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"Haydn" redirects here. For other uses, see Haydn (disambiguation).
Haydn portrait by Thomas Hardy, 1792
Haydn portrait by Thomas Hardy, 1792

Franz Joseph Haydn[1][2] (March 31, 1732 – May 31, 1809) was one of the most prominent composers of the classical period, and is called by some the "Father of the Symphony" and "Father of the String Quartet". Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Year 1732 ( MDCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Year 1809 ( MDCCCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year A composer (literally meaning 'one who puts together' is a person who creates Music, usually in the medium of notation, for Interpretation and Performance The dates of the Classical period in Western music are generally accepted as 1750 to 1810 A symphony is a Musical composition, often extended and usually for Orchestra. A string quartet is a Musical ensemble of four String instruments &mdash usually two Violins a Viola and Cello &mdash or a piece

A life-long resident of Austria, Haydn spent most of his career as a court musician for the wealthy Hungarian Esterházy family on their remote estate. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich The House of Esterházy (also spelled Eszterházy) was a Hungarian Noble family in Hungary since the Middle Ages. For other uses see Estate. An estate comprises the houses and outbuildings and supporting farmland and woods that surround the gardens and grounds Isolated from other composers and trends in music until the later part of his long life, he was, as he put it, "forced to become original". [3]

Joseph Haydn was the brother of Michael Haydn, himself a highly regarded composer, and Johann Evangelist Haydn, a tenor. Johann Michael Haydn ( September 14, 1737 &ndash August 10, 1806) was an Austrian Composer, the younger brother of (Franz Johann Evangelist Haydn ( December 23, 1743 &mdash May 10, 1805) was a Tenor singer of the classical era the younger brother of The tenor is the highest male voice within the Modal register, just above the Baritone voice

Contents

Life

Childhood

Map showing locations where Haydn lived or visited. For discussion, see Joseph Haydn: geographic key
Map showing locations where Haydn lived or visited. For discussion, see Joseph Haydn: geographic key

Joseph Haydn was born in Rohrau, Archduchy of Austria, a village near the border with the Kingdom of Hungary. This supplement to the article Joseph Haydn covers where the composer lived at the various stages of his life Rohrau is a Town in Lower Austria, Austria. Rohrau is located in the industrial quarter of Lower Austria The Archduchy of Austria (Erzherzogtum Österreich one of the most important states within the Holy Roman Empire, was the center of the Habsburg Monarchy and The Kingdom of Hungary (short form Hungary) was a considerable state in Central Europe that existed from 1001 to 1918 then from 1919 to 1946 His father was Mathias Haydn, a wheelwright who also served as "Marktrichter", an office akin to village mayor. Matthias Haydn (January 31 1699 September 12 1763 was the father of two famous composers Joseph and Michael Haydn. A wheelwright (or Wainwright) is a person who builds or repairs Wheels Making and balancing a wheel is skilled work. Haydn's mother, the former Maria Koller, had previously worked as a cook in the palace of Count Harrach, the presiding aristocrat of Rohrau. Neither parent could read music; however, Mathias was an enthusiastic folk musician, who during the journeyman period of his career had taught himself to play the harp. Folk music can have a number of different meanings including Traditional music: The original meaning of the term "folk music" was synonymous The harp is a Stringed instrument which has the plane of its strings positioned perpendicular to the soundboard. According to Haydn's later reminiscences, his childhood family was extremely musical, and frequently sang together and with their neighbors. [4]

Haydn's parents had noticed that their son was musically talented and knew that in Rohrau he would have no chance to obtain any serious musical training. It was for this reason that they accepted a proposal from their relative Johann Matthias Franck, the schoolmaster and choirmaster in Hainburg, that Haydn be apprenticed to Franck in his home to train as a musician. Hainburg an der Donau is a place in the Bruck an der Leitha district Lower Austria Austria. Haydn therefore went off with Franck to Hainburg (seven miles away) and never again lived with his parents. He was six years old.

Life in the Franck household was not easy for Haydn, who later remembered being frequently hungry[5] as well as constantly humiliated by the filthy state of his clothing. [6] However, he did begin his musical training there, and soon was able to play both harpsichord and violin. A harpsichord is a Musical instrument played by means of a keyboard. The violin is a bowed String instrument with four strings usually tuned in Perfect fifths It is the smallest and highest-pitched member The people of Hainburg were soon hearing him sing treble parts in the church choir. For the musical composition see Chorale. A choir, chorale, or chorus is a Musical ensemble of Singers

There is reason to think that Haydn's singing impressed those who heard him, because two years later (in 1740) he was brought to the attention of Georg von Reutter, the director of music in St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna, who was touring the provinces looking for talented choirboys. St Stephen's Cathedral (Stephansdom is the Mother church of the Archdiocese of Vienna and the seat of the Archbishop of Vienna, Christoph Cardinal Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. A choirboy is a Boy member of a Choir, also known as a treble Haydn passed his audition with Reutter, and soon moved off to Vienna, where he worked for the next nine years as a chorister, the last four in the company of his younger brother Michael. Johann Michael Haydn ( September 14, 1737 &ndash August 10, 1806) was an Austrian Composer, the younger brother of (Franz

Like Franck before him, Reutter did not always bother to make sure Haydn was properly fed. The young Haydn greatly looked forward to performances before aristocratic audiences, where the singers sometimes had the opportunity to satisfy their hunger by devouring the refreshments. [7] Reutter also did little to further his choristers' musical education. However, St. Stephen's was at the time one of the leading musical centers in Europe, with many performances of new music by leading composers. Haydn was able to learn a great deal by observation, simply by serving as a professional musician there. [8]

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna
St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna

Struggles as a freelancer

By 1749, Haydn had finally matured physically to the point that he was no longer able to sing high choral parts. St Stephen's Cathedral (Stephansdom is the Mother church of the Archdiocese of Vienna and the seat of the Archbishop of Vienna, Christoph Cardinal Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. On a weak pretext, he was summarily dismissed from his job. He was sent into the streets with no home to go to. [9] However, he had the good fortune to be taken in by a friend, Johann Michael Spangler, who for a few months shared with Haydn his family's crowded garret room. Haydn was able to begin immediately his pursuit of a career as a freelance musician.

During this arduous time, Haydn worked at many different jobs: as a music teacher, as a street serenader, and eventually as valet–accompanist for the Italian composer Nicola Porpora, from whom he later said he learned "the true fundamentals of composition". Nicola (Antonio Porpora ( August 17, 1686 - March 3, 1768 was an Italian composer of Baroque operas (see Opera seria) and teacher [10]

When he was a chorister, Haydn had not received serious training in music theory and composition, which he perceived as a serious gap. A choirboy is a Boy member of a Choir, also known as a treble To fill it, he worked his way through the counterpoint exercises in the text Gradus ad Parnassum by Johann Joseph Fux, and carefully studied the work of Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, whom he later acknowledged as an important influence. In Music, counterpoint is the relationship between two or more voices that are independent in contour and Rhythm, and interdependent in Harmony Johann Joseph Fux ( pronounced) (1660 &ndash 13 February 1741 was an Austrian composer music theorist and pedagogue of the late Baroque era Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach ( March 8, 1714 &ndash December 14, 1788) was a German musician and composer the second of five sons [11]

As his skills increased, Haydn began to acquire a public reputation, first as the composer of an opera, Der krumme Teufel "The Limping Devil", written for the comic actor Johann Joseph Felix Kurz, whose stage name was "Bernardon". Der krumme Teufel ("The Limping Devil" ca 1751 Hob 29/1a was Joseph Haydn 's first Opera. The work was premiered successfully in 1753, but was soon closed down by the censors. [12] Haydn also noticed, apparently without annoyance, that works he had simply given away were being published and sold in local music shops. [13]

With the increase in his reputation, Haydn eventually was able to obtain aristocratic patronage, crucial for the career of a composer in his day. Countess Thun,[14] having seen one of Haydn's compositions, summoned him and engaged him as her singing and keyboard teacher. [15] Baron Carl Josef Fürnberg employed Haydn at his country estate, Weinzierl, where the composer wrote his first string quartets. Fürnberg later recommended Haydn to Count Morzin, who in 1757[16] became his first full time employer. Count Morzin was an aristocrat of the Austrian Empire during the 18th century [17]

The years as Kapellmeister

Haydn portrait by Ludwig Guttenbrunn, ca. 1770
Haydn portrait by Ludwig Guttenbrunn, ca. 1770

Haydn's job title under Count Morzin was Kapellmeister, that is, music director. Count Morzin was an aristocrat of the Austrian Empire during the 18th century Kapellmeister (kəˈpɛlˌmaɪstər is a German word designating a person in charge of music-making He led the count's small orchestra and wrote his first symphonies for this ensemble.

In 1760, with the security of a Kapellmeister position, Haydn married. His wife was the former Maria Anna Aloysia Apollonia Keller (1729–1800), the sister of Therese (b. 1733), with whom Haydn had previously been in love. Haydn and his wife had a completely unhappy marriage,[18] from which the laws of the time permitted them no escape; and they produced no children. Both took lovers. [19]

Count Morzin soon suffered financial reverses that forced him to dismiss his musical establishment, but Haydn was quickly offered a similar job (1761) as Vice Kapellmeister to the Esterházy family, one of the wealthiest and most important in the Austrian Empire. The House of Esterházy (also spelled Eszterházy) was a Hungarian Noble family in Hungary since the Middle Ages. For the history of these states before 1804 see Holy Roman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, and articles on each of the component countries. When the old Kapellmeister, Gregor Werner, died in 1766, Haydn was elevated to full Kapellmeister. Gregor Joseph Werner (1693-1766 was an Austrian composer He served from 1728 to his death as Kapellmeister at the Esterházy court in Eisenstadt.

View of Eszterháza
View of Eszterháza

As a "house officer" in the Esterházy establishment, Haydn wore livery and followed the family as they moved among their various palaces, most importantly the family's ancestral seat Schloss Esterházy in Eisenstadt and later on Eszterháza, a grand new palace built in rural Hungary in the 1760s. Eszterháza is a Palace built in Fertőd, Hungary by Prince Nikolaus Esterházy. A livery is a Uniform or other sign worn in a non-military context on a person or object (such as an airplane or Vehicle) to denote a relationship A palace is a grand residence especially the home of a Head of state or some other high-ranking Public figure. The Schloss Esterházy is a Palace in Eisenstadt, Austria; The capital of the Burgenland state Eisenstadt (Kismarton Železna Kapla Željezno is a City in Austria, the state capital of Burgenland. Eszterháza is a Palace built in Fertőd, Hungary by Prince Nikolaus Esterházy. Haydn had a huge range of responsibilities, including composition, running the orchestra, playing chamber music for and with his patrons, and eventually the mounting of operatic productions. Chamber music is a form of Classical music, written for a small group of instruments which traditionally could be accommodated in a palace chamber Despite this workload, the job was in artistic terms a superb opportunity for Haydn. [20] The Esterházy princes (first Paul Anton, then most importantly Nikolaus I) were musical connoisseurs who appreciated his work and gave him daily access to his own small orchestra. Nikolaus Esterházy (18 December 1714-28 September 1790 was a Hungarian Prince, a member of the famous Esterházy family

Prince Nikolaus Esterházy, Haydn's most important patron
Prince Nikolaus Esterházy, Haydn's most important patron

During the nearly thirty years that Haydn worked at the Esterházy court, he produced a flood of compositions, and his musical style continued to develop. Nikolaus Esterházy (18 December 1714-28 September 1790 was a Hungarian Prince, a member of the famous Esterházy family His popularity in the outside world also increased. Gradually, Haydn came to write as much for publication as for his employer, and several important works of this period, such as the Paris symphonies (1785–1786) and the original orchestral version of The Seven Last Words of Christ (1786), were commissions from abroad. The Paris Symphonies are a group of six symphonies written by Joseph Haydn on commission from Count d'Ogny for performance by the Concert de la Loge Olympique in Paris The Seven Last Words of Christ ( German: Die sieben letzten Worte unseres Erlösers am Kreuze, "The Seven Last Words of Our Saviour on the Cross" is a classical In Art, a commission is the hiring and payment for the creation of a piece often on behalf of another

Haydn also gradually came to feel more isolated and lonely, particularly as the court came to spend most of the year at Esterháza, far from Vienna, rather than the closer-by Eisenstadt (Geiringer 1982, p.  60). Haydn particularly longed to visit Vienna because of his friendships there. [21]

Of these, a particularly important one was with Maria Anna von Genzinger (1750–93), the wife of Prince Nikolaus's personal physician in Vienna, who began a close, platonic, relationship with the composer in 1789. Maria Anna von Genzinger (1750-1793 called "Marianne" was a Viennese amateur musician the mother of five children and a friend of the composer Joseph Haydn Haydn wrote to Mrs. Genzinger often, expressing his loneliness at Eszterháza and his happiness for the few occasions on which he was able to visit her in Vienna; later on, Haydn wrote to her frequently from London. Her premature death in 1793 was a blow to Haydn, and his F minor variations for piano, Hob. The Andante with variations in F minor (Hoboken 17/6 was composed for Piano by Joseph Haydn in 1793, and is among his most popular piano works XVII:6, may have been written in response to her death. [22]

Portrait of Mozart by Joseph Lange
Portrait of Mozart by Joseph Lange

Another friend in Vienna was Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, whom Haydn met sometime around 1784. Joseph Lange ( 1 April 1751 Würzburg - 17 September 1831 Vienna) was an actor and amateur painter of the 18th century According to later testimony by Michael Kelly and others, the two composers occasionally played in string quartets together. Michael Kelly ( December 25 1762 &ndash October 9 1826) was an Irish Actor, singer ( Tenor) Composer and theatrical A string quartet is a Musical ensemble of four String instruments &mdash usually two Violins a Viola and Cello &mdash or a piece Haydn was hugely impressed with Mozart's work and praised it unstintingly to others. Mozart evidently returned the esteem, as seen in his dedication of a set of six quartets, now called the "Haydn" quartets, to his friend. The "Haydn" Quartets by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart are a set of six String quartets published in 1785 in Vienna, dedicated to the composer For further details see Haydn and Mozart. The composers Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Joseph Haydn were friends

The London journeys

In 1790, Prince Nikolaus died and was succeeded by a thoroughly unmusical prince who dismissed the entire musical establishment and put Haydn on a pension. Freed of his obligations, Haydn was able to accept a lucrative offer from Johann Peter Salomon, a German impresario, to visit England and conduct new symphonies with a large orchestra. Johann Peter Salomon ( February 20, 1745 (baptized &ndash November 28, 1815) was a German Violinist Composer, conductor England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland

The visit (1791–1792), along with a repeat visit (1794–1795), was a huge success. Audiences flocked to Haydn's concerts; Haydn augmented his fame and made large profits, thus becoming financially secure. Charles Burney reviewed the first concert thus: "Haydn himself presided at the piano-forte; and the sight of that renowned composer so electrified the audience, as to excite an attention and a pleasure superior to any that had ever been caused by instrumental music in England. Charles Burney ( 7 April 1726 &ndash 12 April 1814) was an English music historian and father of author Frances "[23]

Musically, the visits to England generated some of Haydn's best-known work, including the Surprise, Military, Drumroll, and London symphonies, the Rider quartet, and the "Gypsy Rondo" piano trio. The Symphony No 94 in G major (Hoboken 1/94 is the second of the twelve so-called London symphonies (numbers 93-104 written by Joseph Haydn. The Symphony No 100 in G major (Hoboken 1/100 is the eighth of the twelve so-called London Symphonies written by Joseph Haydn and completed in 1793 The Symphony No 103 in E-flat major (Hoboken 1/103 is the eleventh of the twelve so-called London Symphonies written by Joseph Haydn. The Symphony No 104 in D major (Hoboken 1/104 is Joseph Haydn 's final symphony This is a list of String quartets by Joseph Haydn, including the number they are given in Anthony van Hoboken 's catalogue of his works Joseph Haydn's Piano Trio No 39 in G major Hob XV/25 was written in 1795 The only misstep in the venture was an opera, Orfeo ed Euridice, also called L'Anima del Filosofo, which Haydn was contracted to compose, but whose performance was blocked by intrigues. [24]

Portrait of Beethoven as a young man by Carl Traugott Riedel (1769 – 1832)
Portrait of Beethoven as a young man by Carl Traugott Riedel (1769 – 1832)

Between visits, Haydn taught Ludwig van Beethoven. Ludwig van Beethoven ( English ˈlʊdvɪg væn ˈbeɪtoʊvən, 16 December 1770 &ndash 26 March 1827 was a German Composer and Pianist. Ludwig van Beethoven ( English ˈlʊdvɪg væn ˈbeɪtoʊvən, 16 December 1770 &ndash 26 March 1827 was a German Composer and Pianist. Beethoven found him unsatisfactory as a teacher and sought help from others; the relationship between the two was sometimes rather tense. For discussion of their relationship, see Beethoven and his contemporaries. During the course of his lifetime (1770–1827 the composer Ludwig van Beethoven enjoyed relationships with many of his musical contemporaries [25]

Final years in Vienna

Haydn returned to Vienna in 1795, moved into a large house in the suburb of Gumpendorf,[26] and turned to the composition of large religious works for chorus and orchestra. Mariahilf is the sixth district of Vienna, with a population of 27867 (2001 within an area of 1 These include his two great oratorios (The Creation and The Seasons) and six masses for the Eszterházy family, which by this time was once again headed by a musically-inclined prince. The Creation (Die Schöpfung is an Oratorio written between 1796 and 1798 by Joseph Haydn ( H The Seasons (German Die Jahreszeiten) is an Oratorio by Joseph Haydn ( H For other uses see Mass (disambiguation The Mass, a form of sacred musical composition, is a choral composition that Haydn also composed instrumental music: the popular Trumpet Concerto and the last nine in his long series of string quartets, including the Fifths, Emperor, and Sunrise quartets. Joseph Haydn 's Concerto per il Clarino, Hob: VII e 1 ( Trumpet Concerto in E flat major) was written in 1796 when he was 64 years old for his long time Joseph Haydn 's String quartets Op 76, composed in 1796 and 1797 were commissioned by and dedicated to Count Joseph Erdody Joseph Haydn 's String quartets Op 76, composed in 1796 and 1797 were commissioned by and dedicated to Count Joseph Erdody Joseph Haydn 's String quartets Op 76, composed in 1796 and 1797 were commissioned by and dedicated to Count Joseph Erdody

In 1802, an illness from which Haydn had been suffering for some time had increased in severity to the point that he became physically unable to compose. This was doubtless very difficult for him because, as he acknowledged, the flow of fresh musical ideas waiting to be worked out as compositions did not cease. Haydn was well cared for by his servants, and he received many visitors and public honours during his last years, but they could not have been very happy years for him. During his illness, Haydn often found solace by sitting at the piano and playing Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser, which he had composed himself as a patriotic gesture in 1797 (Geiringer 1982, pp. Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser (God Save Emperor Francis was an anthem to Francis II, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and later of Austria.  161–2). This melody later was used for the Austrian and German national anthems. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history traditions and struggles of its people recognized either by a nation's

Haydn died at the end of May in 1809, shortly after an attack on Vienna by the French army under Napoleon. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. He was 77. Among his last words was his attempt to calm and reassure his servants when cannon shot fell in the neighborhood (Geiringer 1982, p.  189). "My children, have no fear, for where Haydn is, no harm can fall. " Two weeks later, a memorial service was held in the Schottenkirche on June 15, 1809, at which W.A. Mozart’s Requiem K.626 was performed. The Schottenkirche is a parish church in Vienna attached to the Schottenstift, founded by Iro-Scottish Benedictine monks in the 12th century The Requiem Mass in D minor ( K 626 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was composed in 1791

Character and appearance

James Webster writes of Haydn's public character thus: "Haydn's public life exemplified the Enlightenment ideal of the honnête homme (honest man): the man whose good character and worldly success enable and justify each other. James Webster is a musicologist, specializing in the music of Joseph Haydn and other composers of the classical era. The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century His modesty and probity were everywhere acknowledged. These traits were not only prerequisites to his success as Kapellmeister, entrepreneur and public figure, but also aided the favourable reception of his music. Kapellmeister (kəˈpɛlˌmaɪstər is a German word designating a person in charge of music-making "[27] Haydn was especially respected by the Eszterházy court musicians whom he supervised, as he maintained a cordial working atmosphere and effectively represented the musicians' interests with their employer; see Papa Haydn and the tale of the "Farewell" Symphony. The composer Joseph Haydn is sometimes given the nickname "Papa" Haydn. Symphony No 45 in F-sharp minor, known as the "Farewell" Symphony (in German: Abschieds-Symphonie) was composed by Joseph Haydn

Haydn had a robust sense of humour, evident in his love of practical jokes[28] and often apparent in his music, and he had many friends. A practical joke or prank is a stunt or trick to purposely make someone feel foolish or victimized usually for humor For much of his life he benefited from a "happy and naturally cheerful temperament" (Dies 1810, 91), but in his later life, there is evidence for periods of depression, notably in the correspondence with Mrs. Genzinger and in Dies's biography, based on visits made in Haydn's old age. Maria Anna von Genzinger (1750-1793 called "Marianne" was a Viennese amateur musician the mother of five children and a friend of the composer Joseph Haydn

Haydn was a devout Catholic who often turned to his rosary when he had trouble composing, a practice that he usually found to be effective. The Rosary (from Latin rosarium, meaning "rose garden" or "garland of roses" is a popular traditional Roman Catholic devotion. [29] He normally began the manuscript of each composition with "in nomine Domini" ("in the name of the Lord") and ended with "Laus Deo" ("praise be to God"). [30]

Haydn was short in stature, perhaps as a result of having been underfed throughout most of his youth. He was not handsome, and like many in his day he was a survivor of smallpox, his face being pitted with the scars of this disease. Smallpox is an Infectious disease unique to humans caused by either of two virus variants named Variola major and Variola minor. His early biographer Dies wrote, "he couldn't understand how it happened that in his life he had been loved by many a pretty woman. 'They couldn't have been led to it by my beauty'". [31]

Haydn also suffered from nasal polyposis for much of his adult life; this was an agonizing and debilitating disease in the 18th century, and at times it prevented him from writing music. Nasal polyps are polypoidal masses arising mainly from the Mucous membranes of the Nose and Paranasal sinuses They are overgrowths of the [32] The treatment for nasal polyps in early medicine lasted for days and was excruciating and bloody, prompting Haydn to say of his physician, "May he rot beneath the earth. "

Portion of an original manuscript by Haydn, in the British Museum, from a biography of Haydn available from Project Gutenberg
Portion of an original manuscript by Haydn, in the British Museum, from a biography of Haydn available from Project Gutenberg

Works

James Webster summarizes Haydn's role in the history of classical music as follows:[33] "He excelled in every musical genre… He is familiarly known as the 'father of the symphony' and could with greater justice be thus regarded for the string quartet; no other composer approaches his combination of productivity, quality and historical importance in these genres. A manuscript is any Document that is Written by hand as opposed to being printed or reproduced in some other way The British Museum is a Museum of human history and culture in London. A biography (from the Greek words bíos (βίος meaning "life" and gráphein (γράφειν meaning "to write" is an account Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works James Webster is a musicologist, specializing in the music of Joseph Haydn and other composers of the classical era. "

Structure and character of the music

A central characteristic of Haydn's music is the development of larger structures out of very short, simple musical motifs, often derived from standard accompanying figures. In Music, a motif or motive is a perceivable or salient recurring fragment or succession of notes that may be used to construct the entirety or parts The music is often quite formally concentrated, and the important musical events of a movement can unfold rather quickly. [34]

Haydn's work was central to the development of what came to be called sonata form. Sonata form is a Musical form that has been used widely since the early Classical period. His practice, however, differed in some ways from that of Mozart and Beethoven, his younger contemporaries who likewise excelled in this form of composition. Ludwig van Beethoven ( English ˈlʊdvɪg væn ˈbeɪtoʊvən, 16 December 1770 &ndash 26 March 1827 was a German Composer and Pianist. Haydn was particularly fond of the so-called "monothematic exposition", in which the music that establishes the dominant key is similar or identical to the opening theme. Sonata form is a Musical form that has been used widely since the early Classical period. Haydn also differs from Mozart and Beethoven in his recapitulation sections, where he often rearranges the order of themes compared to the exposition and uses extensive thematic development. In Music theory, the recapitulation is one of the sections of a movement written in Sonata form. [35]

Haydn's formal inventiveness also led him to integrate the fugue into the classical style and to enrich the rondo form with more cohesive tonal logic (see sonata rondo form). In Music, a fugue (ˈfjuːg is a type of contrapuntal composition or technique of composition for a fixed number of parts, normally referred Sonata rondo form was a form of musical organization often used during the Classical music era. Haydn was also the principal exponent of the double variation form – variations on two alternating themes, which are often major- and minor-mode versions of each other. The double variation (also known as alternating variations) is a musical form used in classical music.

Perhaps more than any other composer's, Haydn's music is known for its humour. The most famous example is the sudden loud chord in the slow movement of his "Surprise" symphony; Haydn's many other musical jokes include numerous false endings (e. The Symphony No 94 in G major (Hoboken 1/94 is the second of the twelve so-called London symphonies (numbers 93-104 written by Joseph Haydn. g. , in the quartets Op. 33 No. 2 and Op. 50 No. 3), and the remarkable rhythmic illusion placed in the trio section of the third movement of Op. 50 No. 1. The Op 33 String Quartets were written by Joseph Haydn in the summer and fall of 1781 for the Viennese publisher Artaria. This is a list of String quartets by Joseph Haydn, including the number they are given in Anthony van Hoboken 's catalogue of his works This is a list of String quartets by Joseph Haydn, including the number they are given in Anthony van Hoboken 's catalogue of his works

Much of the music was written to please and delight a prince, and its emotional tone is correspondingly upbeat. This tone also reflects, perhaps, Haydn's fundamentally healthy and well-balanced personality. Occasional minor-key works, often deadly serious in character, form striking exceptions to the general rule. Haydn's fast movements tend to be rhythmically propulsive and often impart a great sense of energy, especially in the finales. Some characteristic examples of Haydn's "rollicking" finale type are found in the "London" symphony No. The Symphony No 104 in D major (Hoboken 1/104 is Joseph Haydn 's final symphony 104, the string quartet Op. 50 No. 1, and the piano trio Hob XV: 27. Haydn's early slow movements are usually not too slow in tempo, relaxed, and reflective. Later on, the emotional range of the slow movements increases, notably in the deeply felt slow movements of the quartets Op. 76 Nos. 3 and 5, symphony No. 102, and piano trio Hob XV: 23. The Symphony No 102 in B flat major (Hoboken 1/102 is the tenth of the twelve so-called London Symphonies written by Joseph Haydn. The minuets tend to have a strong downbeat and a clearly popular character. A minuet, sometimes spelled menuet, is a Social dance of French origin for two persons usually in 3/4 time. As early as Op. 33 (1781) Haydn turned some of his minuets into "scherzi" which are much faster, at one beat to the bar.


Evolution of Haydn's style

Haydn's early work dates from a period in which the compositional style of the High Baroque (seen in Bach and Handel) had gone out of fashion. Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section.2 This article is written in British English including maximised use of "-ise" This was a period of exploration and uncertainty, and Haydn, born 18 years before the death of Bach, was himself one of the musical explorers of this time. [36] An older contemporary whose work Haydn acknowledged as an important influence was Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach. Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach ( March 8, 1714 &ndash December 14, 1788) was a German musician and composer the second of five sons [37]

Tracing Haydn's work over the six decades in which it was produced (roughly, 1749 to 1802), one finds a gradual but steady increase in complexity and musical sophistication, which developed as Haydn learned from his own experience and that of his colleagues. Several important landmarks have been observed in the evolution of Haydn's musical style.

In the late 1760s and early 1770s Haydn entered a stylistic period known as "Sturm und Drang" (storm and stress). This term is taken from a literary movement of about the same time, though it appears that the musical development actually preceded the literary one by a few years. [38] The musical language of this period is similar to what went before, but it is deployed in work that is more intensely expressive, especially in the works in minor keys. James Webster describes the works of this period as "longer, more passionate, and more daring. "[39] Some of the most famous compositions of this time are the "Farewell" Symphony No. Symphony No 45 in F-sharp minor, known as the "Farewell" Symphony (in German: Abschieds-Symphonie) was composed by Joseph Haydn 45, the piano sonata in C minor (Hob. XVI/20, L. 33), and the six string quartets of Op. 20 (the "Sun" quartets), all from 1772. It was also around this time that Haydn became interested in writing fugues in the Baroque style, and three of the Op. In Music, a fugue (ˈfjuːg is a type of contrapuntal composition or technique of composition for a fixed number of parts, normally referred Baroque music describes an era and a set of styles of European classical music which were in widespread use between approximately 1600 and 1750. 20 quartets end with such fugues.

Following the climax of the "Sturm und Drang", Haydn returned to a lighter, more overtly entertaining style. There are no quartets from this period, and the symphonies take on new features: the first movements now sometimes contain slow introductions, and the scoring often includes trumpets and timpani. Timpani (also known colloquially as kettledrums or kettle drums) are Musical instruments in the percussion family These changes are often related to a major shift in Haydn's professional duties, which moved him away from "pure" music and toward the production of comic operas, which were very popular in 18th Century Italy. The term Opera buffa (plural Opere buffe) was at first used as an informal description of Italian Comic operas variously classified by their authors as Several of the operas were Haydn's own work (see List of operas by Joseph Haydn); these are seldom performed today. Joseph Haydn is not primarily remembered as a composer of Opera, yet the genre occupied a great deal of his time Haydn sometimes recycled his opera music in symphonic works,[40] which helped him continue his career as a symphonist during this hectic decade.

In 1779, an important change in Haydn's contract permitted him to publish his compositions without prior authorization from his employer. This may have encouraged Haydn to rekindle his career as a composer of "pure" music. The change made itself felt most dramatically in 1781, when Haydn published the six string quartets of Opus 33, announcing (in a letter to potential purchasers) that they were written in "a completely new and special way". Charles Rosen has argued that this assertion on Haydn's part was not just sales talk, but meant quite seriously; and he points out a number of important advances in Haydn's compositional technique that appear in these quartets, advances that mark the advent of the Classical style in full flower. Charles Rosen (born May 5 1927 is an American Pianist and music theorist. The dates of the Classical period in Western music are generally accepted as 1750 to 1810 These include a fluid form of phrasing, in which each motif emerges from the previous one without interruption, the practice of letting accompanying material evolve into melodic material, and a kind of "Classical counterpoint" in which each instrumental part maintains its own integrity. In Music, counterpoint is the relationship between two or more voices that are independent in contour and Rhythm, and interdependent in Harmony These traits continue in the many quartets that Haydn wrote after Opus 33. [41]

In the 1790s, stimulated by his England journeys, Haydn developed what Rosen calls his "popular style", a way of composition that, with unprecedented success, created music having great popular appeal but retaining a learned and rigorous musical structure. [42] An important element of the popular style was the frequent use of folk or folk-like material, as discussed in the article Haydn and folk music. Folk music can have a number of different meanings including Traditional music: The original meaning of the term "folk music" was synonymous This article discusses the influence of Folk music on the work of the composer Joseph Haydn (1732-1809 Haydn took care to deploy this material in appropriate locations, such as the endings of sonata expositions or the opening themes of finales. In such locations, the folk material serves as an element of stability, helping to anchor the larger structure. [43] Haydn's popular style can be heard in virtually all of his later work, including the twelve London symphonies, the late quartets and piano trios, and the two late oratorios. The London symphonies, sometimes called the Salomon symphonies after the man who brought Haydn to London, were composed by Joseph Haydn between An oratorio is a large Musical composition including an Orchestra, a Choir, and soloists The oratorio was somewhat modeled after the Opera

The return to Vienna in 1795 marked the last turning point in Haydn's career. Although his musical style evolved little, his intentions as a composer changed. While he had been a servant, and later a busy entrepreneur, Haydn wrote his works quickly and in profusion, with frequent deadlines. As a rich man, Haydn now felt he had the privilege of taking his time and writing for posterity. This is reflected in the subject matter of The Creation (1798) and The Seasons (1801), which address such weighty topics as the meaning of life and the purpose of humankind, and represent an attempt to render the sublime in music. The Creation (Die Schöpfung is an Oratorio written between 1796 and 1798 by Joseph Haydn ( H The Seasons (German Die Jahreszeiten) is an Oratorio by Joseph Haydn ( H Haydn's new intentions also meant that he was willing to spend much time on a single work: both oratorios took him over a year to complete. Haydn once remarked that he had worked on The Creation so long because he wanted it to last. [44]

The change in Haydn's approach was important in the history of music, as other composers soon were following his lead. Music is found in every known Culture, past and present varying wildly between times and places Notably, Beethoven adopted the practice of taking his time and aiming high. [45]

Identifying Haydn's works

Haydn's works are listed in a comprehensive catalogue prepared by Anthony van Hoboken. Anthony van Hoboken ( March 23 1887 &ndash November 1 1983) was a Dutch Musicologist. This Hoboken catalogue provides each work with an identifying number, called its Hoboken number (abbreviation: H. The Hoboken-Verzeichnis is the catalogue of over 750 works by Joseph Haydn as compiled by Anthony van Hoboken. or Hob. ). The string quartets also have Hoboken numbers, but are usually identified instead by their opus numbers, which have the advantage of indicating the groups of six quartets that Haydn published together; thus for example the string quartet Opus 76, No. 3 is the third of the six quartets published in 1799 as Opus 76. Opus, from the Latin word opus meaning "work" is usually used in the sense of "a Work of art " Joseph Haydn 's String quartets Op 76, composed in 1796 and 1797 were commissioned by and dedicated to Count Joseph Erdody

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References

  1. ^ Although he is still often called "Franz Joseph Haydn", the name "Franz" was not used in the composer's lifetime and is avoided by scholars. Classical Archives is a large classical music commercial Website on the Internet. Naxos Records is a Record label for classical music Compact discs and DVDs Founded in 1987 by Klaus Heymann, a (Webster, James: "Haydn, Joseph", Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed 18 January 2007), http://www.grovemusic.com)
  2. ^ Pronunciation in German is IPA: [ˈjoːzɛf ˈhaɪdn̩], in English IPA: /ˈdʒoʊzəf ˈhaɪdən/
  3. ^ Griesinger 1810, 24–25
  4. ^ Dies 1810, 80–81
  5. ^ Griesinger 1810, 9
  6. ^ Dies 1810, 82
  7. ^ Dies 1801, 87
  8. ^ Robbins Landon and Jones 1988, 27
  9. ^ (Geiringer 1982, p.  27)
  10. ^ Larsen 1980, 8
  11. ^ (Geiringer 1982, p.  30)
  12. ^ (Geiringer 1982, pp.  30–2)
  13. ^ Griesinger 1810, 15
  14. ^ Various individuals bore the title "Countess Thun" over time. Candidates for the countess who engaged Haydn are (1) "the elder Countess Maria Christine Thun", from Webster 2002; Maria Wilhelmine Thun (later a famous salon hostess and patroness of Mozart), from Volkmar Braunbehrens (1990) Mozart in Vienna. Countess Maria Wilhelmine Thun-Hohenstein, née Uhlfeldt (Vienna 13 June 1744 - Vienna 18 May 1800 was a Viennese aristocrat of the 18th century
  15. ^ Webster (2002, 8). Webster expresses doubts, since the source is the early biography of [Nicolas Etienne] Framery, judged (Webster p. 1) the least reliable of Haydn's early biographers.
  16. ^ This date is uncertain, since the early biography of Griesinger 1810 gives 1759. For the evidence supporting the earlier date see Robbins Landon and Jones (1988, 34) and Webster (2002, 10)).
  17. ^ Source for this paragraph: Geiringer 1982, pp.  34–5
  18. ^ See, e. g. , Geiringer 1982, pp.  36–40
  19. ^ Mrs. Haydn's paramour (1770) was Ludwig Guttenbrunn, an artist who produced the portrait of Haydn seen above (Robbins Landon and Jones, 1988, 109). Joseph Haydn had a long relationship, starting in 1779, with the singer Luigia Polzelli, and was probably the father of her son Antonio (Robbins Landon and Jones 1988, 116). Luigia Polzelli (ca 1760- 5 October 1830) was an Italian mezzo-soprano who sang at the Esterházy court in Hungary during the late 18th century
  20. ^ This view is given, for instance, by Webster (2002, 13) and Robbins Landon and Jones (1988, 37).
  21. ^ For details see Geiringer 1982, Chapter 6
  22. ^ Geiringer 1982, p.  316, citing Robbins Landon
  23. ^ From Burney's memoirs; quoted from Robbins Landon and Jones (1988, 234)
  24. ^ The premier performance occurred only in 1951, at the Florence May Festival with Maria Callas in the role of Euridice. The opera and its history are discussed in Geiringer 1982, pp.  342–3.
  25. ^ (Geiringer 1982, pp.  131–135)
  26. ^ The house, at Haydngasse 19, has since 1899 been a Haydn museum ([1], [2]).
  27. ^ Webster 2002, 44
  28. ^ See Griesinger 1810, 20, Dies 1810, 92–93,
  29. ^ Griesinger 1810, 54
  30. ^ Larsen 1980, 81
  31. ^ Dies 1810, 157; translation taken from Robbins Landon and Jones 1988
  32. ^ Discussed in "The Agony of Nasal Polyps and the Terror of Their Removal 200 Years Ago" by Jack Cohen, MD. This article appeared in The Laryngoscope, 108(9): 1311-1313, September 1998. No free online text available.
  33. ^ Online edition, article "Joseph Haydn"; downloaded Feb. 3, 2007
  34. ^ Sutcliffe (1989, 343) mentions this in a criticism of contemporary Haydn performance practice: "[Haydn's] music sometime seems to 'live on its nerves' . . . It is above all in this respect that Haydn performances often fail, whereby most interpreters lack the mental agility to deal with the ever-changing 'physiognomy' of Haydn's music, subsiding instead into an ease of manner and a concern for broader effects that they have acquired in their playing of Mozart. "
  35. ^ Hughes (1970, 112) writes: "Having begun to 'develop', he could not stop; his recapitulations begin to take on irregular contours, sometimes sharply condensed, sometimes surprisingly expanded, losing their first tame symmetry to regain a balance of a far higher and more satisfying order. "
  36. ^ Rosen (1997, 57) writes, "the period from 1750 to 1775 was penetrated by eccentricity, hit-or-miss experimentation, resulting in works which are still difficult to accept today because of their oddities. " Similar remarks are made by Hughes (1970, 111–112)
  37. ^ Charles K. Moss. Carl Phillip Emanuel Bach. Carolina Classical Connection.
  38. ^ See Webster (2002, 18): "the term has been criticized: taken from the title of a play of 1776 by Maximilian Klinger, it properly pertains to a literary movement of the middle and late 1770s rather than a musical one of about 1768–1772. Friedrich Maximilian von Klinger ( February 17, 1752 &ndash February 25, 1831) was a German dramatist and novelist "
  39. ^ Webster (2002, 18)
  40. ^ Webster and Feder 2001, section 3. iii
  41. ^ Rosen's case that Opus 33 represents a "revolution in style" (1971 and 1997, 116) can be found in chapter III. 1 of (Rosen 1971 and 1997). For dissenting views, see Larsen (1980, 102) and Webster (1991).
  42. ^ Rosen discusses the popular style in ch. VI. 1 of Rosen (1971 and 1997).
  43. ^ Rosen (1997 and 2001), 333–337
  44. ^ Geiringer 1982, 158
  45. ^ For discussion, see Antony Hopkins (1981) The Nine Symphonies of Beethoven, Heinemann, London, pp. Antony Hopkins CBE (born March 21, 1921) is an English Composer, Pianist, conductor, and radio broadcaster 7–8.

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Persondata
NAME Haydn, Joseph
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Haydn, Franz Joseph; "Father of the Symphony"; "Father of the String Quartet"
SHORT DESCRIPTION Austrian composer
DATE OF BIRTH March 31, 1732
PLACE OF BIRTH Rohrau
DATE OF DEATH May 31, 1809
PLACE OF DEATH Vienna
A symphony is a Musical composition, often extended and usually for Orchestra. A string quartet is a Musical ensemble of four String instruments &mdash usually two Violins a Viola and Cello &mdash or a piece A composer (literally meaning 'one who puts together' is a person who creates Music, usually in the medium of notation, for Interpretation and Performance Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Year 1732 ( MDCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Rohrau is a Town in Lower Austria, Austria. Rohrau is located in the industrial quarter of Lower Austria Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Year 1809 ( MDCCCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year
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