Citizendia

For Josiah Willard Gibbs, Sr. , see Willard Gibbs (linguist). Josiah Willard Gibbs Sr ( 30 April 1790 - 24 March 1861) was a professor of Theology and sacred literature at Yale University
J. Willard Gibbs
(1839-1903)
(1839-1903)
Born February 11, 1839(1839-02-11)
New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.
Died April 28, 1903 (aged 64)
New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.
Residence U.S.
Nationality U.S.
Fields Physicist
Institutions Yale University
Alma mater Yale University
Doctoral advisor Gustav Kirchhoff
Hermann von Helmholtz
Doctoral students Edwin Bidwell Wilson
Irving Fisher
Known for Gibbs free energy
Gibbs entropy
Vector analysis
Gibbs-Helmholtz equation
Gibbs algorithm
Gibbs distribution
Gibbs state
Gibbs phenomenon
Notable awards Rumford Prize (1880)
Copley Medal (1901)

Josiah Willard Gibbs (February 11, 1839 – April 28, 1903) was an American theoretical physicist and chemist, and mathematician. Events 660 BC - Traditional founding date of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. Year 1839 ( MDCCCXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Connecticut ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title Year 1903 ( MCMIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting Connecticut ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A physicist is a Scientist who studies or practices Physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement Gustav Robert Kirchhoff ( March 12, 1824 &ndash October 17, 1887) was a German Physicist who contributed to the fundamental Edwin Bidwell Wilson ( April 25 1879 – December 28 1964) was a Mathematician and Polymath. Irving Fisher ( February 27 1867 Saugerties, New York &ndash April 29 1947, New York was an American economist In Thermodynamics, the Gibbs free energy ( IUPAC recommended name Gibbs energy or Gibbs function) is a Thermodynamic potential which In Thermodynamics, specifically in Statistical mechanics, the Gibbs entropy formula is the standard formula for calculating the statistical mechanical entropy of a Vector calculus (also called vector analysis) is a field of Mathematics concerned with multivariable Real analysis of vectors in an Inner The Gibbs–Helmholtz equation is a thermodynamic Equation useful for calculating changes in the Gibbs energy of a system as a function of temperature In Statistical mechanics, the Gibbs algorithm, first introduced by J In Statistical mechanics, the Gibbs algorithm, first introduced by J A Gibbs state in Probability theory and Statistical mechanics is an equilibrium probability distribution which remains invariant under future evolution of the system In Mathematics, the Gibbs phenomenon (also known as ringing artifacts) named after the American physicist J Not to be confused with the Rumford Medal In 1796, Benjamin Thompson known as Count Rumford, made two separate gifts of $5000 each The Copley Medal is a scientific award for distinguished achievement in any field of Science established by the Royal Society of London in 1731 Events 660 BC - Traditional founding date of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. Year 1839 ( MDCCCXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title Year 1903 ( MCMIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A physicist is a Scientist who studies or practices Physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning A chemist is a Scientist trained in the Science of Chemistry. A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study and research is the field of Mathematics. One of the greatest American scientists of all time, he devised much of the theoretical foundation for chemical thermodynamics as well as physical chemistry. In Thermodynamics, chemical thermodynamics is the mathematical study of the interrelation of Heat and work with Chemical reactions or with a Physical chemistry, is the application of Physics to macroscopic microscopic atomic subatomic and particulate phenomena in chemical systems It is mostly defined as a large As a mathematician, he invented vector analysis (independently of Oliver Heaviside). Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Vector calculus (also called vector analysis) is a field of Mathematics concerned with multivariable Real analysis of vectors in an Inner It is in good part thanks to Gibbs that much of physical and chemical theory has since been exposited using vector analysis. Yale University awarded Gibbs the first American Ph.D. in engineering in 1863, and he spent his entire career at Yale. "PhD" redirects here for other uses see PhD (disambiguation. Engineering is the Discipline and Profession of applying technical and scientific Knowledge and [1]

In 1901, Gibbs was awarded the highest possible honor granted by the international scientific community of his day, granted to only one scientist each year: the Copley Medal of the Royal Society of London, for being "the first to apply the second law of thermodynamics to the exhaustive discussion of the relation between chemical, electrical, and thermal energy and capacity for external work. The Copley Medal is a scientific award for distinguished achievement in any field of Science established by the Royal Society of London in 1731 The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, known simply as The Royal Society, is a Learned society for science that was founded in 1660 The second law of Thermodynamics is an expression of the universal law of increasing Entropy, stating that the entropy of an Isolated system which "[2] This quotation summarizes Gibbs's greatest scientific contribution.

Contents

Biography

Early years

Gibbs in his youth.
Gibbs in his youth.

Gibbs was the seventh in a long line of American academics stretching back to the 17th century. His father, a professor of sacred literature at the Yale Divinity School, is now most remembered for his involvement in the Amistad trial. Josiah Willard Gibbs Sr ( 30 April 1790 - 24 March 1861) was a professor of Theology and sacred literature at Yale University Yale Divinity School is a professional school at Yale University, in New Haven, Connecticut, U The Amistad, 40 US (15 Pet 518 (1841 was a United States Supreme Court case resulting from the rebellion of slaves on board the Spanish Although the father was also named Josiah Willard, the son is never referred to as "Jr. " Five other members of Gibbs's extended family were named Josiah Willard Gibbs. His mother was the daughter of a Yale graduate in literature.

After attending the Hopkins School, Gibbs matriculated at Yale College at the age of 15. The Hopkins School (or Hopkins Grammar School) is a Co-educational, private Day school, located in New Haven, Connecticut He graduated in 1858 near the top of his class, and was awarded prizes in mathematics and Latin. Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome.

Middle years

Founder of chemical thermodynamics.
Founder of chemical thermodynamics. In Thermodynamics, chemical thermodynamics is the mathematical study of the interrelation of Heat and work with Chemical reactions or with a

In 1863, Gibbs was awarded the first Ph.D. degree in engineering in the USA from the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale. "PhD" redirects here for other uses see PhD (disambiguation. Engineering is the Discipline and Profession of applying technical and scientific Knowledge and Sheffield Scientific School was founded in 1847 as a school of Yale College in New Haven Connecticut for instruction in science and engineering He then tutored at Yale, two years in Latin and one year in what was then called natural philosophy, now comparable to the natural sciences, particularly physics. For the current in the 19th century German idealism see Naturphilosophie Natural philosophy or the philosophy of nature (from In 1866 he went to Europe to study, spending a year each at Paris, Berlin, and Heidelberg, where he was influenced by Kirchhoff and Helmholtz. Year 1866 ( MDCCCLXVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Heidelberg is a city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. As of 2006 over 140000 people live within the city's area Gustav Robert Kirchhoff ( March 12, 1824 &ndash October 17, 1887) was a German Physicist who contributed to the fundamental At the time, German academics were the leading authorities in chemistry, thermodynamics, and theoretical natural science in general. Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties In Physics, thermodynamics (from the Greek θερμη therme meaning " Heat " and δυναμις dynamis meaning " These three years account for nearly all of his life spent outside New Haven.

In 1869, he returned to Yale and was appointed Professor of Mathematical Physics in 1871, the first such professorship in the United States and a position he held for the rest of his life. Year 1869 ( MDCCCLXIX) is a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Mathematical physics is the scientific discipline concerned with the interface of Mathematics and Physics. The appointment was unpaid at first, a situation common in Germany and otherwise not unusual at the time, because Gibbs had yet to publish anything. Between 1876 and 1878 Gibbs wrote a series of papers on the graphical analysis of multi-phase chemical systems. Year 1876 ( MDCCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Year 1878 ( MDCCCLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common These were eventually published together in a monograph titled On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances, his most renowned work. It is now deemed one of the greatest scientific achievements of the 19th century, and one of the foundations of physical chemistry. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Physical chemistry, is the application of Physics to macroscopic microscopic atomic subatomic and particulate phenomena in chemical systems It is mostly defined as a large In these papers Gibbs applied thermodynamics to interpret physicochemical phenomena, successfully explaining and interrelating what had previously been a mass of isolated facts. In Physics, thermodynamics (from the Greek θερμη therme meaning " Heat " and δυναμις dynamis meaning "

"It is universally recognised that its publication was an event of the first importance in the history of chemistry. Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties . . . Nevertheless it was a number of years before its value was generally known, this delay was due largely to the fact that its mathematical form and rigorous deductive processes make it difficult reading for anyone, and especially so for students of experimental chemistry whom it most concerns. In scientific inquiry an experiment ( Latin: Ex- periri, "to try out" is a method of investigating particular types of research questions or . . " (J J O'Connor and E F Robertson, J. Willard Gibbs)

Some important topics covered in his other papers on heterogeneous equilibria include:

Willard Gibbs’ 1873 available energy (free energy) graph, which shows a plane perpendicular to the axis of v (volume) and passing through point A, which represents the initial state of the body. MN is the section of the surface of dissipated energy. Qε and Qη are sections of the planes η = 0 and ε = 0, and therefore parallel to the axes of ε (internal energy) and η (entropy) respectively. AD and AE are the energy and entropy of the body in its initial state, AB and AC its available energy (Gibbs free energy) and its capacity for entropy (the amount by which the entropy of the body can be increased without changing the energy of the body or increasing its volume) respectively.
Willard Gibbs’ 1873 available energy (free energy) graph, which shows a plane perpendicular to the axis of v (volume) and passing through point A, which represents the initial state of the body. In Thermodynamics, the term thermodynamic free energy refers to the amount of work that can be extracted from a System, and is helpful in Engineering The volume of any solid plasma vacuum or theoretical object is how much three- Dimensional space it occupies often quantified numerically MN is the section of the surface of dissipated energy. Friction is the Force resisting the relative motion of two Surfaces in contact or a surface in contact with a fluid (e Qε and Qη are sections of the planes η = 0 and ε = 0, and therefore parallel to the axes of ε (internal energy) and η (entropy) respectively. In Thermodynamics, the internal energy of a Thermodynamic system, or a body with well-defined boundaries, denoted by  U, or sometimes  In Thermodynamics (a branch of Physics) entropy, symbolized by S, is a measure of the unavailability of a system ’s Energy AD and AE are the energy and entropy of the body in its initial state, AB and AC its available energy (Gibbs free energy) and its capacity for entropy (the amount by which the entropy of the body can be increased without changing the energy of the body or increasing its volume) respectively. In Thermodynamics, the Gibbs free energy ( IUPAC recommended name Gibbs energy or Gibbs function) is a Thermodynamic potential which

Gibbs also wrote on theoretical thermodynamics. In Physics, thermodynamics (from the Greek θερμη therme meaning " Heat " and δυναμις dynamis meaning " In 1873, he published a paper on the geometric representation of thermodynamic quantities. Geometry ( Greek γεωμετρία; geo = earth metria = measure is a part of Mathematics concerned with questions of size shape and relative position This paper inspired Maxwell to make (with his own hands) a plaster cast illustrating Gibbs's construct which he then sent to Gibbs. James Clerk Maxwell (13 June 1831 &ndash 5 November 1879 was a Scottish mathematician and theoretical physicist. Yale proudly owns it to this day.

Later years

In 1880, the new Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland offered Gibbs a position paying $3000. Yale responded by raising his salary to $2000, and he did not leave New Haven. From 1880 to 1884, Gibbs combined the ideas of two mathematicians, the quaternions of William Rowan Hamilton and the exterior algebra of Hermann Grassmann to obtain vector analysis (independently formulated by the British mathematical physicist and engineer Oliver Heaviside). Year 1884 ( MDCCCLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Quaternions, in Mathematics, are a non-commutative extension of Complex numbers They were first described by the Irish Mathematician Sir William Rowan Hamilton (4 August 1805 &ndash 2 September 1865 was an Irish Mathematician, Physicist, and Astronomer who Hermann Günther Grassmann ( April 15, 1809, Stettin ( Szczecin) &ndash September 26, 1877, Stettin) was a Vector calculus (also called vector analysis) is a field of Mathematics concerned with multivariable Real analysis of vectors in an Inner A physicist is a Scientist who studies or practices Physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning An engineer is a person professionally engaged in a field of Engineering. Gibbs designed vector analysis to clarify and advance mathematical physics. Mathematical physics is the scientific discipline concerned with the interface of Mathematics and Physics.

From 1882 to 1889, Gibbs refined his vector analysis, wrote on optics, and developed a new electrical theory of light. He deliberately avoided theorizing about the structure of matter (a wise decision, given the revolutionary developments in subatomic particles and quantum mechanics that began around the time of his death), developing a theory of greater generality than any other theory of matter extant in his day. A subatomic particle is an elementary or composite Particle smaller than an Atom. Quantum mechanics is the study of mechanical systems whose dimensions are close to the Atomic scale such as Molecules Atoms Electrons

After 1889, he worked on statistical mechanics, laying a foundation and "providing a mathematical framework for quantum theory and for Maxwell's theories" [3] He wrote classic textbooks on statistical mechanics, which Yale published in 1902. Statistical mechanics is the application of Probability theory, which includes mathematical tools for dealing with large populations to the field of Mechanics Quantum mechanics is the study of mechanical systems whose dimensions are close to the Atomic scale such as Molecules Atoms Electrons James Clerk Maxwell (13 June 1831 &ndash 5 November 1879 was a Scottish mathematician and theoretical physicist. The word theory has many distinct meanings in different fields of Knowledge, depending on their methodologies and the context of discussion. Statistical mechanics is the application of Probability theory, which includes mathematical tools for dealing with large populations to the field of Mechanics Year 1902 ( MCMII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Gibbs also contributed to crystallography and applied his vector methods to the determination of planetary and comet orbits. Crystallography is the experimental science of determining the arrangement of Atoms in Solids In older usage it is the scientific study of Crystals The A planet, as defined by the International Astronomical Union (IAU is a celestial body Orbiting a Star or stellar remnant that is A comet is a small Solar System body that orbits the Sun and when close enough to the Sun exhibits a visible coma (atmosphere or a tail — In Physics, an orbit is the gravitationally curved path of one object around a point or another body for example the gravitational orbit of a planet around a star

Not much is known about the names and careers of Gibbs's students.

Gibbs never married, living all his life in his childhood home with a sister and his brother-in-law, the Yale librarian. His focus on science was such that he was generally unavailable personally. His protégé E. B. Wilson explains: "Except in the classroom I saw very little of Gibbs. He had a way, toward the end of the afternoon, of taking a stroll about the streets between his study in the old Sloane Laboratory and his home -- a little exercise between work and dinner -- and one might occasionally come across him at that time. " Gibbs died in New Haven and is buried in Grove Street Cemetery. Grove Street Cemetery or Grove Street Burial Ground in New Haven Connecticut is located in the center of the Yale University campus

Scientific recognition

Recognition was slow in coming, in part because Gibbs published mainly in the Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Sciences, a journal edited by his librarian brother-in-law, little read in the USA and even less so in Europe. At first, only a few European theoretical physicists and chemists, such as the Scot James Clerk Maxwell, paid any attention to his work. Theoretical physics employs Mathematical models and Abstractions of Physics in an attempt to explain experimental data taken of the natural world Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. James Clerk Maxwell (13 June 1831 &ndash 5 November 1879 was a Scottish mathematician and theoretical physicist. Only when Gibbs's papers were translated into German (then the leading language for chemistry) by Wilhelm Ostwald in 1892, and into French by Henri Louis le Chatelier in 1899, did his ideas receive wide currency in Europe. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald ( Latvian: Vilhelms Ostvalds; September 2, 1853 &ndash April 4, 1932) was a Baltic French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Henry Louis Le Chatelier (8 October 1850 - 17 September 1936 was an influential French/Italian Chemist of the late 19th and early 20th centuries Year 1899 ( MDCCCXCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common His theory of the phase rule was experimentally validated by the works of H. W. Bakhuis Roozeboom, who showed how to apply it in a variety of situations, thereby assuring it of widespread use. H W Bakhuis Roozeboom ( October 24, 1854 - February 8, 1907) was a Dutch chemist who gained his reputation for works on phase behaviour

Gibbs was even less appreciated in his native America. Nevertheless, he was recognised as follows:

During his lifetime, American colleges and secondary schools emphasized classics rather than science, and students took little interest in his Yale lectures. (That scientific teaching and research are a fundamental part of the modern university emerged in Germany during the 19th century and only gradually spread from there to the USA. ) Gibbs's position at Yale and in American science generally has been described as follows:

"In his later years he was a tall, dignified gentleman, with a healthy stride and ruddy complexion, performing his share of household chores, approachable and kind (if unintelligible) to students. Gibbs was highly esteemed by his friends, but American science was too preoccupied with practical questions to make much use of his profound theoretical work during his lifetime. He lived out his quiet life at Yale, deeply admired by a few able students but making no immediate impress on American science commensurate with his genius. " (Crowther 1969: nnn)

This is not to say that Gibbs was unknown in his day. For example, the mathematician Gian-Carlo Rota, while casually browsing the mathematical stacks of Sterling Library, stumbled on a handwritten mailing list attached to some of Gibbs's course notes. Gian-Carlo Rota ( April 27, 1932 &ndash April 18, 1999, known as Juan Carlos Rota Sterling Memorial Library is the largest library at Yale University, containing over 4 million volumes It listed over two hundred notable scientists of his day, including Poincaré, Hilbert, Boltzmann, and Mach. Jules Henri Poincaré ( 29 April 1854 &ndash 17 July 1912) (ˈʒyl ɑ̃ˈʁi pwɛ̃kaˈʁe was a French Mathematician David Hilbert ( January 23, 1862 &ndash February 14, 1943) was a German Mathematician, recognized as one of the most Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann ( February 20, 1844 &ndash September 5, 1906) was an Austrian Physicist famous for his founding One can conclude that Gibbs's work was better known among the scientific elite of his day than published material suggests.

Gibbs' contributions, however, were not fully recognized until some time after the 1923 publication of Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall's Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances, which introduced Gibbs's methods to chemists worldwide. Gilbert Newton Lewis ( October 23, 1875 - March 23, 1946) was a famous American physical chemist known for the discovery Merle Randall (1888-1950 was an American Physical chemist famous for his work over the period of 25 years in measuring free energy calculations of compounds with These methods also became much of the foundation for chemical engineering. Chemical engineering is the branch of Engineering that deals with the application of Physical science (e

According to the American Mathematical Society, which established the Josiah Willard Gibbs Lectureship in 1923 to increase public awareness of the aspects of mathematics and its applications, Gibbs is one of the greatest scientists America has ever produced. The American Mathematical Society (AMS is an association of professional Mathematicians dedicated to the interests of mathematical research and scholarship which Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and [6]

In 1945, Yale University created the J. Willard Gibbs Professorship in Theoretical Chemistry, held until 1973 by Lars Onsager, who won the 1968 Nobel Prize in chemistry. Lars Onsager ( November 27, 1903 &ndash October 5, 1976) was a Norwegian – American physical chemist and This appointment was a very fitting one, as Onsager, like Gibbs, was primarily involved in the application of new mathematical ideas to problems in physical chemistry, especially statistical mechanics. Yale's J. W. Gibbs Laboratory and J. Willard Gibbs Assistant Professorship in Mathematics are also named in his honor. On February 28, 2003, Yale held a symposium on the centennial of his death. [7]

Rutgers University has a J. Willard Gibbs Professorship of Thermomechanics presently held by Bernard D. Rutgers The State University of New Jersey (also known as Rutgers University) is the largest institution for higher education in the state of New Jersey Coleman. [8]

In 1950, Gibbs was elected to the Hall of Fame for Great Americans. The Hall of Fame for Great Americans, is the original " Hall of Fame " in the United States

On May 4, 2005, the United States Postal Service issued the American Scientists commemorative postage stamp series, depicting Gibbs, John von Neumann, Barbara McClintock and Richard Feynman. Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A postage stamp is an adhesive paper evidence of pre-paying a fee for postal services Barbara McClintock (June 16 1902 – September 2 1992 the 1983 Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine, was an American scientist and one of the world's most distinguished Richard Phillips Feynman (ˈfaɪnmən May 11 1918 – February 15 1988 was an American Physicist known for the Path integral formulation of quantum

Nobelists derived from the works of Gibbs

The following individuals won a Nobel Prize in whole or in part by building on Gibbs's work:

Tributes

The greatest thermodynamicist of them all

—John Fenn, Engines, Energy, and Entropy[12]

…who founded a new department of chemical science which is becoming comparable in importance with that created by Lavoisier. In Thermodynamics, a thermodynamicist is one who studies Thermodynamic processes and phenomena i John Bennett Fenn (born June 15, 1917, New York City New York) is a research professor of analytical chemistry who was awarded the Nobel Prize

—Henri Louis Le Chatelier, formulator of Le Chatelier's principle (1885)

Willard Gibbs is, in my opinion, one of the most original and important creative minds in the field of science America has produced. Henry Louis Le Chatelier (8 October 1850 - 17 September 1936 was an influential French/Italian Chemist of the late 19th and early 20th centuries In Chemistry, Le Chatelier's Principle, also called the Le Chatelier-Braun principle, can be used to predict the effect of a change in conditions on a Chemical The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

—Albert Einstein, physicist

To physical chemistry he gave form and content for a hundred years. Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical Physical chemistry, is the application of Physics to macroscopic microscopic atomic subatomic and particulate phenomena in chemical systems It is mostly defined as a large

—Wilhelm Ostwald, German chemist

Just as Newton first conclusively showed that this is a world of masses, so Willard Gibbs first revealed it as a world of systems. Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald ( Latvian: Vilhelms Ostvalds; September 2, 1853 &ndash April 4, 1932) was a Baltic

—Lawrence Joseph Henderson, American biochemist in The Order of Nature (1917: 126)

Gibbs Phase Rule, a general theorem of thermodynamics which is so fundamental that it is unlikely ever to be overthrown

—John D. Barrow, Frank J. Tipler, in The Anthropic Cosmological Principle (1996: 147)

They laugh best who laugh last. Lawrence Joseph Henderson (b June 3 1878 Lynn Massachusetts &ndash d In Physics, thermodynamics (from the Greek θερμη therme meaning " Heat " and δυναμις dynamis meaning " John David Barrow FRS (born November 29, 1952, London) is an English cosmologist, theoretical physicist, and Frank Jennings Tipler III (born February 1, 1947 in Andalusia Alabama Prof In Physics and Cosmology, the anthropic principle states that humans should take into account the constraints that human existence imposes on the kind of theoretical Wait till we're dead twenty years. Look at the way they're treating poor Willard Gibbs, who during his lifetime can hardly have been considered any great shakes at New Haven.

—William James, American psychologist and philosopher

. For other people named William James see William James (disambiguation William James (January 11 1842 – August 26 1910 was a pioneering . . it was not Einstein or Planck or Heisenberg, but Willard Gibbs who brought on the first great revolution in twentieth century physics. . .

—William Gaddis, American Author
Howard Scott leader of the Technical Alliance and later Technocracy Incorporated cited Gibbs as the intellectual scientific forefather of the concepts of Technocracy. William Gaddis ( December 29, 1922 – December 16, 1998) was an American novelist Howard Scott ( April 1, 1890 – January 1, 1970) is best known for founding Technocracy Incorporated. The Technical Alliance formed at the end of World War I (winter of 1918-1919 was one of America's first Think tanks Their main task was the Energy Survey of Technocracy Incorporated proposes a fundamental change in both the economy and in forms of governance in North America. Technocracy ("techno" from the Greek tekhne for skill "cracy" from the Greek kratos for " power " may refer to [13][14]

Quotations

See also

References

  1. ^ Wheeler, Lynde, Phelps (1951). Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding Information theory is a branch of Applied mathematics and Electrical engineering involving the quantification of Information. In Classical electromagnetism, Maxwell's equations are a set of four Partial differential equations that describe the properties of the electric Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and In Mathematics, the Gibbs phenomenon (also known as ringing artifacts) named after the American physicist J Vector Analysis is a book on Vector calculus first published in 1901 by Edwin Bidwell Wilson. In Mathematics, the cross product is a Binary operation on two vectors in a three-dimensional Euclidean space that results in another vector which Physical chemistry, is the application of Physics to macroscopic microscopic atomic subatomic and particulate phenomena in chemical systems It is mostly defined as a large In the Physical sciences a phase is a Set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties Gibbs' phase rule, stated by Josiah Willard Gibbs in the 1870s is the fundamental rule on which Phase diagrams are based Statistical mechanics is the application of Probability theory, which includes mathematical tools for dealing with large populations to the field of Mechanics In Thermodynamics, the term thermodynamic free energy refers to the amount of work that can be extracted from a System, and is helpful in Engineering In Thermodynamics, the Gibbs free energy ( IUPAC recommended name Gibbs energy or Gibbs function) is a Thermodynamic potential which In Thermodynamics, specifically in Statistical mechanics, the Gibbs entropy formula is the standard formula for calculating the statistical mechanical entropy of a In Information theory, Gibbs' inequality is a statement about the Mathematical entropy of a discrete Probability distribution. Originally considered by Josiah Willard Gibbs in his paper On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances, the Gibbs Paradox (Gibbs' paradox or The Gibbs–Helmholtz equation is a thermodynamic Equation useful for calculating changes in the Gibbs energy of a system as a function of temperature In Statistical mechanics, the Gibbs algorithm, first introduced by J In Statistical mechanics, the Gibbs algorithm, first introduced by J A Gibbs state in Probability theory and Statistical mechanics is an equilibrium probability distribution which remains invariant under future evolution of the system In Mathematics and Physics, Gibbs sampling is an Algorithm to generate a sequence of samples from the joint probability distribution of two or The Marangoni effect (sometimes also called the Gibbs-Marangoni effect) is the mass transfer on or in a liquid layer due to Surface tension differences The Gibbs-Duhem equation in Thermodynamics describes the relationship between changes in Chemical potential for components in a thermodynamical system: In Mathematics, the Gibbs phenomenon (also known as ringing artifacts) named after the American physicist J The Gibbs-Donnan effect (also known as the Donnan effect, Donnan law, Donnan equilibrium, or Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium) is a name for the behavior Gilbert Newton Lewis ( October 23, 1875 - March 23, 1946) was a famous American physical chemist known for the discovery Sir William Rowan Hamilton (4 August 1805 &ndash 2 September 1865 was an Irish Mathematician, Physicist, and Astronomer who Lars Onsager ( November 27, 1903 &ndash October 5, 1976) was a Norwegian – American physical chemist and Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann ( February 20, 1844 &ndash September 5, 1906) was an Austrian Physicist famous for his founding William Stanley Jr ( November 28, 1858 &ndash May 14, 1916) was an American physicist born in Brooklyn, The Copley Medal is a scientific award for distinguished achievement in any field of Science established by the Royal Society of London in 1731 Grove Street Cemetery or Grove Street Burial Ground in New Haven Connecticut is located in the center of the Yale University campus Below is a list of famous Physicists Many of these from the 20th and 21st centuries are found on the list of recipients of the Nobel Prize in physics. A timeline of events related to Thermodynamics, Statistical mechanics, and Random processes Ancient times c This and related pages aim to list all Wikipedia articles that are related to Physics. A list of notable textbooks in Statistical mechanics, arranged by date Josiah Willard Gibbs - the History of a Great Mind. Ox Bow Press. ISBN 1-881987-11-6.  
  2. ^ Josiah Willard Gibbs - Britannica 1911
  3. ^ J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson, "J. Willard Gibbs".
  4. ^ Müller, Ingo (2007). A History of Thermodynamics - the Doctrine of Energy and Entropy. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-46226-2.  
  5. ^ Willard Gibbs Medal - Founded by William A. Converse in 1910
  6. ^ Josiah Willard Gibbs Lectures - American Mathematical Society
  7. ^ J. Willard Gibbs and his Legacy: A Double Centennial - Yale University (2003). The American Mathematical Society (AMS is an association of professional Mathematicians dedicated to the interests of mathematical research and scholarship which
  8. ^ J. Willard Gibbs Professor of Thermomechanics - Rutgers University.
  9. ^ a b How I Became an Economist by Paul A. Samuelson, 1970 Laureate in Economics, 5 September 2003
  10. ^ Liossatos, Panagis, S. Paul Anthony Samuelson (born May 15, 1915) is an American neoclassical Economist known for his contributions to many fields of (2004). "Statistical Entropy in General Equilibrium Theory," (pg. 3). Department of Economics, Florida International University.
  11. ^ "Maximum Principles in Analytical Economics", Nobel Prize Lecture
  12. ^ Fenn, John, B. (1982). Engines, Energy, and Entropy – a Thermodynamics Primer. W. H. Freeman and Co. . ISBN 0-7167-1281-4.  
  13. ^ History and Purpose of Technocracy by Howard Scott
  14. ^ The Origins of Technocracy. From the Technocracy Movement website - Scott's statement is on the video

Further reading

Primary:

Secondary :

External links


Persondata
NAME Gibbs, J. Willard
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION Physicist
DATE OF BIRTH February 11, 1839
PLACE OF BIRTH New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.
DATE OF DEATH April 28, 1903
PLACE OF DEATH New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.
A physicist is a Scientist who studies or practices Physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning Events 660 BC - Traditional founding date of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. Year 1839 ( MDCCCXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Connecticut ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title Year 1903 ( MCMIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting Connecticut ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the
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