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Joshua Lyman
The West Wing character

Bradley Whitford as Josh Lyman
First appearance Pilot
Last appearance Tomorrow
Cause/reason End of series
Created by Aaron Sorkin
Portrayed by Bradley Whitford
Episode count 151
Information
Nickname(s) Josh
Occupation Deputy White House Chief of Staff (Seasons 1-6), Santos Campaign Manager (Seasons 6-7), White House Chief of Staff (end of Season 7)
Family Noah Lyman (father, deceased), Mother (alive), Joanie Lyman (older sister, deceased)
Religion Jewish
Nationality American

Joshua "Josh" Lyman is a fictional character played by Bradley Whitford on the television drama The West Wing. " Pilot " is the first episode of the American serial drama The West Wing. " Tomorrow " is episode 154 of The West Wing. It is the series finale A series finale is the very last installment of a Television series, usually a Sitcom or Drama. Aaron Benjamin Sorkin (born June 9 1961 is an American Screenwriter, producer and Playwright. Bradley Whitford (born October 10, 1959) is an Emmy Award -winning American Actor. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Bradley Whitford (born October 10, 1959) is an Emmy Award -winning American Actor. For the majority of the series, he is Deputy White House Chief of Staff in the Josiah Bartlet administration. The Deputy White House Chief of Staff is officially the top aide to the White House Chief of Staff, who is the senior aide to the President of the United States. Dr Josiah Edward "Jed" Bartlet is a Fictional character played by Martin Sheen on the Television serial Drama

Josh's character has one of the sharpest minds on the President's staff; he is a witty, somewhat cocky, boyishly charming know-it-all. He is described by Will Bailey as "(After Leo) the finest political mind in the party" ("Opposition Research"). William 'Will' Bailey is a Fictional character played by Joshua Malina on the Television serial Drama The West Wing Leo Thomas McGarry is a Fictional character played by John Spencer on the television serial Drama The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. " Opposition Research " is episode 121 of The West Wing.

Contents

Creation and development

Series creator Aaron Sorkin originally wrote Josh Lyman with long-time friend Bradley Whitford in mind. Aaron Benjamin Sorkin (born June 9 1961 is an American Screenwriter, producer and Playwright. An early draft of the pilot script, dated February 6, 1998, describes Josh as being aged 38 and "a highly regarded brain. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) "[1] After reading the script, Whitford says he loved the character immediately and "desperately wanted" the part. While his audition impressed the show's executive producers, with Sorkin describing it as "simply the best audition for anything I'd ever seen,"[2] Warner Brothers casting director John Levey was not convinced Whitford had enough sex appeal to play a lead character and executive producer Thomas Schlamme was concerned that he did not have enough depth to carry off the more dramatic scenes. Warner Bros Entertainment Inc (or Warner Bros, Warner Bros Pictures) is one of the world's largest producers of Film and Thomas Schlamme (born May 22, 1950) is an American Television director. After a second audition, Whitford was offered the role of Sam Seaborn. Samuel Norman "Sam" Seaborn is a Fictional character played by Rob Lowe on the Television serial Drama The West Whitford called Sorkin for help. "I just said, 'Aaron, I just feel this very strongly. This isn't about me wanting a job. This is the only time in my life I will play this card. I am this guy; I am not the other guy. '" Sorkin was impressed, and soon after Whitford was cast as Josh. [3]

In researching for the role, Whitford says he found former Clinton communications director George Stephanopoulos's book All Too Human very helpful, "just because it gave a sense of the sort of smell and the texture and the level of intimacy with the president, which I was just unaware of. William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States George Robert Stephanopoulos (born February 10, 1961) is an American broadcaster "[4]

Josh shares his name with a character in the Garry Trudeau cartoon strip Doonesbury, a White House media liaison officer encountered by Doonesbury regular Joanie Caucus. Garretson Beekman Trudeau (born July 21, 1948) is an American Cartoonist, best known for the Doonesbury comic strip Doonesbury is a Comic strip by G B Trudeau that chronicles the adventures and lives of a vast array of different characters of different ages professions Joanie Caucus is a character in Garry Trudeau 's comics strip Doonesbury. A framed copy of a Doonesbury strip hangs in Josh's office. [5]

Character biography

Personal history

Josh comes from Westport, Connecticut. Westport is a coastal town located on Long Island Sound in Fairfield County, Connecticut, 47 miles north of New York City in the United Connecticut ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. A Fulbright Scholar,[6] he graduated cum laude from Harvard University (where he worked at the Harvard Crimson), and Yale Law School. The Fulbright Program, including the Fulbright-Hays Program, is a program of grants for international educational exchange for scholars educators graduate Latin honors are Latin phrases used to indicate the level of academic distinction with which an Academic degree was earned The Harvard Crimson, the daily Student newspaper of Harvard University, was founded in 1873 Yale Law School, or YLS, is the Law school of Yale University in New Haven Connecticut. [7][8] He has been known to boast that he scored a 760 on the verbal portion of his SAT,[9] although he claims, when trying to explain his lack of skill in serious relationships, his IQ does not break the bank. The SAT Reasoning Test (formerly Scholastic Aptitude Test and Scholastic Assessment Test) is a standardized test for College admissions in the [10]

Josh is a non-practicing Jew; his grandfather was held in the Nazi concentration camp Birkenau during World War II. "Auschwitz" redirects here For the town see Oświęcim Auschwitz-Birkenau () was the largest of Nazi Germany World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including [11] He had an elder sister, Joanie, who died during his childhood. She was babysitting him when a fire broke out in her home, and died trying to put out the fire while Josh ran outside - a fact which continues to haunt Josh. [12] His father, Noah Lyman, was a litigator and an old friend of Leo McGarry. In law a lawsuit is a civil action brought before a Court in which the party commencing the action the Plaintiff, seeks a legal or equitable remedy Leo Thomas McGarry is a Fictional character played by John Spencer on the television serial Drama Although Josh thinks he would have preferred grandchildren to a son in politics, Noah was proud that Josh was working for Bartlet and often bragged about his son to his friends and neighbours. He died in 1998 on the night of the Illinois primary, after developing an unexpected pulmonary embolism while undergoing chemotherapy for an unspecified form of cancer. Pulmonary embolism (PE is a blockage of the Pulmonary artery or one of its branches usually occurring when a venous Thrombus (blood clot from a vein Chemotherapy, in its most general sense refers to treatment of disease by chemicals that kill cells specifically those of micro-organisms or Cancer. [13] His mother splits her time between Westport and West Palm Beach, Florida, before she sells the Connecticut house. West Palm Beach, also known as West Palm, is the most populous city in Palm Beach County, Florida, USA. [14]

Professional history

Before working for President Jed Bartlet, Josh worked as the Chief of Staff for Congressman Earl Brennan, floor manager for the Minority Whip,[7] Democratic legislative director in the House of Representatives and Democratic floor director in the Senate. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses Whip is a role in party-based politics whose primary purpose is to ensure control of the formal decision-making process in a parliamentary legislature The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives [15] Josh later became a staffer for then-Senator John Hoynes, the presumptive Democratic nominee for President in 1998. John Hoynes is a Fictional character played by Tim Matheson on the American Television series The West Wing. However, Hoynes' tendency to, against Josh's advice, prioritize politics over Hoynes' own ideas and convictions frustrates Josh. Thirteen weeks before the New Hampshire primary, Josh receives a visit from Leo McGarry, an old friend of his father's. At Leo's request, Josh travels to New Hampshire to hear Josiah Bartlet speak. Dr Josiah Edward "Jed" Bartlet is a Fictional character played by Martin Sheen on the Television serial Drama He is so impressed by Bartlet's prioritizing conviction and honesty over popularity, that he immediately leaves Hoynes' campaign to work for Bartlet; he also recruits his old friend Sam Seaborn to the campaign. Samuel Norman "Sam" Seaborn is a Fictional character played by Rob Lowe on the Television serial Drama The West [16] Josh's defection to the Bartlet campaign later leads to an odd working relationship with his former boss when Josh is appointed President Bartlet's deputy chief of staff and Hoynes, his Vice President. While tension clearly exists between them, Josh often comes to Hoynes' defense, and Hoynes' affection (though he also gives tacit support to an abortive plan to cut Hoynes from the 2002 ticket in favor of Admiral Fitzwallace, and it's shown that Hoynes' top defender amongst the senior staffers is Sam) and respect for Josh is illustrated by Hoynes' autobiography, which devotes many of its pages to praising Josh. The autobiography is published just as Hoynes wants to return to politics, and he attempts to recruit Josh to run his campaign. Josh decides that he doesn't want Hoynes (or current VP Bob Russell) to be President, and instead convinces Texas Congressman Matthew Santos to run for president, much in the same way Leo McGarry recruited Bartlet eight years prior.

Shortly after joining the Bartlet for America campaign, Josh hires recent college dropout Donnatella Moss as his assistant despite her apparent lack of qualification. Donnatella 'Donna' Moss is a Fictional character played by Janel Moloney on the Television serial Drama The West Wing [13] Donna remained as Josh's assistant for most of the series since then. A largely unspoken friendship, and romantic tension, exist between the two for the majority of the series.

In the first season finale, Josh is critically wounded by white supremacists during an assassination attempt on African-American presidential aide Charlie Young. White supremacy is a racist ideology based on the assertion that White people are superior to other racial groups. Charles 'Charlie' Young is a Fictional character played by Dulé Hill on the Television serial Drama The West Wing Josh undergoes fourteen hours of surgery and is subsequently put through intensive psychotherapy after displaying symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. Post traumatic stress disorder It is a severe and ongoing emotional reaction to

Josh's position in the Bartlet administration is temporarily compromised after he leaks information to the press about an anonymous hold on military promotions placed by Idaho Senator Chris Carrick. The State of Idaho ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States of America. Carrick had been trying to secure a promise from the White House that a missile defense system would be built in his home state, but Josh's competitive nature will not allow him to make a compromise. After the leak, Senator Carrick releases the hold but resigns from the Democratic Party, informing Josh that he will seek re-election as a Republican and citing Josh as a key reason for his defection. The embarrassment to the administration and to the party leads Leo to leave Josh out of key budget negotiations, negotiations which eventually result in a complete shutdown of the federal government. Josh soon finds himself stripped of much of his political authority, as freelance political advisor Angela Blake takes up many of his duties. He eventually returns from isolation after the First Lady asks Bartlet "Where's Josh?" Josh is the only senior staffer to support the President's firm stand against Speaker Jeff Haffley; the President's eventual political victory over Haffley during this conflict is largely due to Josh's advice. Speaker of the House is a political term referring to a number of people In the United Kingdom and Canada, the Speaker of the House Jeffrey Haffley, played by Steven Culp, is a Fictional Republican member of the United States House of Representatives representing a district

Josh leaves his position at the White House to run the dark horse Presidential campaign of Representative Matt Santos of Texas; leaving his legislative portfolio to be taken up by Clifford Calley. This article describes dark horse candidates For other uses see Dark Horse. Matthew Vincente 'Matt' Santos is a Fictional character on the American Television show The West Wing, played by Jimmy Smits Clifford Calley is a Fictional character played by Mark Feuerstein on the Television serial Drama The Santos campaign initially loses the Iowa caucus, comes in third in the New Hampshire primary at 19% and goes on to win a come from behind victory in the California primary. The Iowa caucuses are an electoral event in which residents of the U The New Hampshire primary is the first in a series of nationwide Political party Primary elections held in the United States every four years as part of Santos wins the Texas primary and the final New Jersey primary by a slim margin. Going into the Democratic National Convention no candidate has enough delegates to win the nomination, with delegates split between front runner Vice President Bob Russell, Rep. The Democratic National Convention is a series of presidential nominating conventions held every four years since 1832 by the United States Democratic Party. Robert 'Bob' Russell is a Fictional character played by Gary Cole on the Television serial Drama The West Wing Santos and former Vice President John Hoynes. At the convention Pennsylvania Governor Eric Baker attempts an upstart campaign from the convention floor that further fractures the delegates. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern Eric Baker, played by Ed O'Neill, is a recurring character during the final two seasons of the American television series The West Wing. Ultimately Santos wins the nomination after a stirring convention speech that was expected to be his concession, and behind the scenes maneuvering by President Bartlet. Josh is influential in recruiting Leo McGarry as the vice presidential nominee, and rises to become campaign manager for the Santos/McGarry Campaign. Leo Thomas McGarry is a Fictional character played by John Spencer on the television serial Drama The US presidential election of 2006 is a fictional event portrayed during the sixth and seventh seasons on the American Television show The (The Santos nomination is similar to the struggles then Governor Bartlet had in his dark horse victory over Senator Hoynes during the 1998 campaign. )

After Matt Santos is elected President of the United States in a narrow victory over Republican Senator Arnold Vinick, Josh becomes the White House Chief of Staff of the incoming Santos Administration. Matthew Vincente 'Matt' Santos is a Fictional character on the American Television show The West Wing, played by Jimmy Smits The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Arnold Vinick is a Fictional character on the Television series The West Wing played by Alan Alda. The White House Chief of Staff is the highest-ranking member of the Executive Office of the President of the United States and a senior aide to the President In his last appearance in the series, he is meeting privately with President Santos in the Oval Office. | |-| |-| |- | |-| |-| |-| |-| |} The Oval Office is the official office of the President of the United States.

Relationships with other characters

Leo McGarry

John Spencer, who played Leo McGarry, described his character's relationship with Josh as a mentoring one, with Leo regarding Josh as a younger version of himself. John Spencer can refer to different people Earls John Spencer 1st Earl Spencer (1734-1783 John Spencer 3rd Earl Spencer MENTOR / The National Mentoring Partnership is an advocate and resource for Mentoring in the United States. [17] Leo was an old friend of Josh's father, Noah Lyman. It is this connection that Leo used to try to get Josh to join the Bartlet campaign in the first place. [18] Albie Duncan refers to Josh as "McGarry's boy,"[19] and Bartlet believes that Josh would throw out the baby, the bath water and the bubbles in order to avoid disappointing Leo. [20] Both have shown strong loyalty to one another, with Josh going to great lengths to try and prevent damaging details of Leo's past drug addiction and alcoholism from being made public[21] and Leo supporting Josh as he struggles with post traumatic stress disorder, promising that "as long as I got a job, you got a job. Alcoholism is a term with multiple and sometimes conflicting definitions "[22] After Leo's death, President Bartlet says that Leo thought of Josh as a son. [23]

Donna Moss

Josh's assistant Donna Moss, portrayed by Janel Moloney, was originally slated to be a minor recurring character; however the chemistry between the two actors caught producers' attention early on. Janel Moloney (born October 3 1969) is an American Actress, known for her role as Donna Moss on ''The West Wing''. After seeing Moloney and Whitford perform together in the pilot, Aaron Sorkin added a scene in which Donna argues with Josh to change his shirt before attending a meeting, eventually convincing him by saying that "All the girls think you look really hot in this shirt. " Although Mandy Hampton was originally intended to be Josh's romantic interest, by the end of the show's first season the character has been written out and the role taken over by Donna. Dr Madeline 'Mandy' Hampton is a Fictional character played by Moira Kelly on the Television serial Drama The West Wing

During the first four seasons, the relationship remains in stasis, with neither daring to make any real romantic move on the other. Sorkin admits that he was more inclined to move the relationship forward, but every time he discussed the possibility fellow executive producer Thomas Schlamme would shout, "No! Wait another year!" Besides, adds Sorkin, "Sexual and romantic tension is, to me, much more fun than taking the tension away by having the sex and romance. Thomas Schlamme (born May 22, 1950) is an American Television director. "[24]

Other characters occasionally speculate on the pair's relationship. When Donna encourages Josh to ask Joey Lucas on a date, Joey guesses that Donna is attempting to cover her own feelings for Josh through misdirection. Josephine "Joey" Lucas, is a fictional character on the Television serial Drama The West Wing, a California -based [25] During her first meeting with Josh, Amy Gardner asks him if he is dating his assistant,[26] and later asks Donna directly, "Are you in love with Josh?", to which Donna has no answer. Amelia "Amy" Gardner is a fictional character on the American Television series The West Wing, portrayed by Mary-Louise Parker. [27] When Donna recruits Josh to help her get at date with Jack Reese, Josh's behavior leads Jack to wonder whether he is getting "in between anything". List of politicians on The West Wing The television series The West Wing is a Political drama series which was originally broadcast on NBC. [28]

Following Sorkin and Schlamme's departure from the series at the end of the fourth season, the relationship takes some new turns, with Donna attempting to broaden her horizons past Josh and pursue her own social life outside of the White House. When Donna is badly injured in a terrorist attack in Gaza, Josh rushes overseas to keep vigil her at her bedside at a military hospital in Germany. In the sixth season episode "Impact Winter," Donna finally breaks loose and quits her job as assistant to Josh, seeing no chance of career advancement. " Impact Winter " is episode 119 of The West Wing. Plot In China an impaired President Bartlet is having trouble sitting through meetings She joins the Russell campaign, which later puts her in direct confrontation with her former boss. Robert 'Bob' Russell is a Fictional character played by Gary Cole on the Television serial Drama The West Wing After Santos beats Russell for the Democratic nomination, Donna wants to return as Josh's deputy in season 7 premiere "The Ticket," but he finds himself forced to reject her as she is on record trashing his candidate while she was still working for the other team. Matthew Vincente 'Matt' Santos is a Fictional character on the American Television show The West Wing, played by Jimmy Smits " The Ticket " is episode 133 of The West Wing, and the first episode of the seventh season During their conversation he reveals that he misses her "every day. " Donna is eventually hired anyway and Josh gets over his objections when he realizes her past working for Russell is not a problem for the Santos campaign.

In the season seven episode "The Cold," Josh and Donna kiss passionately as she brings him the good news that Congressman Santos has caught up to Vinick and that they are tied in the national tracking polls. " The Cold " is episode 145 of The West Wing. This episode contained the final performance of cast member John Spencer (Leo McGarry Arnold Vinick is a Fictional character on the Television series The West Wing played by Alan Alda. Josh apologizes, saying the kiss was "inappropriate", but Donna says "it was bound to happen sometime. " Donna talks to Will, who says pursuing a relationship with Josh wouldn't be inappropriate, and to C. J. about the matter. Later in the episode, Donna discreetly leaves the key to her hotel room on the table for Josh, but Edith Ortega notices the key before Josh can retrieve it and returns the key to Donna. In "Election Day," Josh and Donna consummate their relationship, sleeping together twice, both times on her initiative. " Election Day Part I " is episode 148 of The West Wing. Donna gives Josh four weeks to figure out "what they want from each other. " She insists that if this cannot happen within four weeks, their relationship will remain in a constant state of ambiguity, which is not what Donna wants. After talking to Lou as well as his deputy-of-choice Sam Seaborn, Josh realizes that he desperately needs to take a break from work. Samuel Norman "Sam" Seaborn is a Fictional character played by Rob Lowe on the Television serial Drama The West At the end of the episode, Josh and Donna go on vacation together.

In the series finale "Tomorrow," Josh and Donna wake up in bed together on the morning of Inauguration Day – ten weeks after Donna set the four week deadline. " Tomorrow " is episode 154 of The West Wing. It is the series finale

Sam Seaborn

Sam is Josh's best friend, to the point that Sam considers him a brother. [29] After Leo recruited Josh to the campaign, Josh's first stop was to recruit Sam (who was working, unhappily, at a law firm) to join them. Although from opposite coasts and possessing distinctly different personalities (Sam is polite, organized, and awkward while Josh is more aggressive, sarcastic, and cocky) the two manage to be very much in sync and possess a common intellect, sense of humor and idealism. As two of the youngest members of the senior staff they occasionally get themselves in trouble for various schemes and incidents they get themselves into, usually with the best intentions. Much like the relationship between Jed Bartlet and Leo McGarry, Josh and Sam's friendship extends far past their role as co-workers and the two are each other's confidants on personal matters and relationship troubles. They even spend some holidays together when not going home. [30]

After Sam leaves the White House at the end of Bartlet's first term to run for Congress, the role of Josh's counterpart is taken over by Toby Ziegler although that relationship becomes frayed due to Josh, also, leaving the White House to run the presidential campaign of Matthew Santos. After Santos is elected, once again Josh quickly resolves to include Sam (who lost his Congressional bid) by offering him the position of his number two which Sam ultimately accepts after giving a frazzled Josh an ultimatum: get much-needed R&R for a few weeks or watch Sam return to California and never come back. Josh and Sam's last scene shows their first meeting with the new President of the United States, Matt Santos.

Toby Ziegler

Josh has a complex relationship with Toby throughout the show's run. The two do not have much in common and are often at odds on policy matters. After Josh leaves the White House to run the Santos campaign, he discovers that Toby has been informally advising dark-horse candidate Sen. Ricky Rafferty and has given her position statements originally drawn up by the Bartlett campaign. In a confrontation that turns physical, Toby accuses Josh of abandoning Bartlett at a time when he was needed. In the next season, Toby admits to Josh that one reason for his anger was that he wanted to run a campaign with Josh. The two appear to repair their professional relationship, and Josh often seeks Toby's advice throughout the general election campaign.

President Bartlet

Although flashbacks reveal that President Bartlet initially had trouble remembering Josh's name and telling him apart from his other advisors, the President develops a special affection for Josh and even refers to Josh as his son in the season two finale Two Cathedrals.

See also

References

  1. ^ Sorkin, Aaron (February 6, 1998). List of politicians on The West Wing The television series The West Wing is a Political drama series which was originally broadcast on NBC. The following is a list of fictional political figures that have appeared or been mentioned The following is an episode list for the NBC serial Drama Television series The West Wing. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) West Wing Pilot Draft. Retrieved on 2007-12-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor.
  2. ^ Sorkin, Aaron (2002). The West Wing Script Book. New York: Newmarket Press. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous ISBN 1-55704-499-6
  3. ^ Whitford, David (May 2001). The Secret Life of an Actor. Esquire. Retrieved on 2007-12-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion
  4. ^ Whitford, Bradley (September 16, 2000). Events 1400 - Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. NewsHour with Jim Lehrer. Retrieved on 2007-12-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of
  5. ^ Doonesbury FAQ. Retrieved on 2007-12-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of
  6. ^ The West Wing, Episode 1. 01: Pilot. " Pilot " is the first episode of the American serial drama The West Wing. Original airdate: September 22, 1999. Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar)
  7. ^ a b The West Wing, Episode 1. 15: Celestial Navigation. See Celestial navigation for the navigation-related article " Celestial Navigation " is the 15th episode of The West Wing Original airdate: February 16, 2000. Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar.
  8. ^ The West Wing, Episode 5. 02: The Dogs of War. " The Dogs of War " is episode 90 of The West Wing. Plot Leo McGarry meets a friend in a parking garage where they discuss the Original airdate: October 1, 2003. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar.
  9. ^ '"The West Wing, Episode 1. 21: Lies, Damn Lies and Statistics. " Lies Damn Lies and Statistics " is the 21st episode of The West Wing. Original airdate: May 10, 2000. Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar.
  10. ^ The West Wing, Episode 3. 10: H. Con-172. " H Con-172 " is the 54th episode of The West Wing, an American television series Original airdate: January 9, 2002. Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar.
  11. ^ The West Wing, Episode 1. 18: Six Meetings Before Lunch. " Six Meetings Before Lunch " is the 18th episode of The West Wing. Original airdate: April 5, 2000. Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar.
  12. ^ The West Wing, Episode 1. 05: The Crackpots and These Women. " The Crackpots and These Women " is the 5th episode of The West Wing. Original airdate: October 20, 1999. Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar)
  13. ^ a b The West Wing, Episode 2. 02: In the Shadow of Two Gunmen, Part II. " In the Shadow of Two Gunmen Part II " is the 24th episode of The West Wing. Original airdate: October 4, 2000. Events 610 - Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows Byzantine Emperor Phocas 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar.
  14. ^ The West Wing, Episode 3. 07: The Indians in the Lobby. " The Indians in the Lobby " is the 51st episode of The West Wing. Original airdate: November 21, 2001. Events 164 BC - Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family restores the Temple in Jerusalem. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar.
  15. ^ The West Wing, Episode 3. 02: Manchester Part II. Original airdate: October 17, 2001. Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar.
  16. ^ The West Wing, Episode 2. 01: In the Shadow of Two Gunmen, Part I. " In the Shadow of Two Gunmen Part I " is the 23rd episode of The West Wing and the first episode of the second season Original airdate: October 4, 2000. Events 610 - Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows Byzantine Emperor Phocas 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar.
  17. ^ Spencer, John (June 27, 2002). Events 1358 - Republic of Dubrovnik is founded 1709 - Peter the Great defeats Charles XII of Sweden See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. John Spencer chatted about life as Leo McGarry. Channel 4. Retrieved on 2007-12-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian
  18. ^ The West Wing, Episode 2. 01: In The Shadow of Two Gunmen
  19. ^ The West Wing, Episode 4. 06: Game On. " Game On " is episode 71 of The West Wing. Plot One day before a debate between Bartlet and his Republican rival Governor Original airdate: October 30, 2002. Events 637 - Antioch surrenders to the Muslim forces under Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of Iron bridge. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar.
  20. ^ The West Wing, Episode 4. 12: Guns Not Butter. " Guns Not Butter " is episode 77 of The West Wing. Plot On the administration's agenda a foreign-aid bill Original airdate: January 8, 2003. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar.
  21. ^ The West Wing, Episode 3. 09: Bartlet for America. " Bartlet for America " is the 53rd episode of The West Wing. Original airdate: December 12, 2001. Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar.
  22. ^ The West Wing, Episode 2. 10: Noël. " Noël " is the 32nd episode of The West Wing. Plot Josh spends the day with a psychotherapist from ATVA (American Trauma Original airdate: December 20, 2000. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar.
  23. ^ The West Wing, Episode 7. 18: Requiem
  24. ^ Moore, Frazier (February 12, 2001). Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. West Wing Lovers Are in Limbo. Associated Press. The Associated Press ( AP) is an American News agency. The AP is a Cooperative owned by its contributing Newspapers radio Retrieved on 2007-12-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of
  25. ^ The West Wing, Episode 2. 14: The War at Home. " The War at Home " is the 36th episode of The West Wing. Original airdate: February 14, 2001. Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar.
  26. ^ The West Wing, Episode 3. 08: The Women of Qumar. " The Women of Qumar " is the 52nd episode of The West Wing. Original airdate: November 28, 2001. For the town in Argentina, see 28 de Noviembre. Events Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar.
  27. ^ The West Wing, Episode 4. 22: Commencement. " Commencement " is episode 87 of The West Wing. Plot Danny Concannon has finally pieced together the puzzle about the killing of Original airdate: May 7, 2003. Events 558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar.
  28. ^ The West Wing, Episode 4. 10: Arctic Radar. " Arctic Radar " is episode 75 of the drama television series The West Wing. Original airdate: November 27, 2002. Events 1095 - Pope Urban II declares the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar.
  29. ^ The West Wing, Episode 4. 01: 20 Hours in America
  30. ^ The West Wing, Episode 2. 08: Shibboleth

External links

" Shibboleth " is the 30th episode of The West Wing. Plot The episode begins with a scene on the California coast where a group
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