Citizendia
Your Ad Here

For clothier, see JoS. A. Bank Clothiers. JoS A Bank Clothiers Inc, (commonly pronounced "Joseph A Bank" is a men's clothing designer and retailer founded in 1905 and headquartered in Baltimore, with
Joseph Banks

Born 13 February 1743
Horncastle, Lincolnshire
Died 19 June 1820
London, England
Nationality United Kingdom
Fields Botany
Alma mater University of Oxford
Known for Endeavour voyage
Influences Israel Lyons
Author abbreviation (botany) Banksia

Sir Joseph Banks, 1st Baronet, GCB, PRS (13 February 1743 – 19 June 1820) was an English naturalist, botanist and science patron. Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed Year 1743 ( MDCCXLIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Horncastle is a Market town of some 6090 residents in the East Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. Lincolnshire (abbreviated Lincs) is a county in the east of England. Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros. Year 1820 ( MDCCCXX) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Botany, plant science(s, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of Biology and is the scientific study of plant Life Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the Israel Lyons the younger (1739-1775 mathematician and botanist was born at Cambridge, the son of Israel Lyons the elder (d In Botanical nomenclature, author citation refers to citing the person (or group of people who validly published a Botanical name, i The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (formerly The Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath) is a British Order of chivalry founded by George The President of the Royal Society ( PRS) is the elected head of the Royal Society of London. Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed Year 1743 ( MDCCXLIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros. Year 1820 ( MDCCCXX) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Natural history is the Scientific research of Plants or Animals leaning more towards the Observational than Experimental methods Botany, plant science(s, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of Biology and is the scientific study of plant Life He took part in Captain James Cook's first great voyage (1768–1771) and around 80 species of plants bear Banks' name. Captain James Cook FRS RN ( – 14 February 1779) was an English Explorer, Navigator and The First voyage of James Cook was the initial Pacific exploratory voyage of James Cook (he had previously sailed with the merchant navy and Royal Navy He is credited with the introduction to the Western world of eucalyptus, acacia, mimosa, and the genus named after him, Banksia. The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings Eucalyptus (From Greek ευκάλυπτος meaning "well covered" is a diverse Genus of Trees (and a few shrubs the members of which Acacia is a Genus of Shrubs and Trees belonging to the Subfamily Mimosoideae of the family Fabaceae, first Mimosa is a Genus of about 400 species of herbs and shrubs in the subfamily Mimosoideae of the legume family Fabaceae. A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic Banksia is a Genus of around 170 Species in the Plant family Proteaceae. Banks was also the leading founder of the African Association, a British organization dedicated to the exploration of Africa. The Association for Promoting the Discovery of the Interior Parts of Africa (commonly known as the African Association) founded in London on June 9

Contents

Biography

A portrait of Banks painted in 1757, the artist is unknown but the painting has been attributed to Lemuel Francis Abbott or Johann Zoffany; the print under his right hand is a botanical illustration.
A portrait of Banks painted in 1757, the artist is unknown but the painting has been attributed to Lemuel Francis Abbott or Johann Zoffany; the print under his right hand is a botanical illustration. Lemuel Francis Abbot (c 1760&ndash5 December 1802 was an English portrait painter famous for his portrait of Horatio Nelson 1st Viscount Nelson (currently hanging Johann Zoffany, Zoffani or Zauffelij (b March 13, 1733 &ndash November 11, 1810) was a German neoclassical [1]

Banks was born in London to the wealthy William Banks, a prosperous Lincolnshire country squire and member of the House of Commons, and his wife Sarah, daughter of William Bate. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Lincolnshire (abbreviated Lincs) is a county in the east of England. In Feudal or Medieval times a squire was a Man-at-arms in the service of a Knight, often as his Apprentice. The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords Joseph was educated at Harrow School from the age of 9, and at Eton College from 1756; his fellow students included Constantine John Phipps. Eton College, or just Eton, is a world-famous British Independent school for boys founded in 1440 by King Henry VI. Constantine John Phipps 2nd Baron Mulgrave, PC ( 19 May 1744 &ndash 10 October 1792) was an English explorer As a boy, he enjoyed exploring the Lincolnshire countryside and developed a keen interest in nature, history and botany. When Banks was 17 he was inoculated with smallpox, but he became ill and did not return to school. Smallpox is an Infectious disease unique to humans caused by either of two virus variants named Variola major and Variola minor. In late 1760 he was enrolled as a gentleman-commoner at Oxford University. The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the At Oxford he matriculated at Christ Church and his studies were largely focussed on natural history rather than the classical curriculum. Not to be confused with Christchurch, a city in New Zealand. Christ Church (Ædes Christi the temple or house of Christ and thus sometimes known as Determined to receive botanical instruction, he paid Cambridge botanist Israel Lyons to deliver a series of lectures at Oxford in 1764. Israel Lyons the younger (1739-1775 mathematician and botanist was born at Cambridge, the son of Israel Lyons the elder (d [2]

Banks left Oxford for Chelsea in December 1763. Chelsea is an area of south-west London, England, bounded to the south by the River Thames, where its frontage runs from Chelsea Bridge along He continued to attend until 1764, but he left that year without taking a degree. Banks' father died in 1761, and when Joseph turned 21 he inherited the impressive estate of Revesby Abbey, in Lincolnshire, becoming the local squire and magistrate, sharing his time between Lincolnshire and London. Revesby Abbey was a Cistercian monastery located near the village of Revesby in Lincolnshire, England A magistrate is a judicial officer In Common law systems a magistrate usually has limited authority to administer and enforce the Law. From his mother's home in Chelsea, he kept up his interest in science by attending the Chelsea Physic Garden of the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries and the British Museum, where he met Daniel Solander. The Chelsea Physic Garden was established as the Apothecaries’ Garden in London, England in 1673 The Worshipful Society of Apothecaries of London is one of the Livery Companies of the City of London. The British Museum is a Museum of human history and culture in London. Daniel Carlsson Solander or Daniel Charles Solander ( 19 February 1733 – 13 May 1782) was a Swedish Botanist He began to make friends among the scientific men of his day and to correspond with Carl Linnaeus, whom he came to know through Solander. Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for As Banks' influence increased, he became an advisor to King George III and urged the Monarch to support voyages of discovery to new lands, hoping to indulge his own interest in botany. George III (George William Frederick 4 June 1738 George III's long reign was marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdom much of the rest of Europe and places

Newfoundland and Labrador

In 1766 he was elected to the Royal Society, and in the same year accompanied Phipps to Newfoundland and Labrador with a view of studying their natural history. The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, known simply as The Royal Society, is a Learned society for science that was founded in 1660 Newfoundland and Labrador (ˈnuːfɨn(dlənd ən(d ˈlæbrəˌdɔr (Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador is a province of Canada, the tenth and latest to join the Confederation He established his name by publishing the first Linnean descriptions of the plants and animals of Newfoundland and Labrador. Linnaean taxonomy is a method of classifying living things originally devised by (and named for Carolus Linnaeus, although it has changed considerably since his time [3]

Endeavour voyage

Banks was promptly appointed to a joint Royal Navy/Royal Society scientific expedition to the south Pacific Ocean on HM Bark Endeavour, 1768- 1771. The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions Construction The Endeavour was originally a merchant collier named Earl of Pembroke, launched in June 1764 from the coal and whaling port of Whitby in This was the first of James Cook's voyages of discovery into that region. This voyage went to Brazil where Banks made the first scientific description of a now common garden plant, bougainvillea (named after Cook's French counterpart, Louis Antoine de Bougainville) and other parts of South America. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Bougainvillea is a genus of Flowering plants native to South America from Brazil west to Peru and south to southern Argentina Louis-Antoine comte de Bougainville ( November 12 1729 Paris - August 31 1811 Paris) was a French navigator and military South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a The voyage progressed to Tahiti (where the transit of Venus was observed, the overt purpose of the mission), New Zealand, and the east coast of Australia where Cook mapped the coastline and made landfall at Botany Bay (present-day suburban Sydney) and at Endeavour River (near modern Cooktown) in Queensland, where they spent almost seven weeks ashore while their ship was repaired after foundering on the Great Barrier Reef[3]. Tahiti is the largest Island in the Windward group of French Polynesia, located in the Archipelago of Society Islands in the A transit of Venus across the Sun takes place when the Planet Venus passes directly between the Sun and Earth, obscuring a small portion of the New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Botany Bay is a bay in Sydney, New South Wales, a few kilometres south of the Sydney central business district. Sydney (ˈsɪdniː is the most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 4 The Endeavour River ( Guugu Yimithirr: Wabalumbaal) on Cape York Peninsula in Far North Queensland, Australia, was named in 1770 Cooktown ( Guugu Yimithirr: Gangaarr) is the northernmost town on the east coast of Australia, located at the mouth of the Endeavour River, Queensland is a state of Australia, occupying the north-eastern corner of the mainland continent A ship /ʃɪp/ is a large vessel that floats on water Ships are generally distinguished from Boats based on size The Great Barrier Reef is the largest Coral reef system in the world composed of over 2900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for 2600 kilometres (1600 mi Before he left England, Banks had become a Freemason and is thus held to be the first Freemason known to have been in New Zealand and Australia. While in Australia, Banks, the Swedish botanist Daniel Solander and the Finnish botanist Dr. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Herman Spöring Jr. made the first major collection of Australian flora, describing many species new to science. Herman Diedrich Spöring Jr (or Spoering) (1733 - 1771 was a Finnish explorer, draughtsman, Botanist and a naturalist Almost 800 specimens were illustrated by the artist Sydney Parkinson and appear in Banks' Florilegium, finally published in thirty-five volumes between 1980 and 1990. Sydney Parkinson ( c 1745 - 26 January 1771) was a Scottish Quaker, Botanical illustrator and Natural history Banks' Florilegium is a collection of Copperplate Engravings of plants collected by Sir Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander while they

Banks arrived back in England on 12 July 1771 and immediately became famous. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. Year 1771 ( MDCCLXXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a He intended to go with Cook on his second voyage which began on 13 May 1772, but difficulties arose about the accommodation for Banks and his assistants, and he decided not to go. Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. Year 1772 ( MDCCLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a In July of the same year he visited the Isle of Wight, the western islands of Scotland and Iceland[3] with Daniel Solander aboard the Sir Lawrence and returned with many botanical specimens. The Isle of Wight is an English Island and county in the English Channel between three and five miles (8 km from the south coast of the Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( When he settled in London he began work on the Banks' Florilegium. He kept in touch with most of the scientists of his time, and added a fresh interest when elected to the Dilettante Society in 1774. He was afterwards secretary of this society from 1778 to 1797. On 30 November 1778 he was elected President of the Royal Society[3], a position he was to hold with great distinction for over 41 years. Events 1700 - Battle of Narva — A Swedish army of 8500 men under Charles XII defeats Year 1778 ( MDCCLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or The President of the Royal Society ( PRS) is the elected head of the Royal Society of London. He married in March 1779, Dorothea, daughter of W. W. Hugesson, and settled in a large house at 32 Soho Square, now occupied by 20th Century Fox, which continued to be his London residence for the remainder of his life. Soho Square is a square in Soho, London, England, with a park and garden area at its centre that dates back to 1681. His sister Sarah Sophia Banks lived with Banks and his wife. Sarah Sophia Banks ( October 28 1744 - September 27 1818) was an English collector of antiquarian items and sister of the naturalist Joseph There he welcomed the scientists, students and authors of his period, and many distinguished foreign visitors. He had as librarian and curator of his collections, Solander, Jonas Carlsson Dryander, and Robert Brown in succession. Jonas Carlsson Dryander ( 5 March 1748 &ndash 19 October 1810) was a Swedish botanist. Robert Brown FRS ( 21 December, 1773 &ndash 10 June, 1858) was a Scottish scientist who is acknowledged as the leading botanist

Banks was made a baronet in 1781[3], three years after being elected president of the Royal Society. A baronet (traditional abbreviation Bart, modern abbreviation Bt) or the rare female equivalent a baronetess (abbreviation Btss) is the holder The latter position he would hold for a record forty-two years, and from it he could direct the course of British science for the first part of the 19th century. During much of this time, Banks was an informal adviser to King George III on the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, a position that was formalized in 1797. The Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, usually referred to simply as Kew Gardens, are extensive Gardens and botanical glasshouses between Richmond and Kew is a place in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames in South West London. Banks dispatched explorers and botanists to many parts of the world; through these efforts Kew Gardens became arguably the pre-eminent botanical gardens in the world, with many species being introduced to Europe through them. Botanical gardens grow a wide variety of Plants primarily to categorize and document for scientific purposes He was directly responsible for several famous voyages, including that of George Vancouver to the northeastern Pacific (Pacific Northwest), and William Bligh's voyages to transplant breadfruit from the South Pacific to the Caribbean Sea islands; the latter brought about the famous Mutiny on the Bounty. Captain George Vancouver The Pacific Northwest is a region in the northwest of North America (the term refers to the land not the ocean Vice-Admiral William Bligh FRS RN (9 September 1754 – 7 December 1817 was an officer of the British Royal Navy and a colonial administrator Breadfruit ( Artocarpus altilis) is a Tree and Fruit native to the Malay Peninsula and western Pacific islands For the region see Caribbean. The Caribbean Sea (kəˈrɪbiən or /ˌkærɨˈbiːən/ is a tropical Sea in the Western Hemisphere For the book about the mutiny by Charles Nordhoff and James Norman Hall see Mutiny on the Bounty (novel. The redoubtable Bligh was also appointed governor of New South Wales on Banks' recommendation, which in turn led to the Rum Rebellion of 1808. The Rum Rebellion, also known as the Rum Puncheon Rebellion of 1808 was the only successful armed takeover of government in Australia's recorded history Banks was also major financial supporter of William Smith in his decade-long efforts to create a geological map of England, the first geological map of an entire country in history. William Smith ( March 23 1769 &ndash August 28 1839) was an English Geologist, credited with creating the first nationwide Banks also chose Allan Cunningham for voyages to Brazil and the north and north-west coasts of Australia to collect specimens. Allan Cunningham ( 13 July 1791 – 27 June 1839) was an English botanist and explorer, primarily known

It was the time in Australia, however, which was to lead to Banks' interest in the British colonisation of that continent. Colonisation (also known as Colonization) occurs whenever any one or more species populates a new area He was to be the greatest proponent of settlement in New South Wales, as is hinted by its early colloquial name: Botany Bay. The identification may have been even closer, as the name "Banksia" was proposed for the region by Linnaeus. In the end, a genus of Proteaceae was named in his honour as Banksia[3]. Proteaceae is a family of Flowering plants. Mainly restricted to the Southern Hemisphere, it is a fairly large family with around 80 genera In 1779 Banks, giving evidence before a committee of the House of Commons, had stated that in his opinion the place most eligible for the reception of convicts "was Botany Bay, on the coast of New Holland". During the late 18th and 19th centuries large numbers of Convicts were transported to the various Australian penal colonies by the British government New Holland is a historic name for the Island Continent of Australia. His interest did not stop there, for when the settlement was made, and for 20 years afterwards, his fostering care and influence was always being exercised. He was in fact the general adviser to the government on all Australian matters. He arranged that a large number of useful trees and plants should be sent out in the supply ship Guardian which, however, was unfortunately wrecked, and every vessel that came from New South Wales brought plants or animals or geological and other specimens to Banks. HMS Guardian was a ship of the Royal Navy. She was built in 1784 as a 44-gun Frigate but with her lower tier of guns removed she was converted to a storeship He was continually called on for help in developing the agriculture and trade of the colony, and his influence was used in connection with the sending out of early free settlers one of whom, a young gardener George Suttor, afterwards wrote a memoir of Banks. George Suttor ( 11 June 1774 – 5 May 1859) was a pioneer settler of Australia. The three early governors, Arthur Phillip, John Hunter, and Philip Gidley King, were continually in correspondence with him. Admiral Arthur Phillip RN (11 October 1738 &ndash 31 August 1814 was a British naval Admiraland colonial administrator Vice-Admiral John Hunter, RN ( 29 August 1737 &ndash 13 March 1821) was a British naval officer and colonial Philip Gidley King RN (23 April 1758 &ndash 3 September 1808 was an British naval officer and colonial administrator He was interested in the explorations of Matthew Flinders, George Bass, and Lieutenant James Grant, and among his paid helpers were George Caley, Robert Brown, and Allan Cunningham. Captain Matthew Flinders, RN (16 March 1774 – 19 July 1814 was one of the most successful navigators and cartographers of his age George Bass, British naval surgeon and explorer of Australia ( 30 January 1771 - 1803 was born at Aswarby a hamlet near Sleaford, James Grant ( 1772 - 11 November 1833) was a British Royal Navy officer and Navigator in the early nineteenth century For aviation pioneer see Sir George Cayley George Caley (10 June 1770 - 23 May 1829 was an English Botanist and

Late life

Banks's health began to fail early in the nineteenth century and he suffered much from gout[3] every winter. Gout (also called metabolic arthritis) is a disease created by a buildup of Uric acid. After 1805 he practically lost the use of his legs, and had to be wheeled to his meetings in a chair. His mind remained as vigorous as ever. He had been a member of the Society of Antiquaries nearly all his life, and he developed very much his interest in archaeology in his later years. The Society of Antiquaries of London (SAL is the world’s premier Learned Society for heritage He was made an honorary founding member of the Wernerian Natural History Society of Edinburgh in 1808. The Wernerian Natural History Society ( January 12, 1808 - April 16, 1858) commonly abbreviated as the Wernerian Society, was a Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow. Kew Gardens had always been a special interest, and his collectors had contributed much to its development. Generally he had done invaluable work for both horticulture and agriculture. Horticulture is the art and science of plant cultivation Horticulturists (or horticuluralists) work and conduct research in the fields of Plant propagation Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture In May 1820 he forwarded his resignation as president of the Royal Society but withdrew it at the request of the council. On 19 June 1820 he died. Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros. Year 1820 ( MDCCCXX) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Lady Banks survived him but there were no children[3].

Legacy

Banks' impact on history was as a systematizer par excellence, very much in step with his times. He was also a major supporter of the internationalist nature of science, being actively involved both in keeping open the lines of communication with continental scientists during the Napoleonic Wars, and in introducing the British people to the wonders of the wider world. The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions As befits someone with such a role in opening the South Pacific to Europe, his name dots the map of the region: Banks Peninsula on South Island, New Zealand, the Banks Islands in modern-day Vanuatu and Banks Island in the Northwest Territories, Canada. Banks Peninsula is in the Canterbury region on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand, partly surrounded by the Pacific Ocean The South Island is the larger of the two major islands of New Zealand, the other being the more populous North Island. The Banks Islands (or Îles Banks) are a group of islands in northern Vanuatu. Vanuatu, officially the Republic of Vanuatu ( French: République de Vanuatu, Bislama: Ripablik blong Vanuatu) is an Island One of the larger members of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, Banks Island ( is situated in the Inuvik Region of the Northwest Territories, The Northwest Territories (ˌnɔrθˌwɛstˈtɛrɨtɔriz ( NWT or NT; French, les Territoires du Nord-Ouest) is a territory Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page

The Canberra suburb of Banks and the Sydney suburb of Bankstown are named after him. Canberra ( is the capital city of Australia With a population of over 340000 it is Australia's largest inland City. Banks (postcode 2906 is a suburb in the Canberra, Australia district of Tuggeranong. Bankstown is a Suburb in south-western Sydney, in the state of New South Wales Australia. Banks also appeared on the paper five dollar note in the Australian currency before it was replaced by the new plastic currency. The banknotes of the Australian dollar, were first issued on the 14 February 1966.

In Lincoln The Sir Joseph Banks Conservatory can be found at The Lawn, Lincoln adjacent to Lincoln Castle, and is a popular tourist attraction with a tropical hot house themed with plants reminiscent of the voyages of its namesake, Sir Joseph Banks, including many samples of vegetation from across the world, including Australia. Lincoln (ˈlɪŋkən is a Cathedral city and County town of Lincolnshire, England. The Sir Joseph Banks Conservatory in Lincoln, UK is named after the British explorer and naturalist who as long-time president of the Royal Society, became The Lawn, Lincoln Lincolnshire, Great Britain is a former psychiatric hospital which now operates as a visitor attraction This article is about a Norman castle in Lincoln England Lincoln Castle is also the name of a Paddle steamer which served as a A greenhouse (also called a glasshouse or hothouse) is a building where plants are cultivated There is also a window in Lincoln Cathedral named after Banks. Lincoln Cathedral (in full The Cathedral Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Lincoln, or sometimes St

See Also

Bibliography

References

  1. ^ O'Brian, P. 1987. Joseph Banks: A Life. Collins Harvill. ISBN 0-00-217350-6 p 23-24
  2. ^ John Gascoigne, Banks, Sir Joseph, baronet (1743–1820), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h L. A. Gilbert (1966). Banks, Sir Joseph (1743 - 1820). Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 1 pp 52-55. The Australian Dictionary of Biography (ADB or AuDB is a multi-volume project published by Melbourne University Press. MUP. Melbourne University Publishing (MUP is the book publishing arm of the University of Melbourne ( Australia) Retrieved on 2007-11-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 355 - Roman Emperor Constantius II promotes his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar, entrusting him with
  4. ^ Brummitt, R. K. ; C. E. Powell (1992). Authors of Plant Names. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. The Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, usually referred to simply as Kew Gardens, are extensive Gardens and botanical glasshouses between Richmond and ISBN 1-84246-085-4.  
A. Duncan, A Short Account of the Life of the Right Honourable Sir Joseph Banks (Edinb, 1821); G. Mackaness, Sir Joseph Banks. His Relations with Australia (Syd, 1936); H. C. Cameron, Sir Joseph Banks, K. B. , P. R. S. ; the Autocrat of the Philosophers (Lond, 1952); W. R. Dawson (ed), The Banks Letters (Lond, 1958); J. C. Beaglehole (ed), The Endeavour Journal of Joseph Banks, 1768-1771, vols 1-2 (Syd, 1962); H. B. Carter, His Majesty's Spanish Flock: Sir Joseph Banks and the Merinos of George III of England (Syd, 1964); L. A. Gilbert, Botanical Investigation of Eastern Seaboard Australia, 1788-1810 (B. A. thesis, University of New England, 1962); Joseph Banks papers (State Library of New South Wales, and National Library of Australia).

External links

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic