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Joseph Beuys

Offset poster for dialogue at the New School during Joseph Beuys` ' first visit to the United States 1974 - Courtesy Ronald Feldman Fine Arts, New York
Born May 12, 1921(1921-05-12)
Krefeld,Germany
Died January 23, 1986 (aged 64)
Nationality German
Field Performances, plastic arts, visual art, aesthetics, social philosophy
Training Kunstakademie Düsseldorf

Joseph Beuys (IPA: [ˈjoːzɛf ˈbɔʏs]; May 12, 1921 – January 23, 1986) was a German artist who came to prominence in the 1960s. Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre. Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar History The origins of the town were in Roman times when the legions founded the military camp of Gelduba (today the borough of Gellep Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. A performance, in Performing arts, generally comprises an event in which one group of people (the performer or performers behave in a particular way for another group of people Plastic arts are those Visual arts that involve the use of Materials that can be moulded or modulated in some way often in three dimensions The visual arts are art forms that focus on the creation of works which are primarily Visual in nature such as Painting, Photography Aesthetics or esthetics ( also spelled æsthetics) is commonly known as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values sometimes called Social philosophy is the philosophical study of questions about social Behavior (typically of Humans. The Staatliche Kunstakademie Düsseldorf is the Arts Academy of the city of Düsseldorf. Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre. Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The definition of an artist is wide-ranging and covers a broad spectrum of Activities to do with creating Art, practicing the Arts and/or demonstrating

He is most famous for his ritualistic public performances and his energetic championing of the healing potential of art and the power of a universal human creativity. A ritual is a set of actions often thought to have Symbolic value the performance of which is usually prescribed by a Religion or by the Traditions As well as performances, Beuys produced sculptures, environments, vitrines, 450 prints and posters, and thousands of drawings. Printmaking is the Process of making artworks by Printing, normally on Paper. Drawing is a Visual art that makes use of any number of drawing instruments to mark a two-dimensional medium He was also a committed teacher and increasingly devoted much of his energy to German politics. A charismatic and controversial figure, the nature and value of Beuys’s contribution to Western art has elicited a hotly contested and often polarised debate.

Contents

Early life

Although he took great pride in being native to Kleve, Joseph Beuys was born in Krefeld in 1921; Beuys was the son of the trader Josef Jakob Beuys and Johanna Maria Margarete Beuys. Cleves redirects here for the Duchy of Cleves and the conjoined states of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, see those articles History The origins of the town were in Roman times when the legions founded the military camp of Gelduba (today the borough of Gellep Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar

The Beuys family soon moved to Kleve, an industrial town in the Lower Rhine region of Germany close to the Dutch border, and it was in this region that Beuys spent most of his childhood. Cleves redirects here for the Duchy of Cleves and the conjoined states of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, see those articles An aspect of Beuys’s adolescence that has dominated much commentary on his practice is his involvement with the Hitler Youth (to which adherence was, it should be noted, obligatory). For the SS division with the nickname Hitlerjugend see 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend The Hitler Youth ( German:, [1] From an early age Beuys displayed a keen interest in the natural sciences and had considered a career in medical studies before volunteering for the Luftwaffe in 1940. ( German 'luftvafe is a generic German term for an Air force. He began his military training as an aircraft radio operator in 1941, under the tutelage of Heinz Sielmann in Posen. Heinz Sielmann ( June 2 1917 in Rheydt [[Mönchengladbach]] Germany – October 6 2006 in Munich) was a world Poznań Lublin Voivodeship This article is about the city in Poland During his leave, Beuys attended lectures in biology, botany, geography and philosophy. Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles Botany, plant science(s, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of Biology and is the scientific study of plant Life Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία - geografia) is the study of the Earth and its lands features inhabitants and phenomena Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language It is also during this time that he began to seriously consider a career as an artist.

In 1942 Beuys was stationed in the Crimea and was a member of various combat bomber units. Crimea (kraɪˈmiːə or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Крим Автономна Республіка Крим Avtonomna Respublika Krym; Крым On 16 March 1944 Beuys’s Ju 87 plane crashed on the Crimean Front. Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Junkers Ju 87 or Stuka (from Stu rz' ka' mpfflugzeug, " Dive bomber " was a two-seat (pilot and rear gunner The pilot was killed but Beuys was found by a German search commando and brought to a military hospital where he stayed from March 17 to April 7. Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor [2] This incident, and Beuys’s subsequent embellishment of it, is perhaps the most controversial aspect of his artistic persona. Beuys later recounted how he had been rescued from the crash by Tartar tribesmen, who had wrapped his broken body in animal fat and felt and nursed him back to health. Animal fat s are rendered tissue fats that can be obtained from a variety of Animals Human nutrition Animal fats are often claimed to be Felt is a non-woven cloth that is produced by matting condensing and pressing fibers Beuys recounted the story in 1979:

“Had it not been for the Tartars I would not be alive today. They were the nomads of the Crimea, in what was then no man’s land between the Russian and German fronts, and favoured neither side. I had already struck up a good relationship with them, and often wandered off to sit with them. ‘Du nix njemcky’ they would say, ‘du Tartar,’ and try to persuade me to join their clan. Their nomadic ways attracted me of course, although by that time their movements had been restricted. Yet it was they who discovered me in the snow after the crash, when the German search parties had given up. I was still unconscious then and only came round completely after twelve days or so, and by then I was back in a German field hospital. So the memories I have of that time are images that penetrated my consciousness. The last thing I remember was that it was too late to jump, too late for the parachutes to open. That must have been a couple of seconds before hitting the ground. Luckily I was not strapped in – I always preferred free movement to safety belts… My friend was strapped in and he was atomized on impact – there was almost nothing to be found of him afterwards. But I must have shot through the windscreen as it flew back at the same speed as the plane hit the ground and that saved me, though I had bad skull and jaw injuries. Then the tail flipped over and I was completely buried in the snow. That’s how the Tartars found me days later. I remember voices saying ‘Voda’ (Water), then the felt of their tents, and the dense pungent smell of cheese, fat and milk. They covered my body in fat to help it regenerate warmth, and wrapped it in felt as an insulator to keep warmth in. ” [3]

Although entering Beuys’s rhetoric somewhat later than some commentators have acknowledged,[4] this story has served as a powerful myth of origins for Beuys’s artistic identity, as well as providing an initial interpretive key to his use of unconventional materials (amongst which felt and fat were central).

After the war

After the war Beuys returned to his parents’ house in Rindern. In 1946, he met sculptor Walter Brüx and painter Hanns Lamers, who encouraged him to become an artist. Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. He enrolled at Kunstakademie Düsseldorf in 1947 and after switching classes, joined the class of Ewald Mataré. The Staatliche Kunstakademie Düsseldorf is the Arts Academy of the city of Düsseldorf. Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Beuys began to read widely, evolving ideas around science, art, literature, philosophy and spirituality. Key figures in Beuys’s intellectual formation include Rudolf Steiner, Carl Jung, Novalis, Schiller, Leonardo da Vinci, James Joyce and the 16th century Swiss alchemist Paracelsus. Rudolf Steiner ( 25 February 1861 – 30 March 1925) was an Austrian philosopher literary scholar educator artist playwright Novalis (noˈvaːlɪs was the Pseudonym of Georg Philipp Friedrich Freiherr von Hardenberg ( May 2, 1772 - March 25, 1801 Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller krɪstɔf friːtʁɪç fɔn ʃɪləʁ/ʃɪlɐ (10 November 1759 9 May 1805 was a German Poet, Philosopher Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci ( April 15 1452 – May 2 1519 was an Italian Polymath, having been a scientist Mathematician, Engineer James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February 1882 &ndash 13 January 1941 was an Irish expatriate writer widely considered to be one of the most influential writers of the Paracelsus (11 November or 17 December 1493 in Einsiedeln Switzerland – 24 September 1541 in Salzburg, Austria) was an alchemist, Beuys finished his education in 1951, graduating as master pupil from Mataré’s class. Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January

Throughout the 1950s, Beuys struggled with a dire financial situation and with the trauma of his wartime experiences. The 1950s Decade refers to the years of 1950 to 1959 inclusive His output consisted mainly of thousands of drawings, but he also produced some sculptures. Through his drawing practice, Beuys explored a range of unconventional materials and developed his artistic agenda, exploring metaphorical and symbolic connections between natural phenomena and philosophical systems. Often difficult to interpret in themselves, these drawings constitute a speculative, contingent and rather hermetic exploration of the material world and how that world might be connected to the realm of myth and philosophy. In 1974, 327 drawings, the majority of which were made during the late 1940s and 1950s, were collected into a group entitled The Secret Block for a Secret Person in Ireland (a reference to Joyce), and exhibited in Oxford, Edinburgh, Dublin and Belfast. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. The 1940s decade ran from 1940 to 1949 Events and trends The 1940s was a period between the radical 1930s and the conservative 1950s which also leads the period to be The 1950s Decade refers to the years of 1950 to 1959 inclusive

In 1956, artistic self-doubt and material impoverishment led to a physical and psychological crisis, and Beuys entered a period of serious depression. Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. He recovered at the house of his most important early patrons, the van der Grinten brothers, in Kranenburg. In 1958, Beuys participated in an international competition for an Auschwitz-Birkenau memorial, but his proposal did not win and his design was never realised. Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "Auschwitz" redirects here For the town see Oświęcim Auschwitz-Birkenau () was the largest of Nazi Germany Also in 1958, Beuys begins a cycle of drawings related to Joyce’s Ulysses. Ulysses is a novel by James Joyce, first serialized in parts in the American journal The Little Review from March 1918 to December 1920 Completed in ca. 1961, the six exercise books of drawings would constitute, Beuys declared, an extension of Joyce’s seminal novel. Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In 1959 Beuys married Eva Wurmbach. The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. They had two children together, Wenzel (born 1961) and Jessyka (born 1964). Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. In 1961 he was appointed professor of 'monumental sculpture' at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf. Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Flyer for Beuys's 7,000 Oaks at Documenta 7 (1982)
Flyer for Beuys's 7,000 Oaks at Documenta 7 (1982)

Artistic development and recognition

In 1962 Beuys befriended his Düsseldorf colleague Nam June Paik, a member of the Fluxus movement. Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Nam June Paik ( July 20, 1932 - January 29, 2006) was a South Korean-born American artist Fluxus —a name taken from a Latin word meaning "to flow"—is an international network of artists composers and designers noted for blending different artistic media This was the beginning of what was to be a brief formal involvement with Fluxus, a loose international group of artists who championed a radical erosion of the boundaries of art, bringing aspects of creative practice outside of the institution and into the everyday. Although Beuys participated in a number of Fluxus events, it soon became clear that he viewed the implications of art’s economic and institutional framework differently. Indeed, whereas Fluxus was directly inspired by the radical Dada activities emerging during the First World War, Beuys in 1964 broadcast (from Second German Television Studio) a rather different message: ‘Das Schweigen von Marcel Duchamp wird überbewertet’ (‘The Silence of Marcel Duchamp is Overrated’). Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. Marcel Duchamp (maʀsɛl dyˈʃɑ̃ (28 July 1887 &ndash 2 October 1968 was a French artist whose work is most often associated with the Dadaist and Surrealist Beuys’s relationship with the legacy of Duchamp and the Readymade is a central (if often unacknowledged) aspect of the controversy surrounding his practice.

What served to launch Beuys into the public consciousness was that which transpired following his performance at the Technical College Aachen in 1964. Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. As part of a festival of new art coinciding with the 20th anniversary of an assassination attempt on Adolf Hitler, Beuys created a performance or Aktion. The performance was interrupted by a group of students, one of whom attacked Beuys, punching him in the face. A photograph of the artist, nose bloodied and arm raised, was circulated in the media. It was for this 1964 festival that Beuys produced an idiosyncratic CV, which he titled Lebenslauf/Werklauf (Life Course/Work Course). The document was a self-consciously fictionalised account of the artist’s life, in which historical events mingle with metaphorical and mythical speech (he refers to his birth as the ‘Exhibition of a wound;’ he claims his Ulysses Extension to have been carried out ‘at James Joyce’s request’ – impossible, given that the writer was by 1961 long-dead). This document marks a blurring of fact and fiction that was to be characteristic of Beuys’s self-created persona, as well as the source of much controversy (although, significantly, there is no mention here of the famous plane crash).

Beuys’s first solo exhibition in a private gallery was opened on November 26, 1965 with one of the artist’s most famous and compelling performances: How to Explain Pictures to a Dead Hare. Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. The artist could be viewed through the glass of the gallery’s window. His face was covered in honey and gold leaf, an iron slab was attached to his boot. In his arms he cradled a dead hare, into whose ear he mumbled muffled noises as well as explanations of the drawings that lined the walls. Such materials and actions had specific symbolic value for Beuys. For example, honey was the product of bees who, for Beuys (following Rudolf Steiner), represented as ideal society of warmth and brotherhood. Gold had its importance within alchemical enquiry, and iron, the metal of Mars, stood for a masculine principle of strength and connection to the earth. A photograph from the performance, in which Beuys is sitting with the hare, has been described "by some critics as a new Mona Lisa of the 20th century," though Beuys did not agree with that. [5] Beuys produced many such spectacular, ritualistic performances, and he developed a compelling persona whereby he took on a liminal, shamanistic role, as if to enable passage between different physical and spiritual states. Further examples of such performances include: EURASIA (1965), Celtic (Kinloch Rannoch) Scottish Symphony (1970), and I Like America and America Likes Me (1974). For the superstate in George Orwell 's novel see Nations of Nineteen Eighty-Four.

Politics

It was during the 1960s that Beuys formulated his central theoretical concepts concerning the social, cultural and political function and potential of art. The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 Indebted to Romantic writers such as Novalis and Schiller, Beuys was motivated by a utopian belief in the power of universal human creativity and was confident in the potential for art to bring about revolutionary change. This translated into Beuys’s formulation of the concept of Social Sculpture, in which society as a whole was to be regarded as one great work of art (the Wagnerian Gesamtkunstwerk) to which each person can contribute creatively (perhaps Beuys’s most famous phrase, borrowed from Novalis, is ‘Everyone is an artist’). In 1973, Beuys wrote:

“Only on condition of a radical widening of definitions will it be possible for art and activities related to art [to] provide evidence that art is now the only evolutionary-revolutionary power. Only art is capable of dismantling the repressive effects of a senile social system that continues to totter along the deathline: to dismantle in order to build ‘A SOCIAL ORGANISM AS A WORK OF ART’… EVERY HUMAN BEING IS AN ARTIST who – from his state of freedom – the position of freedom that he experiences at first-hand – learns to determine the other positions of the TOTAL ART WORK OF THE FUTURE SOCIAL ORDER. ” [6]

Beuys manifested these ideas most notoriously in abolishing entry requirements to his Düsseldorf class. Throughout the late 1960s this renegade policy caused great institutional friction, which came to a head in October 1972, when Beuys was eventually dismissed from his post. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The dismissal, which Beuys would not accept, produced a wave of protests from students, artists and critics. Although now bereft of an institutional position, Beuys continued a voracious schedule of public lectures and discussions, as well as becoming increasingly active in German politics. Amongst other things, Beuys founded (or co-founded) the following political organisations: German Student Party (1967), Organization for Direct Democracy Through Referendum (1971), and Free International University for Creativity and Interdisciplinary Research (1974). Beuys became a pacifist, was a vocal opponent of nuclear weapons and campaigned strenuously for environmental causes (indeed, he was elected a Green Party candidate for the European Parliament). The Alliance '90/The Greens ( Bündnis 90/Die Grünen) the German Green party, is a Political party in Germany whose regional Beuys also continued to make sculptures, installations, drawings and performances until his death in 1986. In 1982, for example, he planted 7,000 oak trees in Kassel, Germany, for Documenta 7 (7,000 Oaks). documenta is an exhibition of modern and Contemporary art which now takes place every five years in Kassel, Germany. The first and only major retrospective of Beuys work to be organised in Beuys’s lifetime opened at the Guggenheim Museum in New York in 1979. This article refers to the Guggenheim's landmark New York museum The exhibition has been described as a “lightning rod for American criticism,” eliciting as it did some powerful and polemical responses. [7]

He was a vigorous and original proponent of Rudolf Steiner's social ideas.

Critiques of Beuys

One thing that the Guggenheim retrospective and its catalogue did was to afford an American critical audience a comprehensive view of Beuys’s practice and rhetoric. Whereas Beuys had been a central figure in the post-war European artistic consciousness for some time, American audiences had previously only had partial and fleeting access to his work. In 1980, and building on the scepticism voiced by Belgian artist Marcel Broodthaers, who in 1972 Open Letter had compared Beuys to Wagner,[8] art historian Benjamin Buchloh launched a polemically forceful attack on Beuys. Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) Marcel Broodthaers ( January 28 1924 – January 28 1976) was a Belgian poet filmmaker and artist with a highly literate and often Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Benjamin H D Buchloh is the Franklin D and Florence Rosenblatt Professor of Modern Art at Harvard University. [9] The essay was (and remains) the most vitriolic and thoroughgoing critique of both Beuys’s rhetoric (referred to as “simple-minded utopian drivel”) and persona (Buchloh regards Beuys as both infantile and messianic). [10]

Firstly, Buchloh draws attention to Beuys’s falsification of his own biography, which he sees as symptomatic of a dangerous cultural tendency of dis-avowing a traumatic past and a retreat into the realms of myth and esoteric symbolism. Buchloh attacks Beuys for his failure to acknowledge and engage with Nazism, the Holocaust, and their implications. Secondly, Buchloh criticizes Beuys for displaying an inability or reluctance to engage with the consequences of the work of Marcel Duchamp. Marcel Duchamp (maʀsɛl dyˈʃɑ̃ (28 July 1887 &ndash 2 October 1968 was a French artist whose work is most often associated with the Dadaist and Surrealist That is, a failure to acknowledge the framing function of the art institution and the inevitable dependence upon such institutions to create meaning for art objects. A frame in Social theory consists of a schema of interpretation, that is a collection of Stereotypes that individuals rely on to understand and respond If Beuys championed art’s power to foster political transformation, he nevertheless failed to acknowledge the limits imposed upon such aspirations by the art museum and dealership networks that served somewhat less utopian ambitions. For Buchloh, rather than acknowledging the collective and contextual formation of meaning, Beuys instead attempted to prescribe and control the meanings of his art, and often in the form of dubious esoteric or symbolic codings. Buchloh’s critique has been developed by a number of commentators such as Stefan Germer and Rosalind Krauss. [11]

Recuperations

Despite its theoretical richness and rhetorical power, Buchloh’s critique has been in need of extensive revision. His attention is given to dismantling a mythologized artistic persona and utopian rhetoric, which he regarded to be irresponsible and even (it is implied) proto-fascist. Since Buchloh’s essay was written, however, a great deal of new archival material has come to light. Most significantly, Beuys’s proposal for an Auschwitz-Birkenau memorial, submitted in 1958. Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The existence of such a project invalidates Buchloh’s claim that Beuys retreated from engaging with the Nazi legacy, a point that Buchloh himself has recently acknowledged. [12]

Beuys’s charisma and eclecticism have rather polarised his audience. Beuys has attracted a huge number of admirers and devotees, the tendency of whom has been to uncritically accept Beuys’s own explanations as interpretive solutions to his work. In contrast, there are those who, following Buchloh, are relentlessly critical of Beuys’s rhetoric and use weaknesses in his argumentation to dismiss his work as bogus. Relatively few accounts have been concerned with an encounter with the works themselves, with exceptions arriving in the scholarship of art historians such as Gene Ray, Christa-Maria Lerm Hayes, Briony Fer, Alex Potts, and others. The drive here has been to wrest the potential of Beuys’s work away from the artist’s own rhetoric, and to further explore both the wider discursive formations within which Beuys operated (this time, productively), and the specific material properties of the works themselves. [13]

Examples of contemporary artists who have drawn from the legacy of Beuys include AA Bronson, former member of the artists' collaborative General Idea, who, not without certain irony, adopts the subject position of the shaman to reclaim art's restorative, healing powers; and Peter Gallo, whose drawing cycle "I wish I could draw like Joseph Beuys" features stretches of Beuys's writings combined with images traced from vintage gay pornography onto found pieces of paper. AA Bronson, OC, (born Michael Tims in Vancouver in 1946 is an Artist who founded the artists' group General Idea with Jorge Zontal General Idea was a collective of three Canadian artists Felix Partz, Jorge Zontal and AA Bronson, who were active from 1967 to 1994 Peter Gallo (born 1959 Rutland VT is a reclusive artist and writer who lives in Hyde Park VT and Montreal Quebec.

Exhibitions

Notes

  1. ^ See Claudia Schmuckli: ‘Chronology and Selected Exhibition History,’ in Joseph Beuys: Actions, Vitrines, Environments (Tate, 2005). documenta is an exhibition of modern and Contemporary art which now takes place every five years in Kassel, Germany. Kassel (until 1926 officially Cassel) is a city situated along the Fulda River in northern Hessen, Germany, one of the two sources of the Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. documenta is an exhibition of modern and Contemporary art which now takes place every five years in Kassel, Germany. Kassel (until 1926 officially Cassel) is a city situated along the Fulda River in northern Hessen, Germany, one of the two sources of the Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Venice Biennale (Biennale di Venezia also called in English the "Venice Biennial " is a major Contemporary art exhibition that takes place once Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest This article refers to the Guggenheim's landmark New York museum New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Perugia is the capital City of the region of Umbria in central Italy, near the Tiber river and the capital of the Province of Perugia Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Museum Kunst Palast is an art museum in Düsseldorf, Germany. Düsseldorf (ˈdʏsəldɔɐf is the capital city of the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. Bonn is the 19th largest city in Germany. Located about 20 kilometres south of Cologne on the river Rhine in the Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Brown University is a highly esteemed private University located in Providence, Rhode Island and is a member of the Ivy League. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The City of New York The United States of America —commonly referred to as the This account of Beuys’s biography is indebted to Schmuckli’s chronology.
  2. ^ Ibid. p. 153.
  3. ^ Beuys in Caroline Tisdall: Joseph Beuys (Guggenheim, 1979), p. 16-7.
  4. ^ One example is Benjamin Buchloh’s discussion of Beuys in the ambitious Art Since 1900: Modernism, Antimodernism, Postmodernism, by Buchloh, Roaslind Krauss, Hal Foster and Yve-Alain Bois (Thames and Hudson, 2004, pp. 480-485). Buchloh mistakenly identifies the plane crash as recounted in Beuys’s 1964 Lebenslauf/Werklauf. For a detailed account of the complex emergence of this powerful story, see Peter Nisbet: ‘Crash Course – Remarks on a Beuys Story,’ in Gene Ray (ed. ): Joseph Beuys, Mapping the Legacy (D. A. P. , 2001).
  5. ^ Robert Ayers (November 9, 2005), Marina Abramovic, ARTINFO, <http://www.artinfo.com/news/story/1537/marina-abramovic/>. Retrieved on 22 April 2008 
  6. ^ Beuys statement dated 1973, first published in English in Caroline Tisdall: Art into Society, Society into Art (ICA, London, 1974), p. 48. Capitals in original.
  7. ^ Schmuckli, op. cit. p. 188.
  8. ^ Published in Reinische Post on October 3, 1972, written by Broodthaers on September 25, 1972. Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 303 - On a voyage preaching the Gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens, France Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
  9. ^ Benjamin H. D. Buchloh: ‘Beuys: The Twilight of the Idol,’ Artforum, vol. 5, no. 18 (January 1980), pp. 35-43.
  10. ^ Ibid. p. 51.
  11. ^ Germer: ‘Haacke, Broodthaers, Beuys,’ October 45, Summer 1989, pp. 63-75. Krauss: ‘No to… Joseph Beuys,’ in Krauss and Bois: Formless: A User’s Guide (Zone, 1997), 143-146.
  12. ^ Buchloh: ‘Reconsidering Joseph Beuys, Once Again,’ in Ray op. cit. pp. 75-90.
  13. ^ See, amongst other relevant publications: Ray: ‘Joseph Beuys and the After-Auschwitz Sublime,’ in Ray, op. cit. , pp. 55-74; Lerm Hayes: Joyce in Art, Visual Art Inspired by James Joyce (Lilliput Press, 2004); Fer: The Infinite Line: Remaking Art After Modernism (Yale, 2004); Potts: ‘Tactility: The Interrogation of Medium in the Art of the 1960s,’ Art History, Vol. 27, No. 2 April 2004. 282-304.

External links

Further reading


Persondata
NAME Beuys, Joseph
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION Performances, plastic arts, visual art, aesthetics, social philosophy
DATE OF BIRTH 1921-5-12
PLACE OF BIRTH Krefeld,Germany
DATE OF DEATH 1986-1-23
PLACE OF DEATH

A performance, in Performing arts, generally comprises an event in which one group of people (the performer or performers behave in a particular way for another group of people Plastic arts are those Visual arts that involve the use of Materials that can be moulded or modulated in some way often in three dimensions The visual arts are art forms that focus on the creation of works which are primarily Visual in nature such as Painting, Photography Aesthetics or esthetics ( also spelled æsthetics) is commonly known as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values sometimes called Social philosophy is the philosophical study of questions about social Behavior (typically of Humans. History The origins of the town were in Roman times when the legions founded the military camp of Gelduba (today the borough of Gellep Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.
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