrims journeying toward India stands for the individual journeying toward enlightenment. An allegory (from αλλος allos "other" and el αγορευειν agoreuein "to speak in public" is a figurative mode of representation In sramanic philosophy Nirvana (निर्वाण| Nirvāṇa; निब्बान Nibbāna; Prakrit: णिव्वाण

Synopsis

The novel comprises 100 chapters. These can be divided into four very unequal parts. The first, which includes chapters 1–7, is really a self-contained prequel to the main body of the story. A prequel is a work that portrays events and/or aspects of a previously completed narrative but is set prior to the existing narrative It deals entirely with the earlier exploits of Sūn Wùkōng, a monkey born from a stone nourished by the Five Elements, who learns the art of the Tao, 72 polymorphic transformations, combat and secrets of immortality, and through guile and force makes a name for himself as the Qítiān Dàshèng (simplified Chinese: 齐天大圣; traditional Chinese: 齊天大聖), or "Great Sage Equal to Heaven". His powers grow to match the forces of all of the Eastern (Taoist) deities, and the prologue culminates in Sūn's rebellion against Heaven, during a time when he garnered a post in the celestial bureaucracy. Hubris proves his downfall when the Buddha manages to trap him under a mountain for five hundred years. Hubris, sometimes spelled hybris ( Ancient Greek ὕβρις is a term used in modern English to indicate overweening Pride, self-confidence Siddhārtha Gautama ( Sanskrit; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual Teacher from Ancient India and the founder

18th century Chinese illustration of a scene from Journey to the West

An illustrated edition of the story

Only following this introductory story is the nominal main character, Xuánzàng, introduced. Chapters 8–12 provide his early biography and the background to his great journey. Dismayed that "the land of the South knows only greed, hedonism, promiscuity, and sins", the Buddha instructs the Bodhisattva Guānyīn to search Táng China for someone to take the Buddhist sutras of "transcendence and persuasion for good will" back to the East. In the Buddhist context a bodhisattva (बोधिसत्त्व bodhisattva;; Vietnamese Bồ Tát; बोधिसत्त bodhisatta Guanyin (觀音 pinyin guānyīn, Wade-Giles kuan-yin) is the Bodhisattva of compassion as venerated by East Asian Buddhists The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by Part of the story here also relates to how Xuánzàng becomes a monk (as well as revealing his past life as the "Golden Cicada" and comes about being sent on this pilgrimage by the Emperor Táng Tàizōng, who previously escaped death with the help of an underworld official). A cicada is an Insect of the order Hemiptera, suborder Auchenorrhyncha, in the superfamily Cicadoidea, with large eyes wide apart on the The Emperor of China ( refers to any sovereign of Imperial China reigning since the founding of the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC until the fall of Emperor Taizong of Tang ( January 23, 599 &ndash July 10 649) personal name Lǐ Shìmín ( was the second emperor of the

The third and longest section of the work is chapters 13–99, an episodic adventure story which combines elements of the quest as well as the picaresque. This article is about the word for other meanings see Quest (disambiguation A quest is a journey towards a goal used in Mythology The picaresque novel ( Spanish: "picaresca", from "pícaro", for " Rogue " or " Rascal " is a The skeleton of the story is Xuánzàng's quest to bring back Buddhist scriptures from Vulture Peak in India, but the flesh is provided by the conflict between Xuánzàng's disciples and the various evils that beset him on the way.

The scenery of this section is, nominally, the sparsely populated lands along the Silk Road between China and India, including Xinjiang, Turkestan, and Afghanistan. The Silk Road, or Silk Routes, are an extensive interconnected network of Trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East South and Western Asia with the Xinjiang ( Uyghur: شىنجاڭ Shinjang;; Postal map spelling: Sinkiang; Turkish: Sincan, Sincan Uygur Özerk Turkestan (literally meaning "Land of the Turks" is a region in Central Asia, which today is largely inhabited by Turkic peoples. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, The geography described in the book is, however, almost entirely fantastic; once Xuánzàng departs Cháng'ān, the Táng capital and crosses the frontier (somewhere in Gansu province), he finds himself in a wilderness of deep gorges and tall mountains, all inhabited by flesh-eating demons who regard him as a potential meal (since his flesh was believed to give Immortality to whoever eats it), with here and there a hidden monastery or royal city-state amid the wilds. Chang'an ( is an ancient Capital of more than ten dynasties in Chinese history. ( is a province located in the northwest of the People's Republic of China.

The episodic structure of this section is to some extent formulaic. Episodes consist of 1–4 chapters, and usually involve Xuánzàng being captured and his life threatened, while his disciples try to find an ingenious (and often violent) way of liberating him. Although some of Xuánzàng's predicaments are political and involve ordinary human beings, they more frequently consist of run-ins with various goblins and ogres, many of whom turn out to be the earthly manifestations of heavenly beings (whose sins will be negated by eating the flesh of Xuanzang) or animal-spirits with enough Taoist spiritual merit to assume semi-human forms.

Chapters 13–22 do not follow this structure precisely, as they introduce Xuánzàng's disciples, who, inspired or goaded by Guānyīn, meet and agree to serve him along the way, in order to atone for their sins in their past lives. Guanyin (觀音 pinyin guānyīn, Wade-Giles kuan-yin) is the Bodhisattva of compassion as venerated by East Asian Buddhists

• The first is Sun Wukong (simplified Chinese: 孙悟空; traditional Chinese: 孫悟空), or Monkey, previously "Great Sage Equal to Heaven", trapped by Buddha for rebelling against Heaven. Sun Wukong ( known in the West as the Monkey King, is the main character in the classical Chinese epic novel Journey to the West. He appears right away in Chapter 13. The most intelligent and violent of the disciples, he is constantly reproved for his violence by Xuánzàng. Ultimately, he can only be controlled by a magic gold band that the Bodhisattva has placed around his head, which causes him excruciating pain when Xuánzàng says certain magic words.
• The second, appearing in 19, is Zhu Bajie (simplified Chinese: 猪八戒; traditional Chinese: 豬八戒), literally Eight-precepts Pig, sometimes translated as Pigsy or just Pig. Zhu Bajie ( Sino-Vietnamese: Trư Bát Giới; Japanese: Cho Hakkai; Thai: Teu Poi Gai) also named Zhu Wuneng He was previously Marshal Tīan Péng (simplified Chinese: 天蓬元帅; traditional Chinese: 天蓬元帥), commander of the Heavenly Naval forces, banished to the mortal realm for flirting with the Princess of the Moon Chang'e. Chang'e, Ch'ang-O or Chang-Ngo ( also known as Heng-E or Heng-O ( 姮[[wiktionary 娥|娥]] Héng'é is the Chinese Goddess He is characterized by his insatiable appetites for food and sex, and is constantly looking for a way out of his duties, but is always kept in line by Sūn Wùkōng.
• The third, appearing in chapter 22, is the river-ogre Sha Wujing (simplified Chinese: 沙悟净; traditional Chinese: 沙悟淨), also translated as Friar Sand or Sandy. Shā Wùjìng ( is one of the three helpers of Xuánzàng in the classic Chinese novel Journey to the West. He was previously Great General who Folds the Curtain (simplified Chinese: 卷帘大将; traditional Chinese: 捲簾大將), banished to the mortal realm for dropping (and shattering) a crystal goblet of the Heavenly Queen Mother. He is a quiet but generally dependable character, who serves as the straight foil to the comic relief of Sūn and Zhū.
• Possibly to be counted as a fourth disciple is the third prince of the Dragon-King, Yùlóng Sāntàizǐ (simplified Chinese: 玉龙三太子; traditional Chinese: 玉龍三太子), who was sentenced to death for setting fire to his father's great pearl. He was saved by Guānyīn from execution to stay and wait for his call of duty. He appears first in chapter 15, but has almost no speaking role, as throughout most of the story he appears in the transformed shape of a horse that Xuánzàng rides on.

Chapter 22, where Shā is introduced, also provides a geographical boundary, as the river that the travelers cross brings them into a new "continent". Chapters 23–86 take place in the wilderness, and consist of 24 episodes of varying length, each characterized by a different magical monster or evil magician. There are impassably wide rivers, flaming mountains, a kingdom ruled by women, a lair of seductive spider-spirits, and many other fantastic scenarios. The Flaming Mountains ( Chinese: 火焰山 Pinyin: huǒyànshān are barren eroded red Sandstone hills in the Tian Shan Mountain range in Throughout the journey, the four brave disciples have to fend off attacks on their master and teacher Xuánzàng from various monsters and calamities.

It is strongly suggested that most of these calamities are engineered by fate and/or the Buddha, as, while the monsters who attack are vast in power and many in number, no real harm ever comes to the four travelers. Some of the monsters turn out to be escaped heavenly animals belonging to bodisattvas or Taoist sages and spirits. Towards the end of the book there is a scene where the Buddha literally commands the fulfillment of the last disaster, because Xuánzàng is one short of the eighty-one disasters he needs to attain Buddhahood. In Buddhism, buddhahood ( Sanskrit: buddhatva. Pali: buddhatta.

In chapter 87, Xuánzàng finally reaches the borderlands of India, and chapters 87–99 present magical adventures in a somewhat more mundane (though still exotic) setting. At length, after a pilgrimage said to have taken fourteen years (the text actually only provides evidence for nine of those years, but presumably there was room to add additional episodes) they arrive at the half-real, half-legendary destination of Vulture Peak, where, in a scene simultaneously mystical and comic, Xuánzàng receives the scriptures from the living Buddha.

Chapter 100, the last of all, quickly describes the return journey to the Táng Empire, and the aftermath in which each traveler receives a reward in the form of posts in the bureaucracy of the heavens. Sūn Wùkōng and Xuánzàng achieve Buddhahood, Wùjìng becomes an arhat, the dragon is made a Naga, and Bājiè, whose good deeds have always been tempered by his greed, is promoted to an altar cleanser (i. In Buddhism, buddhahood ( Sanskrit: buddhatva. Pali: buddhatta. In the sramanic traditions of ancient India (most notably those of Mahavira and Gautama Buddha) arhat ( Sanskrit) or arahant e. eater of excess offerings at altars).

Historical context

Main article: Xuanzang

The Big Wild Goose Pagoda of Xī'ān, China

The classic story of the Journey to the West was based on real events. See also Xuanzang (fictional character Xuanzang ( pronounced Shwan-dzang) was a famous Chinese Buddhist Monk, scholar traveler In real life, Xuanzang (born c. See also Xuanzang (fictional character Xuanzang ( pronounced Shwan-dzang) was a famous Chinese Buddhist Monk, scholar traveler 602 - 664) was a monk at Jingtu Temple in late-Sui Dynasty and early-Tang Dynasty Chang'an. The Sui Dynasty ( 581 - 618 AD and in the undertaking of other construction projects including the reconstruction of the Great Wall. The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by Chang'an ( is an ancient Capital of more than ten dynasties in Chinese history. Motivated by the poor quality of Chinese translations of Buddhist scripture at the time, Xuanzang left Chang'an in 629, despite the border being closed at the time due to war with the Gokturks. Chang'an ( is an ancient Capital of more than ten dynasties in Chinese history. Göktürks ( Turkish: Gök Türkler) were a Turkic people of ancient Central Asia. Helped by sympathetic Buddhists, he travelled via Gansu and Qinghai to Kumul (Hami), thence following the Tian Shan mountains to Turfan. ( is a province located in the northwest of the People's Republic of China. (青海 qīnghǎi is a province of the People's Republic of China, named after Qinghai Lake. Kumul (Qumul or Hami (قۇمۇل|Qumul|K̡umul Chinese: 哈密 Pinyin: Hāmì is an oasis in Hami Prefecture, Xinjiang ( China The Tian Shan (天山 Pinyin: Tiān Shān "celestial mountains" also commonly spelled Tien Shan, is a Mountain range located in Central Turfan or Tulufan (تۇرپان|Turpan|Turpan Modern Chinese: 吐魯番, Pinyin: Tǔlǔfān is an Oasis city in the He then crossed what are today Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Afghanistan, into Gandhara, reaching India in 630. Kyrgyzstan (ˈkɻ̩gɪztɑn (AmE or /'kɝgəztan/ (BrE Kyrgyz: Кыргызстан; Russian: Киргизия or Киргизстан or Кыргызстан Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi or Ўзбекистон Республикаси is a doubly Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Gandhāra ( Sanskrit: गन्धार Urdu: گندھارا Gandḥārā; also known as Waihind in Persian is the name of an ancient Xuanzang travelled throughout the Indian subcontinent for the next thirteen years, visiting important Buddhist pilgrimage sites and studying at the ancient university at Nalanda. Nālandā is the name of an ancient University in Bihar, India.

Xuanzang left India in 643 and arrived back in Chang'an in 646 to a warm reception by Emperor Taizong of Tang. Chang'an ( is an ancient Capital of more than ten dynasties in Chinese history. Emperor Taizong of Tang ( January 23, 599 &ndash July 10 649) personal name Lǐ Shìmín ( was the second emperor of the He joined Da Ci'en Monastery (Monastery of Great Maternal Grace), where he led the building of the Big Wild Goose Pagoda in order to store the scriptures and icons he had brought back from India. Giant Wild Goose Pagoda or Big Wild Goose Pagoda ( is a Buddhist pagoda located in southern Xi'an, Shaanxi province China. He recorded his journey in the book Journey to the West in the Great Tang Dynasty. The Great Tang Records on the Western Regions ( is a narrative of Xuanzang 's nineteen year journey through Chang'an to India between With the support of the Emperor, he established an institute at Yuhua Gong (Palace of the Lustre of Jade) monastery dedicated to translating into Chinese the scriptures he had brought back. His translation and commentary work established him as the founder of the Dharma character school of Buddhism. Dharma-character school (Chinese 法相宗 Pinyin fa xiang zong, Japanese Hossō is the pejorative name for a stream of thought that represented the Indian Xuanzang died on March 7, 664. Events 161 - Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius dies and is succeeded by co-Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus Events By Place Asia Arab armies conquer Kabul. Kuo Wu Tsung of Tang comes to Japan The Xingjiao Monastery was established in 669 to house his ashes.

Popular stories of Xuánzàng's journey were in existence long before Journey to the West was written. In these versions, dating as far back as Southern Song, a monkey character was already a primary protagonist. The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Before the Yuan Dynasty and early Ming, elements of the Monkey story were already seen. The Yuan Dynasty ( Pinyin: Yuáncháo Dai Ön Ulus (Дай Юан Улс was a ruling Dynasty founded by the Mongol leader Kublai

Main characters

Tripitaka or Xuánzàng

An illustration of Xuanzang

Main article: Xuanzang (fictional character)

Xuánzàng (玄奘) (or Táng-Sānzàng (唐三藏), meaning "Táng-dynasty monk" — Sānzàng (三藏) or "Three Baskets", referring to the Tripitaka, was a traditional honorific for a Buddhist monk) is the Buddhist monk who set out to India to retrieve the Buddhist scriptures for China. See also Xuanzang The Fictional character Xuanzang ( is a central character of the classic Chinese Novel Journey to the West The Tripiṭaka ( Sanskrit; Devanagari: त्रिपिटक lit India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Buddhist texts can be categorized in a number of ways The Western terms "scripture" and "canonical" are applied to Buddhism in inconsistent ways by Western scholars China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National He is called Tripitaka in many English versions of the story. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Although he is helpless when it comes to defending himself, the bodhisattva Guānyīn helps by finding him powerful disciples (Sūn Wùkōng, Zhū Bājiè, and Shā Wùjìng) who aid and protect him on his journey. In the Buddhist context a bodhisattva (बोधिसत्त्व bodhisattva;; Vietnamese Bồ Tát; बोधिसत्त bodhisatta In return, the disciples will receive enlightenment and forgiveness for their sins once the journey is done. Along the way, they help the local inhabitants by defeating various monsters. The fact that most of the monsters and demons are trying to obtain immortality by eating Xuánzàng's flesh, and are even attracted to him as he is depicted as quite handsome, provides much of the plot in the story.

Monkey King (Emperor of Monkeys) or Sūn Wùkōng

An illustration of Sūn Wùkōng

Main article: Sun Wukong

Sūn Wùkōng is the name given to this character by his teacher, Patriarch Subhuti, and means "the one who has Achieved the Perfect Comprehension of the Extinction of both Emptiness and non-Emptiness"; he is called Monkey King or simply Monkey Emperor in English. Sun Wukong ( known in the West as the Monkey King, is the main character in the classical Chinese epic novel Journey to the West. Subhuti (from Sanskrit: su: "good" bhūti: "existence") was one of the Buddha Shakyamuni 's Ten Major Disciples Satori ( 悟 Korean oh; Japanese satori (from the verb Satoru) Chinese: wù English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States

He was born out of a rock that had been dormant for ages in Flower Fruit Mountain that was inhabited/weathered by the sun and moon until a monkey sprang forth. Mount Huaguo ( Chinese: 花果山 Pinyin: Huāguǒ Shān literally meaning Mount of Flowers and Fruit is a major area featured within the famed ancient Chinese He first distinguished himself by bravely entering the Cave of Water Curtains (pinyin:Shuǐlián-dòng) at the Mountains of Flowers and Fruits (Huāguǒ-shān); for this feat, his monkey tribe gave him the title of Měi-hóuwáng ("handsome monkey-king"). Later, he started making trouble in Heaven and defeated an army of 100,000 celestial soldiers, led by the Four Heavenly Kings, Erlang Shen, and Nezha. In the Buddhist faith, the Four Heavenly Kings are four guardian gods each of whom watches over one Cardinal direction of the world Erlang Shen (二郎神 is a Chinese God with a third true-seeing eye in the middle of his forehead Nezha or Na Zha ( Japanese: Nataku or Nata) is a Deity, the Enfant terrible Trickster, originally Eventually, the Jade Emperor appealed to Buddha, who subdued and trapped Wukong under a mountain. The Jade Emperor ( or 玉帝 Yù Dì) is the Taoist ruler of Heaven and all realms of existence below including that of Man and Hell Siddhārtha Gautama ( Sanskrit; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual Teacher from Ancient India and the founder He was only saved when Xuanzang came by him on his pilgrimage and accepted him as a disciple.

His primary weapon is the rúyì-jīngū-bàng ("will-following golden-banded staff"), which he can shrink down to the size of a needle and keep behind his ear, as well as expand it to gigantic proportions (hence the "will-following" part of the name). The staff, originally a pillar supporting the undersea palace of the East Sea Dragon King, weighs 13,500 pounds, which he pulled out of its support and swung with ease. The Dragon King, not wanting him to cause any trouble, also gave him a suit of golden armor. These gifts, combined with his devouring of the peaches of immortality and three jars of immortality pills while in Heaven, plus his ordeal in an eight-trigram furnace (which gave him a steel-hard body and fiery golden eyes), makes Wukong the strongest member by far of the pilgrimage. The Bagua ( are eight diagrams used in Taoist Cosmology to represent a range of interrelated concepts Besides these abilities, he can also pull hairs from his body and blow on them to transform them into whatever he wishes (usually clones of himself to gain a numerical advantage in battle). Although he has mastered seventy-two methods of transformations, it does not mean that he is restricted to seventy-two different forms. He can also do a jīndǒuyún ("cloud somersault"), enabling him to travel vast distances in a single leap. Wukong uses his talents to fight demons and play pranks. However, his behavior is checked by a band placed around his head by Guanyin, which cannot be removed by Wukong himself until the journey's end. Xuanzang can tighten this band by chanting the Tightening-Crown spell (taught to him by Guanyin) whenever he needs to chastise him. The spell is referred to by Xuanzang's disciples as the "Headache Sutra", and is as follows:- "Om-munney pud-meyon", which is spoken quickly and repeatedly.

Wukong's child-like playfulness is a huge contrast to his cunning mind. This, coupled with his acrobatic skills, makes him a likeable hero, though not necessarily a good role model. The term role model was introduced by Robert K Merton. Merton says that individuals compare themselves with "reference groups" of people who occupy the social His antics present a lighter side in what proposes to be a long and dangerous trip into the unknown.

Zhū Bājiè

An illustration of Zhū Bājiè

Main article: Zhu Bajie

Zhū Bājiè ("Pig of the Eight Prohibitions") is also known as Zhū Wùnéng ("Pig Awakened to Power"), and given the name Pigsy or Pig in English. Zhu Bajie ( Sino-Vietnamese: Trư Bát Giới; Japanese: Cho Hakkai; Thai: Teu Poi Gai) also named Zhu Wuneng English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States

Once an immortal who was the Tiānpéng-yuánshuǎi ("Field Marshal Tianpeng") of 100,000 soldiers of the Milky Way, during a celebration of gods, he drank too much and attempted to flirt with Cháng'é, the beautiful moon goddess, resulting in his banishment into the mortal world. The Milky Way (a translation of the Latin Via Lactea, in turn derived from the Greek Γαλαξίας (Galaxias sometimes referred to simply Chang'e, Ch'ang-O or Chang-Ngo ( also known as Heng-E or Heng-O ( 姮[[wiktionary 娥|娥]] Héng'é is the Chinese Goddess He was supposed to be reborn as a human, but ended up in the womb of a sow due to an error at the Reincarnation Wheel, which turned him into a half-man half-pig monster. Staying within Yúnzhan-dòng ("cloud-pathway cave"), he was commissioned by Guanyin to accompany Xuanzang to India and given the new name Zhu Wuneng.

However, Wuneng's desire for women led him to Gao Village, where he posed as a normal being and took a wife. Later, when the villagers discovered that he was a monster, Wuneng hid the girl away. At this point, Xuanzang and Wukong arrived at Gao Village and helped subdue him. Renamed Zhu Bajie by Xuanzang, he consequently joined the pilgrimage to the West.

His weapon of choice is the jiǔchǐdīngpá ("nine-tooth iron rake"). The nine-toothed rake (Traditional Chinese 九齒釘耙 Simplified Chinese 九齿钉耙 pinyin jiǔchǐdīngpá; literally "Nine-Tooth Spike-Rake" is a major He is also capable of thirty-six transformations (as compared to Wukong's seventy-two), and can travel on clouds, but not as fast as Wukong. However, Bajie is noted for his fighting skills in the water, which he used to combat Sha Wujing, who later joined them on the journey. He is the second strongest member of the team.

Shā Wùjìng

An illustration of Shā Wùjìng

Main article: Sha Wujing

Shā Wùjìng (literally meaning "Sand Awakened to Purity"), given the name Friar Sand or Sandy in English, was once the Curtain Raising General, who stood in attendance by the imperial chariot in the Hall of Miraculous Mist. Shā Wùjìng ( is one of the three helpers of Xuánzàng in the classic Chinese novel Journey to the West. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States He was exiled to the mortal world and made to look like a monster because he accidentally smashed a crystal goblet belonging to the Heavenly Queen Mother during the Peach Banquet. The now-hideous immortal took up residence in the Flowing Sands River, terrorizing the surrounding villages and travelers trying to cross the river. However, he was subdued by Sūn Wùkōng and Zhū Bājiè when the Xuānzàng party came across him. They consequently took him in to be a part of the pilgrimage to the West.

Shā Wùjìng's weapon is the yuèyáchǎn ("Crescent-Moon-Shovel" or "Monk's Spade"). A monk's spade (Traditional Chinese 月牙鏟 Simplified Chinese 月牙铲 pinyin yuèyáchǎn literally "Moon-Tooth Spade" Romanized Japanese getsugasan Hiragana Aside from that, he knows eighteen transformations and is highly effective in water combat. He is about as strong as Bājiè, and is much stronger than Wùkōng in water. However, Bājiè can beat Wujing in a test of endurance, and Wùkōng can beat him out of water.

Shā Wùjìng is known to be the most obedient, logical, and polite of the three disciples, and always takes care of his master, seldom engaging in the bickeries of his fellow-disciples. Ever reliable, he carries the luggage for the travellers. Perhaps this is why he is sometimes seen as a minor character; the lack of any particular perks confers the lack of distinguishing and/or redeeming characteristics.

Wùjìng eventually becomes an Arhat at the end of the journey, giving him a higher level of exaltation than Bājiè, who is relegated to cleaning every altar at every Buddhist temple for eternity, but is still lower spiritually than Wùkōng or Xuānzàng who are granted Buddhahood.

List of Demons

There are many demons in the story. They are listed below:

Notable English-language translations

• Monkey: A Folk-Tale of China (1942), an abridged translation by Arthur Waley. Guanyin (觀音 pinyin guānyīn, Wade-Giles kuan-yin) is the Bodhisattva of compassion as venerated by East Asian Buddhists Siddhārtha Gautama ( Sanskrit; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual Teacher from Ancient India and the founder Bai Gu Jing ( means a "white bone demon" is a Yaoguai from Journey to the West. Laozi ( also Lao Tse, Lao-Tzu, Laotze, Lao Zi, Laocius, and other variations was a philosopher of ancient Laozi ( also Lao Tse, Lao-Tzu, Laotze, Lao Zi, Laocius, and other variations was a philosopher of ancient Manjusri ( Ch: Manjusri ( Ch: Red Boy ( Japanese: Kōgaiji) was a character featured in the classic Chinese novel Journey to the West. Guanyin (觀音 pinyin guānyīn, Wade-Giles kuan-yin) is the Bodhisattva of compassion as venerated by East Asian Buddhists Guanyin (觀音 pinyin guānyīn, Wade-Giles kuan-yin) is the Bodhisattva of compassion as venerated by East Asian Buddhists Guanyin (觀音 pinyin guānyīn, Wade-Giles kuan-yin) is the Bodhisattva of compassion as venerated by East Asian Buddhists Laozi ( also Lao Tse, Lao-Tzu, Laotze, Lao Zi, Laocius, and other variations was a philosopher of ancient Laozi ( also Lao Tse, Lao-Tzu, Laotze, Lao Zi, Laocius, and other variations was a philosopher of ancient Pipa Jing ( Chinese: 琵琶精 Pinyin: Pípa Jīng a Yaojing changed from Jade Pipa, is a character featured within the famed ancient The Pleiades (ˈpliːədiːz or /ˈplaɪədiːz/ also known as M 45, the '''Seven Sisters''', Seven Stars, SED, Matariki Princess Iron Fan ( is a fictional character from the Chinese classic novel Journey to the West. A rakshasa ( Sanskrit: राक्षसः rākṣasaḥ; alternately rakshas, Malay: raksasa, Bengali: rakshosh The nine-headed bird is one of the earliest forms of the Chinese phoenix, worshiped by ancient natives in Hubei Province, which during the Warring State Period was The nine-headed bird is one of the earliest forms of the Chinese phoenix, worshiped by ancient natives in Hubei Province, which during the Warring State Period was Erlang Shen (二郎神 is a Chinese God with a third true-seeing eye in the middle of his forehead Maitreya ( Sanskrit) or Metteyya ( Pāli) is a future Buddha of this world in Buddhist eschatology. Maitreya ( Sanskrit) or Metteyya ( Pāli) is a future Buddha of this world in Buddhist eschatology. Maitreya ( Sanskrit) or Metteyya ( Pāli) is a future Buddha of this world in Buddhist eschatology. Guanyin (觀音 pinyin guānyīn, Wade-Giles kuan-yin) is the Bodhisattva of compassion as venerated by East Asian Buddhists Guanyin (觀音 pinyin guānyīn, Wade-Giles kuan-yin) is the Bodhisattva of compassion as venerated by East Asian Buddhists Guanyin (觀音 pinyin guānyīn, Wade-Giles kuan-yin) is the Bodhisattva of compassion as venerated by East Asian Buddhists The Pleiades (ˈpliːədiːz or /ˈplaɪədiːz/ also known as M 45, the '''Seven Sisters''', Seven Stars, SED, Matariki Manjusri ( Ch: Manjusri ( Ch: Samantabhadra ( Wylie: Kun-tu bzang-po, Mongolian Qamugha Sain, Chinese 普[[wiktionary 賢|賢]] 菩[[wiktionary 薩|薩]] Pinyin Samantabhadra ( Wylie: Kun-tu bzang-po, Mongolian Qamugha Sain, Chinese 普[[wiktionary 賢|賢]] 菩[[wiktionary 薩|薩]] Pinyin Siddhārtha Gautama ( Sanskrit; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual Teacher from Ancient India and the founder Mayura (a Sanskrit word for Peacock) is one of the sacred and highly sanctified birds of the Hindu mythology, and find references in a number of Siddhārtha Gautama ( Sanskrit; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual Teacher from Ancient India and the founder A Bhikkhu ( Pāli) or Bhiksu ( Sanskrit) is a fully ordained male Buddhist Monastic. A Bhikkhu ( Pāli) or Bhiksu ( Sanskrit) is a fully ordained male Buddhist Monastic. In Japan, Fukurokuju (福禄寿 (from Japanese fuku, "happiness" roku, "wealth" and ju, "longevity" In Japan, Fukurokuju (福禄寿 (from Japanese fuku, "happiness" roku, "wealth" and ju, "longevity" Siddhārtha Gautama ( Sanskrit; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual Teacher from Ancient India and the founder Jiaolong ( or jiao is an aquatic dragon in Chinese mythology, variously translated as a "hornless dragon" "scaly dragon" "flood The Chinese Dragon or Oriental dragon is a mythical creature in East Asian culture with a Chinese origin Chang'e, Ch'ang-O or Chang-Ngo ( also known as Heng-E or Heng-O ( 姮[[wiktionary 娥|娥]] Héng'é is the Chinese Goddess Chang'e, Ch'ang-O or Chang-Ngo ( also known as Heng-E or Heng-O ( 姮[[wiktionary 娥|娥]] Héng'é is the Chinese Goddess Monkey A Folk-Tale of China ( 1942) usually known as simply Monkey, is an abridged translation by Arthur Waley of the Chinese Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Arthur David Waley CH ( August 19, 1889 &ndash June 27, 1966) was a noted English Orientalist and Sinologist For many years, the best translation available in English; it only translates thirty out of the hundred chapters. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States (Penguin reprint ISBN 0-14-044111-5)
• Journey to the West, a complete translation by W. J. F. Jenner published by the Foreign Languages Press in Beijing 1955 (three volumes; 1982/1984 edition: ISBN 0-8351-1003-6, ISBN 0-8351-1193-8, ISBN 0-8351-1364-7)
• The Journey to the West (1977–1983), a complete translation in four volumes by Anthony C. Yu. Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) Anthony C Yu (born 1938 is a literature and religion scholar He is currently the Carl Darling Buck Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus at the University of
  University of Chicago Press: HC ISBN 0-226-97145-7, ISBN 0-226-97146-5, ISBN 0-226-97147-3, ISBN 0-226-97148-1; PB ISBN 0-226-97150-3, ISBN 0-226-97151-1; ISBN 0-226-97153-8; ISBN 0-226-97154-6.

Media adaptations

Stage

• Journey to the West: The Musical: A stage musical which received its world premiere at the New York Musical Theatre Festival on September 25, 2006. Musical theatre is a form of Theatre combining Music, Songs spoken Dialogue and Dance. Each year during a three-week fall Festival the New York Musical Theatre Festival presents more than thirty new musicals at venues in New York City's midtown theater district Events 303 - On a voyage preaching the Gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens, France Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
• Monkey: Journey to the West: A stage musical version created by Chen Shi-zheng, Damon Albarn and Jamie Hewlett. Monkey Journey to the West is a stage adaptation of the 16th Century Chinese novel Journey to the West, by Wu Cheng'en. Chen Shi-Zheng (陈士铮 (born 1963 in Changsha, Hunan, China) is an acclaimed Chinese Theatre and Opera director now based in the Damon Albarn, ˈdɛɪmən ˈɔːɫbɑːn (b March 23 1968 in Leytonstone, London) is an English Singer-songwriter who gained fame as the lead Jamie Christopher Hewlett (born April 3, 1968) is an English Comic book artist and designer It premiered as part of the 2007 Manchester International Festival at the Palace Theatre on June 28. The Manchester International Festival was an international cultural Festival of original new work held in the English city of Manchester between
• The Monkey King: A production by the Children's Theater Company in Minneapolis, MN in 2005.

Film

• Monkey Goes West: The Shaw Brothers' 1966 Hong Kong film (Cantonese: Sau yau gei. The Shaw Brothers Studio ( Chinese 邵氏片場 owned by Shaw Brothers (HK Ltd Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. The cinema of Hong Kong is one of the three major threads in the history of Chinese language cinema, alongside the Cinema of China Also known as "Monkey with 72 Magic". Directed by Ho Meng-Hua.

• Princess Iron Fan (Tie shan gong zhu) a 1966 sequel to Monkey Goes West, adapting two episodes from the novel. ^[1] Directed by Ho Meng-Hua.
• Cave of the Silken Web (1967), the next film in the series. Directed by Ho Meng-Hua.
• The Land of Many Perfumes (1968), the fourth film in the Shaw Brothers' series based (increasingly loosely) on Journey to the West. Directed by Ho Meng-Hua.

• A Chinese Odyssey by Stephen Chow (1994). A Chinese Odyssey (大話西遊 is a pair of 1994 films directed by Jeffrey Lau and starring Stephen Chow, Karen Mok Stephen Chow Sing-Chi, born June 22 1962 is a Hong Kong Scriptwriter, Film director, producer and actor
• Heavenly Legend: A 1998 film by Tai Seng Entertainment starring Kung Fu kid Sik Siu Loong is partially based on this legend. Kung fu and wushu are popular terms that have become synonymous with Chinese Martial arts.
• A Chinese Tall Story: 2005 live action movie starring Nicholas Tse as Xuánzàng. A Chinese Tall Story ( is a 2005 Hong Kong fantasy Adventure film, written and directed by Jeffrey Lau. Nicholas Tse Ting-Fung is a Hong Kong based Singer-songwriter, Actor and Musician.
• The Forbidden Kingdom: 2008 live action movie starring Jackie Chan and Jet Li which is said to be based on the Legend of the Monkey King, the same legend as the TV show Monkey. The Forbidden Kingdom ( is a 2008 American martial arts - Adventure film from Lionsgate and The Weinstein Company Jackie Chan, SBS, MBE (born Chan Kong Sang, 陳港生 on 7 April 1954 is an Actor, action choreographer, Film director Li Lianjie (born April 26 1963 better known by his stage name Jet Li, is a Chinese martial artist (Kung fu Actor, Wushu champion ^[2]
• Journey to the West: 2010 live action movie starring Stephen Chow and Kitty Zhang Yuqi An epic retelling of a 16th century Chinese literary classic. Stephen Chow Sing-Chi, born June 22 1962 is a Hong Kong Scriptwriter, Film director, producer and actor Will Smith currently in negotiations to co-star.

Live action television

• Monkey (1978-1980): A well-known 1970s Japanese television series based on Journey to the West translated into English by the BBC. Monkey, also known as Monkey Magic!, refers to the English language voice-over version - not the original English subtitled version - of the Japanese Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970.
• Journey to the West (1986): A TV series produced by CCTV. Journey to the West is a 1986 Chinese live action TV series made by CCTV adapting the majority of the literary classic Journey to the West Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) Noted for its faithfulness to the original novel, this TV series is still considered by many as a classic.
• Journey to the West (1996): A popular series produced by Hong Kong studio TVB, starring Dicky Cheung. Journey to the West ( 西遊記) is a 1996 Hong Kong TV series produced by TVB, based on the classic Chinese novel Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Television Broadcasts Limited ( commonly known as TVB, was the first over-the-air commercial Television station in Hong Kong. Dicky Cheung Wai Kin ( born on February 8, 1965) is a Hong Kong television actor
• Journey to the West II (1998): The sequel to TVB's Journey to the West series, starring Benny Chan. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Not to be mistaken with Hong Kong Actor Benny Chan Ho Man. Benny Chan Muk-Sing born ( Traditional Chinese:
• The Monkey King (2001): Sci Fi Channel's TV adaptation of this legend, also called The Lost Empire. The Monkey King, also known as The Lost Empire, is a 2001 four hour television mini-series produced by NBC and the SciFi Channel Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar.
• The Monkey King: Quest for the Sutra (2002): A loose adaptation starring Dicky Cheung, who also portrayed Sun Wukong in the 1996 TVB series. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar.
• Saiyūki (2006): A Japanese television series starring the SMAP star Shingo Katori. is a 2006 Japanese historical TV drama based on the 16th Century Chinese story Journey to the West. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. SMAP is a Japanese " idol " group formed by Johnny & Associates. is the youngest member of SMAP, a very popular idol group from the agency Johnny & Associates.

Comics, manga and anime

• Alakazam the Great: One of the first anime films produced by Toei Animation, a retelling of first part of the story based on the characters designed by Osamu Tezuka. is a 1960 Japanese Anime film based on the Chinese legend Journey to the West, and was one of the earliest anime films to be (anime in Japanese, ( is a Japanese animation studio owned by Toei Co Ltd. The studio was originally founded in 1948 as Japan Animated Films (日本動画映画 Nihon Dōga Eiga often shortened was a Japanese manga artist, Animator, producer and Medical doctor, although he never practiced medicine
• Dragon Ball: Started off based on Journey to the West, but later deviated from it. Sun Wukong becomes Son Goku, who also has an elongating staff. The object of sutras are replaced by the Dragonballs.
• Gensōmaden Saiyūki: manga and anime series inspired by the legend. commonly known as Saiyuki, is a popular Manga series created by Kazuya Minekura. Follow-up series include Saiyūki Reload and Saiyūki Reload Gunlock. is a manga series by Kazuya Minekura, adapted into a 25 episode Anime tv series of the same name and it is the second premise of the Saiyuki saga
• Patalliro Saiyuki: A shōnen-ai series in both anime and manga formats with the Patalliro! cast playing out the Zaiyuji storyline with a BL twist. is a long-running Manga series by, one of the few known male Mangaka for Shōnen-ai manga is a long-running Manga series by, one of the few known male Mangaka for Shōnen-ai manga
• Havoc in Heaven (also known as Uproar in Heaven): Original animation from China. Havoc in Heaven ( also known as Uproar in Heaven, is a Chinese animated Feature film directed by Wan Laiming and produced
• Iyashite Agerun Saiyūki: A 2007 adult anime [1]
• Monkey Magic: An animated retelling of the legend. This article is about the 1990s animated television series for the live-action TV series sometimes known as Monkey Magic!, please see Monkey (TV series
• Monkey Typhoon: A manga and anime series based on the Journey to the West saga, following a futuristic steampunk-retelling of the legend. is a Manga series featuring story by Jōji Arimori and art by Romu Aoi which was serialized in Kodansha 's Weekly Shōnen Magazine between 2001 and Steampunk is a subgenre of fantasy and Speculative fiction that came into prominence in the 1980s and early 1990s
• Starzinger: An animated science fiction version of the story. was an Anime series aired in Japan from 1978 to 1979 It translates literally to "Science Fiction Journey to the West Starzinger"
• The Monkey King: A gruesome manga inspired by the tale. also known as Katsuya Terada's The Monkey King, is a Dark fantasy Manga series written and illustrated in full color by Katsuya Terada.

Works referencing Journey to the West

• American Born Chinese: An American graphic novel by Gene Yang. American Born Chinese is a Graphic novel by Gene Luen Yang. Released in 2006 by Roaring Brook Press, it was a finalist for the Nominated for the National Book Award (2006).
• Doraemon: A special tells the story of Journey To The West casting the Doraemon characters as the characters of the legend. is a Japanese Manga series created by Fujiko F Fujio (the pen name of Hiroshi Fujimoto which later became an Anime series and Asian
• Dragon Ball: Japanese manga and anime series loosely inspired by Journey to the West. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. ˈmɑŋgə is the Japanese word for Comics (sometimes called komikku コミック and print Cartoons In their modern form manga date from shortly
• Eyeshield 21: Three of the players for the Shinryuji Nagas are referred to as the Saiyuki Trio based upon their appearances and personalities. is a Manga about American football written by Riichiro Inagaki and illustrated by Yusuke Murata.
• InuYasha: The characters meet descendants of three of the main characters of the Journey of the West in one episode and main character, Kagome Higurashi, says a few lines about the whole book and story. full title ( romanized as INUYASHA is a character in the Anime and Manga series InuYasha created by Rumiko Takahashi. Also, Inuyasha's necklace, which allows Kagome to punish him at will, is probably based on Sun Wukong's headband.
• Kaleido Star: The cast performs Saiyuki on stage a few times in the beginning of the second half of the series. is an Anime series produced by Japanese studio Gonzo Digimation Holding.
• Love Hina: The characters put on a play based on the story in anime episode 16. is a Japanese Manga series written and illustrated by Ken Akamatsu.
• Naruto: Temari, a character from Naruto, is based on Princess Iron Fan from the legend. is an ongoing Japanese Manga series written and illustrated by Masashi Kishimoto with an Anime adaptation The Naruto Anime and Manga series features an extensive cast of characters created by Masashi Kishimoto. Princess Iron Fan ( is a fictional character from the Chinese classic novel Journey to the West. Enma is a summoned monkey who bears resemblance to Sun Wukong. In the Anime and Manga series Naruto by Masashi Kishimoto, a is a general term referring to any technique a Ninja might use that He has the ability to transform into a staff similar to the rúyì-jīngū-bàng, which can alter its size at will.
• Kyoryu Sentai Zyuranger: The 1992 Super Sentai series, the monster in the thirty-seventh episode is based on Gold-Horn from chapters 32-35. translated into English as Dinosaur Squadron Zyuranger is a Japanese Tokusatsu Television series and the sixteenth entry in Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) The is the name given to the long running Japanese Superhero team genre of shows produced by Toei Company Ltd
• Ninja Sentai Kakuranger: The 1994 Super Sentai series, where each of the main characters are inspired by the main characters of Journey to the West
• GoGo Sentai Boukenger: The 2006 Super Sentai series, where its final episode involved the Rúyì-jīngū-bàng
• Juken Sentai Gekiranger: The 2007 Super Sentai series, where one of its villians fighting style is homeage to Sun Wukong. translated into English as Ninja Squadron Hidden Ranger, was TOEI Company Limited 's eighteenth production of the Super Sentai television Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) The is the name given to the long running Japanese Superhero team genre of shows produced by Toei Company Ltd is a Japanese Tokusatsu television series The series is produced by Toei, and is the thirtieth installment in their Super Sentai series Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The is the name given to the long running Japanese Superhero team genre of shows produced by Toei Company Ltd is Toei Company 's thirty-first entry in the Super Sentai franchise Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The is the name given to the long running Japanese Superhero team genre of shows produced by Toei Company Ltd
• Ranma 1/2: Pastiches of the characters appear throughout the manga and movies. is a Japanese Manga series written and illustrated by Rumiko Takahashi with an Anime adaptation
• Read or Die (OVA): One of the villains is a clone of Xuanzang, who seems to have the powers of Sun Wukong and Xuanzang. The OVA based on the Read or Die Manga series created by Hideyuki Kurata was created by Studio Deen in early 2001
• Read or Dream: In the manga, Anita get hit on the forehead with a baseball and is knocked out. Read or Dream is a Manga written by Hideyuki Kurata and drawn by Ran Ayanaga. She has a dream based on the Wizard of Oz, but one of the other characters notes that he is in the wrong story because he is the Monkey King.
• Sakura Wars: The Imperial Flower Troupe Performs the play of Journey to the West. is a Japanese Media franchise owned by Red Entertainment and Sega; it was created by Ouji Hiroi with original character designs by Kōsuke Fujishima
• Science Fiction Saiyuki Starzinger (SF西遊記スタージンガー, Esu Efu Saiyuki Sutājingā^?): 1978-1979 anime of a sci-fi space opera retelling of Journey to the West by Toei Animation. was an Anime series aired in Japan from 1978 to 1979 It translates literally to "Science Fiction Journey to the West Starzinger" Space opera is a subgenre of Speculative fiction or Science fiction that emphasizes romantic, often Melodramatic adventure set mainly or entirely ( is a Japanese animation studio owned by Toei Co Ltd. The studio was originally founded in 1948 as Japan Animated Films (日本動画映画 Nihon Dōga Eiga often shortened
• Shinzo: An anime loosely based on Journey to the West. Shinzo, known as in Japan, is an Anime based on an event where creatures known as Enterrans take over Earth and rename it in their own image Enterra
• XIN: An American comic mini-series produced by Anarchy Studio. XIN, is a comic book created by Kevin Lau published by Anarchy Studio

Games

• Yuu Yuu Ki: A video game for the Famicom Disk System, based directly on the story. is a video game title developed by Pax Softnica and released by Nintendo for the Famicom Disk System in 1989. A video game is a Game that involves interaction with a User interface to generate visual feedback on a video device. The was released on February 21, 1986 by Nintendo as a peripheral for the Family Computer ("Famicom" console in Japan.
• Journey to the West: An unlicensed Famicom game by Taiwanese developer TXC Corp, 1994. The Nintendo Entertainment System (often abbreviated as NES or simply Nintendo) is an 8-bit Video game console that was released by Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. Events 1994 &mdash Nintendo calls this year "1994 The Year of the Cartridge" ^[3]
• Pokémon Diamond and Pearl: A video game and multiseries in which the Pokémon creatures Chimchar, Monferno, and mainly Infernape are based on Sūn Wùkōng. and are both the fourth installments of the ''Pokémon'' series of role-playing Video games succeeding ''Pokémon Ruby'' ''Sapphire'' and ''Emerald'' A video game is a Game that involves interaction with a User interface to generate visual feedback on a video device. If you came here to express your personal opinion about Pokémon please go somewhere else At the core of the multi-billion dollar Pokémon Media franchise of various electronic games, ongoing anime, several manga series, At the core of the multi-billion dollar Pokémon Media franchise of various electronic games, ongoing anime, several manga series, At the core of the multi-billion dollar Pokémon Media franchise of various electronic games, ongoing anime, several manga series,
• Saiyuki: Journey West: A tactical role-playing game (RPG) videogame for the PlayStation developed by Koei. Saiyuki Journey West is a tactical role-playing Video game released for the Sony PlayStation by Koei. A role-playing game ( RPG; often roleplaying game) is a Game in which the participants assume the roles of Fictional characters. The PlayStation (abbreviated PS, PSone, PS1, or informally as PSX) is a 32-bit fifth generation Video game console This article is about the software company For the Japanese era name see Kōei (era.
• Fuun Gokuu Ninden: An action game for the Playstation. The PlayStation (abbreviated PS, PSone, PS1, or informally as PSX) is a 32-bit fifth generation Video game console The characters of the game are based on the characters of Journey to the West. ^[4]
• China Gate: A 1988 arcade game by Technos Japan Corp., based on the original story and characters. An arcade game is a coin-operated entertainment machine typically installed in businesses such as Restaurants Pubs Video arcades and Family Entertainment is a defunct Japanese Video game Developer, best known for the Kunio-kun (which includes Renegade, Super Dodge The Japanese version is titled Saiyu Gōma Roku (西遊降魔録, Saiyu Gōma Roku^? "Conquering Devil Journeys to the West")^[5]
• SonSon: A video game and character of the same name created by Capcom whose title character is a caricature of Sūn Wùkōng. is a Video game by Capcom. It is loosely based on the Chinese classic Journey to the West. For the original NASA meaning see capsule communicator. is a leading Japanese International developer The granddaughter of SonSon (also named SonSon) appears in Marvel vs. Capcom 2.
• Westward Journey: A massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG). Westward Journey Online II ( Chinese: 大话西游OnlineII is a MMORPG developed and run by NetEase. A massively multiplayer online role-playing game ( MMORPG) is a genre of Computer role-playing games (CRPGs in which a large number of players interact with
• Whomp 'Em: NES game whose Japanese version is based on the story (the American version features a Native American boy instead of Wukong). Whomp 'Em, titled Saiyuuki World 2 in Japan, is a Platform game released on the NES in March of 1991
• Oriental Legend: Arcade action game by IGS in 1997, based on the novel. This game was only released in China and Korea.

References

External links

• Monkey - Great Sage equal of Heaven - fansite.
• Journey to the West - Freeware complete English text version in PDF format (2. 56MB). From Chine Informations
• Journey to the West - Comprehensive and detailed website with in-depth information about Journey to the West.
• Story of Sun Wukong and the beginning of Journey to the West with manhua
• Complete novel in Simplified Characters (utf-16 encoding). Manhua ( are Chinese Comics originally produced in China. Possibly due to their greater degree of artistic freedom of expression and closer international ties
• Solarguard Monkey Plot summary (one paragraph for each of one hundred in novel) plus summary of book on historical Xuanzang.