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Joseph Heller
Born May 1, 1923(1923-05-01)[1]
Brooklyn, New York[1]
Died December 12, 1999 (aged 76)[1]
Long Island, New York[1]
Occupation Novelist
Genres Fiction
Notable work(s) Catch-22
Influences
Influenced

Joseph Heller (May 1, 1923 – December 12, 1999) was an American satirical novelist and playwright. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Brooklyn (named after the Dutch town Breukelen) is one of the five boroughs of New York City. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Long Island is an island located in southeastern New York, USA, its western shores directly across from Manhattan, from which the island stretches New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. A literary genre is a category of literary composition Genres may be determined by Literary technique, tone, Content, or even (as in the case of fiction Catch-22 is a satirical, historical Novel by the American author Joseph Heller, first published in 1961 Louis-Ferdinand Céline was the Pen name of French writer and doctor Louis-Ferdinand Destouches (27 May 1894 &ndash 1 July 1961 Robert Bernard Altman (February 20 1925 – November 20 2006 was an American Film director known for making films that are highly naturalistic, but with Kurt Vonnegut Jr (November 11 1922 – April 11 2007 (ˈvɒnəgət was a prolific and genre-bending American Novelist known for works blending Satire, Black Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Satire is often strictly defined as a literary genre or form; although in practice it is also found in the graphic and Performing arts In satire human A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story A playwright, also known as a dramatist, is a person who writes dramatic literature or Drama. He wrote the influential novel Catch-22 about American servicemen during World War II. Catch-22 is a satirical, historical Novel by the American author Joseph Heller, first published in 1961 World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including It was this work whose title became the term commonly used to express absurdity in choice.

Heller is widely regarded as one of the best post-World War II satirists. Although he is remembered mostly for Catch-22, his other works center on the lives of various members of the middle class and remain exemplars of modern satire. The middle class, in colloquial usage consists of those who have some economic independence but not a great deal of social Influence or power.

Contents

Early years

Joseph Heller was born in Coney Island in Brooklyn, New York, the son of poor Jewish parents from Russia. Coney Island is a Peninsula, formerly an island in southernmost Brooklyn, New York City, USA with a Beach on the Atlantic Ocean Brooklyn (named after the Dutch town Breukelen) is one of the five boroughs of New York City. [2] Even as a child, he loved to write; at the age of eleven, he wrote a story about the Russian invasion of Finland. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. The New York Daily News promptly rejected it. The Daily News of New York City is the fifth most-widely circulated daily Newspaper in the United States with a daily circulation of 703137 [3] After graduating from Abraham Lincoln High School in 1941,[4] Heller spent the next year working as a blacksmith's apprentice,[5] a messenger boy, and a filing clerk. Lincoln High School may refer to Alabama Lincoln High School (Alabama Lincoln Normal School, Marion Arkansas [2] In 1942, at age 19, he joined the U.S. Army Air Corps. The United States Army Air Corps (USAAC was the predecessor of the U Two years later he was sent to Italy, where he flew 60 combat missions as a B-25 bombardier. The Italian Campaign of World War II was the name of Allied operations in and around Italy, from 1943 to the end of the war. [5] Heller later remembered the war as "fun in the beginning. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including . . You got the feeling that there was something glorious about it. "[6] On his return home he "felt like a hero. . . . People think it quite remarkable that I was in combat in an airplane and I flew sixty missions even though I tell them that the missions were largely milk runs. "[6]

After the war, Heller studied English at the University of Southern California and NYU on the G.I. Bill. The University of Southern California (commonly referred to as USC, SC, Southern California, and incorrectly New York University ( NYU) is a private, Nonsectarian, Coeducational Research University in New York City. The GI Bill (officially titled Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 PL346 58 Statutes at Large 284 provided for college or vocational education for returning [7] In 1949, he received his M. A. in English from Columbia University. [8] Following his graduation, he spent a year as a Fulbright scholar at St. Catherine's College in Oxford University. The Fulbright Program, including the Fulbright-Hays Program, is a program of grants for international educational exchange for scholars educators graduate St Catherine's College, often called St Catz or simply Catz, is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the [2] After returning home, he taught composition at Penn State University for two years, then briefly worked for Time, Inc.,[7] before taking a job as a copywriter at a small advertising agency,[5] where he worked alongside future novelist Mary Higgins Clark. Time Inc is a major subsidiary of the media conglomerate Time Warner, the company formed by the 1990 Mary Theresa Eleanor Higgins Clark Conheeney, best known as Mary Higgins Clark, (December 24 1927 in the Bronx New York) is an American author of suspense [9] At home, Heller would write. He was first published in 1948, when The Atlantic ran one of his short stories. The Atlantic (formerly known as The Atlantic Monthly) is an American Magazine founded in Boston in 1857 That first story nearly won the "Atlantic First. "[3]

Career

Catch-22

While sitting at home one morning in 1953, Heller thought of a hook, "It was love at first sight. The first time he saw the chaplain, Someone fell madly in love with him. " Within the next day, he began to envision the story that could result from this beginning, and invented the characters and the plot, as well as the tone and form that the story would eventually take. Within a week, he had finished the first chapter and sent it to his agent. He did not do any more writing for the next year, as he planned the rest of the story. [3] The initial chapter was published in 1955 as "Catch-18", in Issue 7 of New World Writing. [10]

Although he originally did not intend the story to be longer than a novelette, Heller was able to add enough substance to the plot that he felt it could become his first novel. A novelette (or novelet) is a piece of short Prose fiction The distinction between a novelette and other literary forms like a Novella, is usually based A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story When he was one-third done with the work, his agent, Candida Donadio, began submitting the novel to several publishers. Heller was not particularly attached to the work, and decided that he would not finish it if publishers were not interested. [3] The work was never rejected, and was soon purchased by Simon and Schuster, who gave him US$750 and promised him an additional $750 when the full manuscript was delivered. Simon & Schuster Inc, a division of CBS Corporation, is a Publisher founded in New York in 1924 by Richard L The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been [10] Heller missed his deadline by four to five years,[10] but, after eight years of thought, delivered the novel to his publisher. [5]

The finished novel describes the wartime experiences of Army Air Corps Captain John Yossarian. Also covered in this article are the characters Snowden and Yo-Yo's Roomies. Yossarian devises multiple strategies to avoid combat missions, but the military bureaucracy is always able to find a way to make him stay. [11] As Heller observed, "Everyone in my book accuses everyone else of being crazy. Frankly, I think the whole society is nuts -- and the question is: What does a sane man do in an insane society?"[5] Heller has also commented that "peace on earth would mean the end of civilisation as we know it" -- perhaps further food for thought when reading Catch-22, in which the concept and circumstances of war are so overwhelming and fundamental.

Just before publication, the novel's title was changed to Catch-22 to avoid confusion with Leon Uris's new novel, Mila 18. Leon Marcus Uris ( August 3 1924 - June 21 2003) was an American novelist, known for his historical fiction and the deep Mila 18 is a novel by Leon Uris set in German -occupied Warsaw, Poland before and during World War II. [10] The novel was published in hardback in 1961 to mixed reviews, with the Chicago Sun-Times calling it "the best American novel in years",[7] while other critics deride it as "disorganized, unreadable, and crass". The Chicago Sun-Times is an American daily Newspaper published in Chicago, Illinois. [12] It sold only 30,000 copies in the United States hardback in its first year of publication. (Reaction was very different in Great Britain, where, within one week of its publication, the novel reached number one on the bestseller lists. See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands [10]) Once it was released in paperback in October 1962, however, Catch-22 caught the imaginations of many baby-boomers, who identified with the novel's anti-war sentiments. Baby boomer is a term used to describe a person who was born during the Post-World War II baby boom between 1946 and 1964 [11] The book went on to sell 10 million copies in the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The novel's title became a buzzword for a dilemma with no easy way out. A buzzword (also fashion word and vogue word) is a vague Idiom, usually a Neologism, that is common to managerial technical administrative Now considered a classic, the book was listed at number 7 on Modern Library's list of the top 100 novels of the century. The Modern Library, a current division of Random House Publishers was founded in 1917 by Albert Boni and Horace Liveright. [5] The United States Air Force Academy uses the novel to "help prospective officers recognize the dehumanizing aspects of bureaucracy. The United States Air Force Academy ( USAFA or Air Force) is an accredited college for the undergraduate education of officers for the United States Air "[7]

The movie rights to the novel were purchased in 1962, and, combined with his royalties, made Heller a millionaire. The film, which was directed by Mike Nichols and starred Alan Arkin, Jon Voight and Orson Welles, was not released until 1970. Mike Nichols (born November 6 1931) is an American television stage and Film director, writer and producer Alan Wolf Arkin (born March 26 1934 is an American Actor and director. Jonathan Vincent Voight (born December 29 1938 is an Academy Award -winning American film Actor. George Orson Welles (May 6 1915 – October 10 1985 was an Academy Award -winning director, writer actor and producer for film stage radio and television [2]

Other works

Shortly after Catch-22 was published, Heller thought of an idea for his next novel, which would become Something Happened. Joseph Heller 's second novel Something Happened, appearing thirteen years after the publishing sensation Catch-22, turns the focus of the He did not act on this idea for two years, however. During that time period he focused on scripts, completing the final screenplay for the movie adaptation of Helen Gurley Brown's Sex and the Single Girl, as well as a television comedy script that eventually aired as part of "McHale's Navy". Helen Gurley Brown (b February 18, 1922 in Green Forest Arkansas) is an Author, Publisher, and businesswoman Sex and the Single Girl is a best-selling book by Helen Gurley Brown, published in May 1962 McHale's Navy is an American television Sitcom series The series ran for 138 half-hour episodes from September 11 1962 to August 20 1966 on He also completed a play in only six weeks, but spent a great deal of time working with the producers as it was brought to the stage. [3]

In 1969, Heller wrote a play called We Bombed in New Haven. The play delivered an anti-war message while discussing the Vietnam War. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia It was originally produced by the Repertory Company of the Yale Drama School, with Stacey Keach in the starring role. Stacy Keach (born Walter Stacy Keach Jr on June 2, 1941 in Savannah Georgia) is an American Actor and Narrator After a slight revision, it was published by Alfred Knopf and then debuted on Broadway, starring Jason Robards. Alfred Knopf can have two meanings Alfred A Knopf (1892-1984 was the founder of Alfred A Broadway theater, commonly called simply Broadway, refers to theatrical performances presented in one of the 39 large professional theaters with 500 seats or more located Jason Nelson Robards Jr, ( July 26, 1922 &ndash December 26, 2000) was an American Actor. [13]

Heller's follow-up novel, Something Happened was finally published in 1974. Although critics were enthusiastic about the book, book buyers were not. [2] Heller wrote an additional four novels, each of which took him several years to complete. [11] One of his later novels, Closing Time, revisited many of the characters who had been featured in Catch-22 as they adjusted to post-war New York. [11][14] All of the novels sold respectably well, but could not duplicate the success of his debut. [2] Told by an interviewer that he had never produced anything else as good as Catch-22, Heller famously responded, "Who has?"[15]

Work process

Heller did not begin work on a story until he had envisioned both a first and last line. The first sentence usually appeared to him "independent of any conscious preparation". [3] In most cases, the sentence did not inspire a second sentence. At times, he would be able to write several pages before giving up on that hook. Usually, within an hour or so of receiving his inspiration, Heller would have mapped out a basic plot and characters for the story. When he was ready to begin writing, he would focus on one paragraph at a time, until he had three or four handwritten pages, which he would then spend several hours reworking. [3]

Heller maintained that he did not "have a philosophy of life, or a need to organize its progression. My books are not constructed to 'say anything. '"[3] Only when he was almost one-third finished with the novel would he gain a clear vision of what it should be about. At that point, with the idea solidified, he would rewrite all that he had finished and then continue to the end of the story. [14] The finished version of the novel would often not begin or end with the sentences he had originally envisioned, although he usually tried to include the original opening sentence somewhere in the text. [3]

Illness

On Sunday, December 13, 1981, Heller was diagnosed with Guillain-Barré syndrome, a debilitating syndrome that was to leave him temporarily paralyzed. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Guillain-Barré syndrome ( GBS) (in French ɡilɛ̃ baˈʁe in English ˈɡiːlæn ˈbɑreɪ /ɡiːˈæn bəˈreɪ/ etc [11] He was admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of Mount Sinai Medical Hospital the same day (Heller 1986, pp.  23-34), and remained there, bedridden, until his condition had improved enough to permit his transfer to the Rusk Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, which occurred on January 26, 1982 (Heller 1986, pp. Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France. Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar)  170-174). His illness and recovery are recounted at great length in the autobiographical No Laughing Matter (Heller 1986), which contains alternating chapters by Heller and his good friend Speed Vogel. The book reveals the assistance and companionship Heller received during this period from a laundry list of his prominent friends—Mel Brooks, Mario Puzo, Dustin Hoffman and George Mandel among them. Mel Brooks (born Melvin Kaminsky; June 28, 1926) is an American director, Writer, Composer, Lyricist Mario Gianluigi Puzo ( October 15, 1920 &ndash July 2, 1999) was a two time Academy Award -winning Italian American Dustin Lee Hoffman (born August 8 1937 His brother Ronald is a lawyer and economist â George Mandel ( 1920 is an American novelist and short story writer [7]

Heller eventually made a substantial recovery. In 1984, he divorced his wife of 35 years, Shirley, to marry Valerie Humphries, the nurse who had helped him to recover. [7]

Later years

Heller returned to St. Catherine's as a visiting Fellow, for a term, in 1991 and was appointed an Honorary Fellow of the college. [1] In 1998, he released a memoir, Now and Then: From Coney Island to Here, in which he relived his childhood as the son of a deliveryman and offered some details about the inspirations for Catch-22. [7]

He died of a heart attack at his home in December 1999,[5] shortly after the completion of his final novel, Portrait of an Artist, as an Old Man. Myocardial infarction ( MI or AMI for acute myocardial infarction) also known as a heart attack, occurs when the blood supply Portrait of an Artist as an Old Man was Joseph Heller 's final novel On hearing of Heller's death, his friend Kurt Vonnegut said, "Oh, God, how terrible. Kurt Vonnegut Jr (November 11 1922 – April 11 2007 (ˈvɒnəgət was a prolific and genre-bending American Novelist known for works blending Satire, Black This is a calamity for American letters. "[5]

Catch-22 Controversies

In April 1998, Lewis Pollock wrote to The Sunday Times for clarification as to "the amazing similarity of characters, personality traits, eccentricities, physical descriptions, personnel injuries and incidents" in Catch-22 and a novel published in England in 1951. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) The Sunday Times is a Sunday Broadsheet Newspaper distributed in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. The book that spawned the request was written by Louis Falstein and titled The Sky is a Lonely Place in Britain and Face of a Hero in the United States. Falstein's novel was available two years before Heller wrote the first chapter of Catch-22 (1953) while he was a student at Oxford. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Oxford is currently bidding for the 2010 Wikimania Conference Oxford () is a city, and the County town of Oxfordshire, The Times stated: "Both have central characters who are using their wits to escape the aerial carnage; both are haunted by an omnipresent injured airman, invisible inside a white body cast". Stating he had never read Falstein's novel, or heard of him,[2] Heller said: "My book came out in 1961[;] I find it funny that nobody else has noticed any similarities, including Falstein himself, who died just last year"(The Washington Post, April 27, 1998). The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar)

Works

Short stories

Autobiographies

Novels

Plays

Screenplays

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d "Joseph Heller. Catch-22 is a satirical, historical Novel by the American author Joseph Heller, first published in 1961 The year 1961 in literature involved some significant events and new books Joseph Heller 's second novel Something Happened, appearing thirteen years after the publishing sensation Catch-22, turns the focus of the The year 1974 in literature involved some significant events and new books Good as Gold is a 1979 novel by Joseph Heller, author of Catch-22. The year 1979 in literature involved some significant events and new books God Knows is a Tragicomedic Novel written by Joseph Heller. It is narrated by the Biblical King David of Israel, and The year 1984 in literature involved some significant events and new books Picture This is a 1988 novel from Joseph Heller, the satiric author of the acclaimed Catch-22. The year 1988 in literature involved some significant events and new books Closing Time is a 1994 Novel by Joseph Heller as a sequel to the popular Catch-22. The year 1994 in literature involved some significant events and new books Portrait of an Artist as an Old Man was Joseph Heller 's final novel The year 2000 in literature involved some significant events and new books The year 1967 in literature involved some significant events and new books Catch-22 is a satirical historical fiction theatre production by the American author Joseph Heller, first produced in 1971 The year 1971 in literature involved some significant events and new books The year 1973 in literature involved some significant events and new books Sex and the Single Girl is a best-selling book by Helen Gurley Brown, published in May 1962 Dirty Dingus Magee is a comic 1970 Western film starring Frank Sinatra as the title outlaw and George Kennedy as a sheriff out to " UXL Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2003 ed. pg. 870
  2. ^ a b c d e f Heller's father was a bakery truck driver. Also Heller's father died in 1927. Joseph Heller: Literary giant, BBC, December 14, 1999, <http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/563390.stm>. Events 1287 - St Lucia's flood: The Zuider Zee sea wall in the Netherlands collapses killing over 50000 people Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved on 30 August 2007 
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Plimpton, George (Winter 1974), “Joseph Heller”, The Paris Review (no. The Paris Review is an English-language Literary magazine based in New York City. 60), <http://www.theparisreview.com/media/3894_HELLER.pdf>. Retrieved on 30 August 2007 
  4. ^ Abraham Lincoln High School. New York City Schools. Retrieved on 2007-08-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1363 - Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders— Chen Youliang and
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Heller's legacy will be 'Catch-22' ideas, CNN, December 13, 1999, <http://archives.cnn.com/1999/books/news/12/13/heller/index.html>. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved on 30 August 2007 
  6. ^ a b Mallory, Carole (May 1992), “The Joe and Kurt Shoe”, [[ ]], <http://www.vonnegutweb.com/vonnegutia/interviews/int_heller.html>. Retrieved on 30 August 2007 
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Kisor, Henry (December 14, 1999), “Soaring satirist”, Chicago Sun-Times, <http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4155/is_19991214/ai_n13835423>. Events 1287 - St Lucia's flood: The Zuider Zee sea wall in the Netherlands collapses killing over 50000 people Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) The Chicago Sun-Times is an American daily Newspaper published in Chicago, Illinois. Retrieved on 30 August 2007 
  8. ^ C250 Celebrates Columbians Ahead of Their Time: Joseph Heller. Columbia University. Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. Retrieved on 2007-08-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1363 - Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders— Chen Youliang and
  9. ^ Clark, Mary Higgins (2002). Mary Theresa Eleanor Higgins Clark Conheeney, best known as Mary Higgins Clark, (December 24 1927 in the Bronx New York) is an American author of suspense Kitchen Privileges: A Memoir. Simon and Schuster, 48-49, 53. Simon & Schuster Inc, a division of CBS Corporation, is a Publisher founded in New York in 1924 by Richard L  
  10. ^ a b c d e Aldridge, John W. (October 26, 1986), “The Loony Horror of it All - 'Catch-22' Turns 25”, The New York Times: Section 7, Page 3, Column 1, <http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/02/15/home/heller-loony.html>. Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved on 30 August 2007 
  11. ^ a b c d e 1999 Year in Review: Joseph Heller, CNN, December 1999, <http://www.cnn.com/interactive/specials/9912/yearinreview.passages/content/books/heller.html>. Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner Retrieved on 30 August 2007 
  12. ^ Shenker, Israel (September 10, 1968), “Joseph Heller Draws Dead Bead on the Politics of Gloom”, The New York Times, <http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/02/15/home/heller-politics.html>. Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 30 August 2007 
  13. ^ Barnes, Clive (October 17, 1968), “Theater:Heller's 'We Bombed in New Haven' Opens”, The New York Times, <http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/02/15/home/heller-bombed.html>. Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 30 August 2007 
  14. ^ a b Koval, Ramona (1998), Joseph Heller - Closing Time, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, <http://www.abc.net.au/rn/arts/bwriting/heller.htm>. The Australian Broadcasting Corporation, commonly abbreviated to the 'ABC' is Australia's national public broadcaster. Retrieved on 30 August 2007 
  15. ^ Joseph Heller, Darkly Surreal Novelist, Dies at 76, by Richard Severo and Herbert Mitgang. Obituary printed in the New York Times on December 14, 1999; accessed May 12, 2008. Events 1287 - St Lucia's flood: The Zuider Zee sea wall in the Netherlands collapses killing over 50000 people Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common

References

Heller, Joseph; Vogel, Speed (1986). No Laughing Matter. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 0-399-13086-1.  

External links

Ramona Koval (born 1954 Melbourne) is an Australian broadcaster writer and journalist ABC Radio National is an Australia-wide Radio network broadcast by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation with many various programs involving News and The Book Show is a Australian ABC radio program for the discussion of everything relating to the written word
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