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Joseon (July 1392 - August 1910) (also Chosŏn, Choson, Chosun), was a sovereign state founded by Taejo Yi Seong-gye in what is modern day Korea, and lasted for approximately five centuries. The Goryeo Dynasty ( 918 - 1392) (also spelled Koryŏ was a Sovereign state established in 918 by Taejo Wang Kon. The Korean Empire was a former small empire of Korea that lasted from the Gwangmu Restoration of 1897 until Japan 's annexation of Korea in 1910 The Flag of South Korea, or Taegukgi has three parts a white background a red and blue Taegeuk (taijitu or "yin-yang" in the Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national Capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist the capital was moved or the capital Seoul ( soʊl is the Capital and largest City of South Korea. This article is mainly about the spoken Korean language See Hangul for details on the native Korean writing system A state religion (also called an official religion, established church or state church) is a religious body or Creed officially Neo-Confucianism (/( is a form of Confucianism that was primarily developed during the Song Dynasty, but which can be traced back to Han Yu and Li For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or Taejo of Joseon ( October 11, 1335 &ndash May 24, 1408; r 1392-1398 born Yi Seong-gye, whose changed name is Yi Dan, was Military Leader/Prime Minister of Goguryeo Myeongnim Dap-bu ( Hangul: 명림답부 (165-179 Eul Paso ( Hangul: 을파소 Yu Seongryong (1542-1607 also often spelled Yu Songnyong, was a scholar-official of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held Taejo of Joseon ( October 11, 1335 &ndash May 24, 1408; r 1392-1398 born Yi Seong-gye, whose changed name is Yi Dan, was Events 768 - Carloman I and Charlemagne are crowned Kings of The Franks. Two Japanese invasions of Korea and subsequent battles on the Korean peninsula took place during the years 1592-1598 The second Manchu invasion of Korea occurred in 1636 when the Manchu Qing Empire brought Korea 's Joseon dynasty into submission The Treaty of Ganghwa, also known in Japan as Korea-Japanese Treaty of Amity (Korean language 강화도조약 Japanese language:, signed on February 27th Events 1560 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation Year 1876 ( MDCCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Events 539 BC - The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon. Year 1897 ( MDCCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The Korean Dynasties are listed in the order of their fall This list includes the monarchs' romanized posthumous or Temple names and reign dates Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself Taejo of Joseon ( October 11, 1335 &ndash May 24, 1408; r 1392-1398 born Yi Seong-gye, whose changed name is Yi Dan, was Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. It was founded in the aftermath of the overthrow of the Goryeo Kingdom at what is today the city of Kaesong. The Goryeo Dynasty ( 918 - 1392) (also spelled Koryŏ was a Sovereign state established in 918 by Taejo Wang Kon. Kaesŏng ( Gaeseong) is a city in North Hwanghae Province southern North Korea (DPRK a former Directly Governed City, and the capital of Early on, Korea was retitled and the capital was relocated to modern-day Seoul and the kingdom's northernmost borders were expanded to the natural boundaries at the Amnok and Duman rivers (through the subjugation of the Jurchens). Seoul ( soʊl is the Capital and largest City of South Korea. The Yalu River ( Chinese) or the Amnok River ( Korean) is a River on the border between China and North Korea. The Tumen or Tuman River is a 521 km-long river that serves as part of the boundary between China, North Korea, and Russia, rising in The Jurchens ( were a Tungus people who inhabited the region of Manchuria ( Northeast China) until the 17th century when they adopted the name Manchu Joseon was the last royal and later imperial dynasty of Korean history. Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. It was the longest ruling Confucian dynasty. Confucianism ( is a Chinese ethical and philosophical system originally developed from the teachings of the fifth century B After declaring the Korean Empire in 1897, the dynasty ended with Japanese annexation in 1910. The Korean Empire was a former small empire of Korea that lasted from the Gwangmu Restoration of 1897 until Japan 's annexation of Korea in 1910 Korea under Japanese rule refers to the period between 1910 and 1945 when Korea was forcibly annexed by the Japanese Empire.
An accomplished military strategist and renowned commander who originally distinguished himself by repelling the Wokou who were marauding on the peninsula, Yi Seong-gye, or King Taejo, of the Jeonju clan of Yi succeeded in a coup d'état against King U of the Goryeo Dynasty, whom he overthrew and, two years later, poisoned, King Gongyang of Goryeo. Lee is the common English spelling of 이 (pronounced) a common Korean family name. U of Goryeo (often written Woo, 1363 &ndash 1389 ruled Goryeo ( Korea) from 1374 until 1388 The Goryeo Dynasty ( 918 - 1392) (also spelled Koryŏ was a Sovereign state established in 918 by Taejo Wang Kon. He subsequently ascended the throne. The capital was relocated to Hanseong (modern-day Seoul) from Gaegyeong (modern-day Gaeseong) in 1394 and the Gyeongbokgung palace was erected. Seoul ( soʊl is the Capital and largest City of South Korea. Seoul ( soʊl is the Capital and largest City of South Korea. Kaesŏng ( Gaeseong) is a city in North Hwanghae Province southern North Korea (DPRK a former Directly Governed City, and the capital of Kaesŏng ( Gaeseong) is a city in North Hwanghae Province southern North Korea (DPRK a former Directly Governed City, and the capital of Gyeongbok Palace (경복궁 Gyeongbokgung) is a palace located in northern Seoul, South Korea. From King Taejo descended an unbroken patrilineal succession of kings, a line of descent that continues to the modern era. Patrilineality (aka agnatic kinship) is a system in which one belongs to one's father's lineage it generally involves the Inheritance of property names or titles The last ruling monarch was Sunjong, the Yungheui Emperor, who was demoted from his status as head of state in 1910. Sunjong, the Yunghui Emperor ( March 25, 1874 – April 24, 1926) was the last emperor of the Joseon Dynasty and Korean Surviving bloodlines of the Joseon Dynasty today primarily consist of the descendants of Yeongchinwang (Crown Prince Uimin) and Uichinwang (Prince Uihwa), Sunjong's younger brothers.
During its reign, Joseon consolidated its absolute rule over Korea, encouraged the entrenchment of Confucian ideals and doctrines in Korean society, imported and adopted Chinese culture, and saw the height of classical Korean culture, trade, science, literature, and technology. However, the dynasty was severely weakened during the late 16th and early 17th centuries, when successive invasions by neighboring Japan and Qing China virtually overran the peninsula, leading to an increasingly harsh isolationist policy for which the country became known as the Hermit Kingdom. An invasion is a military offensive consisting of all or large parts of the Armed forces of one geopolitical entity aggressively entering territory Two Japanese invasions of Korea and subsequent battles on the Korean peninsula took place during the years 1592-1598 Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China Hermit kingdom is a Pejorative term applied to any Country or Society which willfully walls itself off (metaphorically or physically from the rest of the However, whatever power the kingdom recovered during its isolation further waned as the 18th century came to a close, and faced with internal strife, power struggles, international pressure and rebellions at home, the Joseon Dynasty declined rapidly in the late 19th century. This is a list of Revolutions and Rebellions BC 499 BC - 493 BC: Ionian Revolt. In 1895, The Joseon Dynasty was forced to write a document of independency from the Qing Dynasty after the Japanese victory in the First Sino-Japanese War and its peace treaty, the Treaty of Shimonoseki. Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China The First Sino-Japanese War ( 日清戦争 Romaji: Nisshin Sensō ( 1 August 1894 – 17 April 1895) was a war fought between The Treaty of Shimonoseki ( Japanese: 下関条約 "Shimonoseki Jōyaku") known as the Treaty of Maguan ( in China was signed at From 1897 to 1910, Korea was formally known as the Korean Empire to signify a sovereign nation no longer a tributary of the Qing Dynasty. The Korean Empire was a former small empire of Korea that lasted from the Gwangmu Restoration of 1897 until Japan 's annexation of Korea in 1910 Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China The Joseon Dynasty came to an end in 1910, when the Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty was enforced by the Empire of Japan. The Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty was signed on August 22, 1910 by the representatives of the Korean and Japanese Imperial Governments and was The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku
The Joseon's rule has left a substantial legacy on the modern face of Korea; much of modern Korean etiquette, cultural norms, societal attitudes towards current issues, and even the modern Korean language and its dialects stem from the traditional thought pattern that originated from this period.
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History
 History of Korea |
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Prehistory |
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Rise to prominence
By the late 14th century, the 400 year-old Goryeo Dynasty established by Wang Geon in 918 was tottering, its foundations collapsing from years of war and de facto occupation from the disintegrating Mongol Empire. The history of Korea stretches from Lower Paleolithic times to the present Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. This article is about the prehistory of the Korean Peninsula, from circa 500000 BCE through 300 BCE The Jeulmun Pottery Period is an archaeological era in Korean prehistory that dates to approximately 8000-1500 B The Mumun pottery period is an Archaeological era in Korean prehistory that dates to approximately 1500-300 BC Gojoseon was an ancient Korean kingdom considered the first proper nation of the Korean people. Jin state was an early Iron Age state which occupied some portion of the southern Korean peninsula during the 2nd and 3rd centuries BCE bordering the Korean Proto-Three Kingdoms of Korea refers to the period after the fall of Gojoseon and before the maturation of Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla into Buyeo, Puyŏ, or Fuyu was an ancient Korean kingdom located from today's Manchuria to northern North Korea, from around the 2nd Okjeo was a small tribal state which arose in the northern Korean peninsula from perhaps 2nd century BCE to 5th century CE Dongye was a state which occupied portions of the northeastern Korean peninsula from roughly 150 BCE to around 400 CE Samhan refers to the ancient confederacies of Mahan, Jinhan, and Byeonhan in central and southern Korean peninsula Mahan was a loose confederacy of statelets that existed from around the 100BCE-300CE in the southern Korean peninsula in the Chungcheong Byeonhan, also known as Byeonjin, was a loose confederacy of chiefdoms that existed from around the beginning of the Common Era to the 4th century in the Jinhan was a loose confederacy of chiefdoms that existed from around the 1st century BC to the 4th century CE in the southern Korean peninsula, to the east of the Nakdong The Three Kingdoms of Korea ( refer to the ancient Korean kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla, which dominated the Korean peninsula Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and Baekje (18 BCE – 660 CE or Paekche, was a kingdom located in southwest Korea Silla (57 BC – 935 AD was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Gaya was a confederacy of territorial polities in the Nakdong River basin of southern Korea, growing out of the Byeonhan confederacy of the Samhan North South States Period ( 698 CE - 936 CE refers to the period in Korean history when Silla and Balhae Unified Silla ( 668 CE - 935 CE or Later Silla is the name often applied to the kingdom of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Alternate meaning Bohai Sea Balhae (698 - 926 ( Bohai in Chinese, Пархэ in Russian) was an The Later Three Kingdoms of Korea (892 - 936 consisted of Silla, Hubaekje ("Later Baekje " and Taebong (also known as Hugoguryeo The Goryeo Dynasty ( 918 - 1392) (also spelled Koryŏ was a Sovereign state established in 918 by Taejo Wang Kon. The Mongol invasions of Korea (1231 - 1273 consisted of a series of campaigns by the Mongol Empire against Korea, then known as Goryeo, from 1231 to 1259 Two Japanese invasions of Korea and subsequent battles on the Korean peninsula took place during the years 1592-1598 The First Manchu invasion of Korea occurred in 1627 when Hong Taiji led the Manchu army against Korea 's Joseon dynasty. The Korean Empire was a former small empire of Korea that lasted from the Gwangmu Restoration of 1897 until Japan 's annexation of Korea in 1910 Korea under Japanese rule refers to the period between 1910 and 1945 when Korea was forcibly annexed by the Japanese Empire. The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was a Government in exile based in Shanghai, China and later in Chongqing, during the The division of Korea into North Korea and South Korea stems from the 1945 Allied victory in World War II, ending Japan For the history of Korea before its division, see History of Korea. For the history of the Korea before its division, see History of Korea. The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korean and South Korean regimes with major hostilities lasting from June 25 1950 until the The Korean Dynasties are listed in the order of their fall This list includes the monarchs' romanized posthumous or Temple names and reign dates This is a Timeline of the History of Korea. Some dates prior to the 6th century CE are speculative or approximate Korea ' s military history spans back thousands of years beginning with the kingdom of Gojoseon and its repulsions of ancient China The naval history of Korea dates back to the Three Kingdoms of Korea period when simple fishing ships were used Like most other regions in the world science and technology in Korea has experienced periods of intense growth as well as long periods of stagnation Taejo of Goryeo ( January 31, 877 - July 4, 943, r 918-943 was the founder of the Goryeo Dynasty which ruled Korea from The Mongol Empire ( Mongolyn Ezent Güren or mn Их Mонгол улс Ikh Mongol Uls; 1206–1368 was the largest contiguous Empire The legitimacy of Goryeo itself was also becoming an increasingly disputed issue within the court, as the ruling house failed to not only govern the kingdom effectively, but was also supposedly tarnished by generations of forced intermarriage with the Yuan Dynasty and rivalry amongst the various family branches (even King U's mother was a known commoner, thus leading to rumors disputing his descent from King Gongmin). The Yuan Dynasty ( Pinyin: Yuáncháo Dai Ön Ulus (Дай Юан Улс was a ruling Dynasty founded by the Mongol leader Kublai King Gongmin (1330 &ndash 1374 ruled Goryeo ( Korea) from 1351 until 1374 Within the kingdom, influential aristocrats, generals, and even prime ministers struggled for royal favor and domination of the court, resulting in deep division among various factors. With the ever-increasing number of raids conducted by Wokou and the invasions of the Red Turbans, those who came to dominate the royal court were the reformed-minded Sinjin aristocracy and the opposing Gwonmun aristocracy, as well as generals who could actually fight off the foreign threats; namely a talented general named Yi Seong-gye and his rival Choe Yeong. Choe Yong (1316 &ndash 1388 was a Korean general born in Cheorwon, Gangwon Province in Goryeo (modern-day Korea)
Following the wake of the Ming Dynasty under the charismatic Zhu Yuanzhang (the Hongwu Emperor), the royal court in Goryeo split into two conflicting factions: the group led by General Yi (supporting the Ming Dynasty) and the camp led by General Choe (standing by the Yuan Dynasty). The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led Early life Zhu Yuanzhang was born in 1328 in Pei County Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province as the youngest of four sons When a Ming messenger came to Goryeo in 1388 (the 14th year of King U) to demand the return of a significant portion of Goryeo’s northern territory, General Choe seized the chance to argue for the invasion of the Liaodong Peninsula (Goryeo claimed to be the successor of the ancient kingdom of Goguryeo; as such, restoring Manchuria as part of Korean territory was part of its foreign policy throughout its history). U of Goryeo (often written Woo, 1363 &ndash 1389 ruled Goryeo ( Korea) from 1374 until 1388 The Liáodōng Peninsula ( is a Peninsula in the Liáoníng province of northeastern China, historically known in the west as southern east- Manchuria Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast A staunchly opposed Yi was chosen to lead the invasion; however, at Wuihwa Island on the Yalu River, he revolted and swept back to Gaegyeong (modern-day Gaeseong and the capital of Goryeo), proceeding to eliminate General Choe and his followers and initiating a coup d'état, overthrowing King U in favor of his son, King Chang (1388). The Yalu River ( Chinese) or the Amnok River ( Korean) is a River on the border between China and North Korea. Kaesŏng ( Gaeseong) is a city in North Hwanghae Province southern North Korea (DPRK a former Directly Governed City, and the capital of Chang of Goryeo (1381 &ndash 1389 r 1388-1389 was the 33rd and youngest ruler of the Goryeo dynasty of Korea. He later killed King U and his son after a failed restoration and forcibly placed a royal named Yo on the throne (he became King Gongyang). Gongyang of Goryeo (1345 &ndash 1394 r 1389-1392 was the 34th and final ruler of the Goryeo dynasty of Korea. After indirectly enforcing his grasp on the royal court through the puppet king, Yi then proceeded to ally himself with the Sinjin aristocracy such as Jeong Do-jeon and Jo Jun. Jeong Dojeon (1342-1398 also known by the pen name Sambong, was the most powerful medieval Korean noble and politician in the early Joseon dynasty One of his first acts as the de facto generalissimo of Goryeo was to pass the Gwajeon Law, which effectively confiscated land from the land-wealthy and generally conservative Gwonmun aristocrats and redistributed it among Yi's supporters in the Sinjin camp. Generalissimo or Generalissimus is a military rank of the highest degree superior to a Field Marshal or Grand Admiral. In 1392 (the 4th year of King Gongyang), Yi's fifth son, Yi Bang-won, after failing to win over a noteworthy aristocrat named Jeong Mong-ju, a supporter of the old dynasty, to swear allegiance to the new reign, had the noble killed by the five assassins including Jo Yeong-gyu at Seonjuk Bridge near Gaegyeong, eliminating a key figure in the opposition to Yi Seonggye's rule. Taejong (1367 &ndash 1422 r 1400-1418 was the third king of the Joseon Dynasty in Korea and the father of King Sejong the Great. That same year, Yi dethroned King Gongyang, exiled him to Wonju, and ascended the throne. The Goryeo Dynasty had come to an end after almost 500 years of rule.
Elimination of the Vestiges of Goryeo
In the beginning of his reign, Yi Seonggye, now King Taejo, intended to continue use of the name Goryeo for the country he ruled and simply change the royal line of descent to his own, thus maintaining the façade of continuing the 500 year-old Goryeo tradition. Taejo, meaning "great ancestor" is a name often applied to the founders of Korean dynasties However, after numerous threats of mutiny from the drastically weakened but still influential Gwonmun nobles, who continued to swear allegiance to the remnants of the Goryeo Dynasty, now the demoted Wang clan, and the overall atmosphere in the reformed court that a new dynastic title was needed to signify the change, he declared a new dynasty in 1393 under the name of Joseon (meaning to revive an older dynasty also known as Joseon, founded nearly four thousand years previously) and renamed the country the "Kingdom of Great Joseon", although it came to be simply referred to, even by historians today, by the title of its ruling house. Gojoseon was an ancient Korean kingdom considered the first proper nation of the Korean people.
With the declaration of the new royal house were voiced concerns of what solution to apply to the remaining descendants of the deposed Wang family. King Taejo and his officials especially felt that if the legitimacy of their rule was ever questioned by the remaining members of the Goryeo Dynasty, they might have to suppress a mass rebellion or even risk the loss of the recently gained throne. In the end, Taejo had his prime minister Jeong Do-jeon summon all of the Wang family members to the coast of the Yellow Sea and instruct them to board a ship bound for Ganghwa Island, where they were to supposedly live quietly out of the sight of the government. Jeong Dojeon (1342-1398 also known by the pen name Sambong, was the most powerful medieval Korean noble and politician in the early Joseon dynasty The Yellow Sea is the name given to the northern part of the East China Sea, which is a Marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean. However, the entire ploy was a trap, and a pre-instructed crew member onboard smashed a hole in the hull as soon as the ship had entered sufficiently deep waters. The ship sank, and the last of the Goryeo Dynasty were lost by drowning. According to an urban legend, after the fate of the Wang family members gullible enough to board the doomed ship reached their relatives on the mainland, most of them changed their surnames from Wang (王) to Ok (玉) by adding an extra brush stroke and thus hiding their true descent.
After the demise of the last portions of the Goryeo Dynasty came calls for a new capital. Although Gaegyeong had served well as the seat of government for over 400 years, it was already something of a tradition for new dynasties in Korea to move their capitals to a new location considered fortuitous according the Chinese feng-shui philosophy of geomancy. Feng shui ( ˈfəŋˌʃueɪ fehng-shway in English is an ancient Chinese system of Aesthetics believed to utilize the Laws of both heaven (astronomy and earth (geography Gaegyeong had also long since considered to have lost its share of energy to maintain any kind of permanent capital. As a result, three sites were officially brought into consideration: the foot of Mt. Gyeryong and the cities of Muak and Hanyang. The location near Mt. Gyeryong was quickly rejected after some time due to its relatively rough terrain and lack of convenient communication, while the site at Muak was seriously considered before it was decided by King Taejo that Hanyang was the most fitting candidate for the new capital. Hanyang outranked its rivals in various aspects; not only was it was easily accessible from sea and land, and geographically the center of the Korean Peninsula, but the fertile Han River valley on which the ancient city was situated historically had been the most contested region between the Three Kingdoms of Korea. The Three Kingdoms of Korea ( refer to the ancient Korean kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla, which dominated the Korean peninsula For centuries, Hanyang had also been argued to be blessed, and Korean geomancers claimed the city was occupying a sacrosanct place flowing with geomantic energy. Hanyang was also conformed to Sino-Korean tradition; it had a larger mountains in the north and a smaller mountains in the south for defense, while in between there was a large plain, and thus the city would fit the customary north-south axis. In 1394, Hanyang was declared the new capital and formally renamed "Hanseong". That year, the foot of Mt. Bugak was chosen for the foundation of the main palace. Development and construction of the entire city and its complicated system of avenues, gates, walls, civilian residences, educational facilities, government buildings, and five main palace complexes began in 1394 as well. The official royal residence Gyeongbok Palace was completed in 1395, while the less important Changdeok Palace was completed in 1405. Gyeongbok Palace (경복궁 Gyeongbokgung) is a palace located in northern Seoul, South Korea. Other royal palaces followed suit, and by the end of the first half of the 15th century all of the capital had been completed and was in working order.
Early strife
King Taejo had two wives, both of which he had sons by. Gyeongbok Palace (경복궁 Gyeongbokgung) is a palace located in northern Seoul, South Korea. His first wife, Queen Sinui, had predeceased him sometime previously to the overthrow of Goryeo but had given birth to six sons. Taejo's wife upon ascension to the throne, Queen Sindeok, had two sons as well. When the new dynasty was promulgated and officially brought into existence, Taejo brought up the issue of which son would be his successor. Although Taejo's fifth son by Queen Sineui, Yi Bang-won, had contributed most to assisting his father's rise to power, he harbored a profound hatred against two of his fathers key allies in the court, the prime minister Jeong Do-jeon and Nam Eun. Both sides were fully aware of the mutual animosity that existed between each other and constantly felt threatened. When it became clear that Yi Bang-won was the most worthy successor to the throne, Jeong Do-jeon used his influence on the king to convince him that the wisest choice would be in the son that Taejo loved most, not the son that Taejo felt was best for the kingdom. In 1392, the eighth son of King Taejo (and the second son of Queen Sindeok), Grand Prince Uian (Yi Bang-seok) was appointed Prince Royal, Successor. After the sudden death of the queen, and while King Taejo was still in mourning for his second wife, Jeong Do-jeon conspired to preliminately kill Yi Bang-won and his brothers to secure his position in court. In 1398, upon hearing of this plan, Yi Bang-won immediately revolted and raided the palace, killing Jeong Do-jeon, his followers, and the two sons of the late Queen Sindeok. This incident became known as the First Strife of Princes.
Aghast at the fact that his sons were willing to kill each other for the crown, and psychologically exhausted from the death of his second wife, King Taejo immediately crowned his second son Yi Bang-gwa, later King Jeongjong, as the new ruler. King Jeongjong of Joseon ( 1357 - 1419) born Yi Bang-gwa, whose changed name is Yi Gyeong, was the second king of Joseon (or Chosun Soon after, he departed to the northern city of Hamhung.
One of King Jeongjong's first acts as monarch was to revert the capital to Gaeseong, where he is believed to have been considerably more comfortable. Meanwhile, Yi Bang-won, not in the least discouraged by the fact that his elder brother held the throne, began plotting to be invested as Royal Prince Successor Brother, the traditional title for brothers appointed as heir-presumptives to the throne when the incumbent had no issue. However, Yi Bang-won's plans were opposed by Taejo's fourth son Yi Bang-gan, who too yearned for power. In 1400, the tensions between Yi Bang-won's faction and Yi Bang-gan's camp escalated into an all-out conflict that came to be known as the Second Strife of Princes. In the aftermath of the struggle, the defeated Yi Bang-gan was exiled to Tosan, while those who urged him to battle against Yi Bang-won were executed. Thoroughly intimidated, King Jeongjong immediately invested Yi Bang-won as heir presumptive and voluntarily abdicated. That same year, Yi Bang-won assumed the throne of Joseon at long last as King Taejong. In 1401, Joseon Dynasty had officially been admitted to enter into the tribute relationship with Ming Dynasty of China. A tribute (from Latin tribulum, contribution is wealth one party gives to another as a sign of respect or as was often case in historical contexts of submission The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led
In the beginning of Taejong's reign, the Grand King Former, Taejo, refused to relinquish the royal seal that signified the legitimacy of any king's rule. Uncomfortable at the fact that his father did not recognise him as a de jure ruler for the family deaths he caused, Taejong sent several messengers, among them his childhood friend Bak Sun, to recover the royal seal. However, Taejo assassinated every messenger that came into sight of his guards as a sign of his fury at Taejong, who continued to remain unaware of their fates. This episode became known as the Case of the Hamhung Envoys, and the term "Hamhung envoy" is still used to refer to a person who has gone on an assignment from whom there is no reply concerning their whereabouts.
Initial Consolidation of Power
With his father unwilling to pass over the royal seal he needed for recognition, Taejong began to initiate policies he believed would prove his intelligence and right to rule. One of his first acts as king was to abolish the privilege enjoyed by the upper echelons of government and the aristocracy to maintain private armies. His revoking of such rights to field independent forces effectively severed their ability to muster large-scale revolts, and drastically increased the number of men employed in the national military.
Taejong's next act as king was to revise the existing legislation concerning the taxation of land ownership and the recording of state of subjects. Although many aristocrats who benefited from King Taejo's laws redistributing property from the Gwonmun aristocrats to the members of the Sinjin faction managed to avoid taxation by deliberately hiding land they acquired, King Taejong's re-investigation of land ownership in 1405 put an end to such practices. With the discovery of previously hidden land, national income increased twofold. In addition, King Taejong initiated the first population survey in 1413 and ordered the documentation of family names/clans, places of birth/death, and the dates of birth/death for all Korean male subjects. All males over the legal age of sixteen, whichever class in society they occupied, were also required by law to carry wooden tablets on which their name, birth date, and other information was engraved. Many historians regard this legislation as the predecessor of the Korean resident identification and social security system. Taejong's new law regarding the documentation of males was also effective in preventing men from evading the mandatory military draft service.
In 1399 (the 2nd year of King Jeonjong), Taejong had played an influential role in scrapping the Dopyeong Assembly, a council of the old government administration that held a monopoly in court power during the waning years of the Goryeo Dynasty, in favor of the Uijeong Department, a new branch of central administration that revolved around the king and his edicts. After passing the subject documentation and taxation legislation, King Taejong issued a new decree in which all decisions passed by the Euijeong Department could only come into effect with the approval of the king. This ended the custom of court ministers and advisors in making decisions through debate and negotiations amongst themselves and with the king only as an onlooker, and thus, through the implication of the king in the actual administration of Korea, brought royal power to new heights. Shortly afterward, Taejong also installed a branch of the government, known as the Sinmun Office, to receive cases in which aggrieved subjects felt that they had been exploited or unfair actions had been taken against them by government officials or aristocrats.
During the course of Taejong's rule, the growing animosity between the Buddhists and Confucian scholars was also a concern, so the new government readily decided to adopt Confucianism as the state ideology. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices A strict status system, dominated by the scholarly nobility class known as the yangban, was in place keeping order during this period. The yangban were a well educated scholarly class of male Confucian intellectuals who were part of the ruling elite within Korea prior to 1910 and the republics period Hangeul (the Korean alphabet) was created by King Sejong in 1443. Prior to Hangeul, all of the Korean literati used the Hanja writing system, which were traditional Chinese characters with Korean pronunciation and meaning, and used a written language known as Hanmun, which was basically Classical Chinese, for official court documents. Hanja is the Korean name for Chinese characters. More specifically it refers to those Chinese characters borrowed from Chinese and incorporated Hanja is the Korean name for Chinese characters. More specifically it refers to those Chinese characters borrowed from Chinese and incorporated Classical Chinese or Literary Chinese is a traditional style of Written Chinese based on the Grammar and Vocabulary of ancient Chinese However, even with the advent of the Korean alphabet, use of Hanja and Hanmun in daily correspondence was not discontinued, with the Korean aristocracy, educated in Classical Chinese for the transcription of the Korean language, assumed condescending attitudes toward Hangeul and any kind of usage of it (as displayed by the number of pejoratives used to refer to it). This article is mainly about the spoken Korean language See Hangul for details on the native Korean writing system Hangeul was officially re-recognised in the late 19th century, and everyday written use of Hanja and Hanmun eventually came to end slowly in the latter half of the 20th century.
Early Japanese invasions
Throughout Korean history, there were frequent pirates attacks on both the sea and land. Two Japanese invasions of Korea and subsequent battles on the Korean peninsula took place during the years 1592-1598 Construction According to the Nanjung Ilgi, Yi's wartime diary Yi decided to resurrect the turtle ship in 1591 from pre-existing designs after discussing Piracy is Robbery committed at sea or sometimes on shore without a commission from a sovereign Nation (as distinct from Privateering The only purpose for the Koreans running a navy was to secure the maritime trade against the Wokou pirates. The Korean navy maintained superiority over the pirates by using an advanced form of gunpowder technologies (i. e. cannons, fire arrows in form of Singijeon deployed by Hwacha, etc. The Fire Arrow is a projectile weapon that uses Black powder. Singijeon is the world's first multi-launch rocket system whose schematics are still intact Hwacha or Hwach'a. was an Anti-personnel Gunpowder weapon developed and used in Korea, inspired by Chinese Fire arrows ) from China. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National
During Japanese invasions of Korea (1592-1598), Japanese warlord Toyotomi Hideyoshi, with the ambition to conquer Ming China with the Portuguese guns, invaded Korea with his daimyō and their troops in 1592 and 1597. Two Japanese invasions of Korea and subsequent battles on the Korean peninsula took place during the years 1592-1598 The ( were powerful territorial lords who ruled most of Japan from their vast hereditary land holdings Factional division in the Joseon court, inability to assess Japanese military capability, and failed attempts at diplomacy led to poor preparation on Joseon's part. The use of European firearms by the Japanese left most of the southern peninsula occupied within months, with both Pyongyang and Hanseong (present-day Seoul) captured. Pyongyang (pʰjʌŋjaŋ is the Capital and largest City of North Korea, located on the Taedong River, at. Seoul ( soʊl is the Capital and largest City of South Korea. According to the Annals of Joseon Dynasty, the Japanese were joined by rebelling Korean slaves, who burned down the palace of Gyeongbokgung and its storehouse of slave records. The Annals of Joseon Dynasty (known also as The true record of the Joseon Dynasty) are the annual records of the Joseon Dynasty, who ruled Korea, and were As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another Gyeongbok Palace (경복궁 Gyeongbokgung) is a palace located in northern Seoul, South Korea. [1]
Local resistance, however, slowed down the Japanese advance and decisive naval victories by Admiral Yi Sun-sin left control over sea routes in Korean hands, severely hampering Japanese supply lines. Yi Sun-sin (April 28 1545 – December 16 1598 also commonly transliterated Yi Soon-shin or Lee Sun-shin, Korean:이순신 was a Korean Yi Sun-sin (April 28 1545 – December 16 1598 also commonly transliterated Yi Soon-shin or Lee Sun-shin, Korean:이순신 was a Korean Furthermore, Ming China intervened on the side of the Koreans, sending a large force in 1593 which pushed back the Japanese together with the Koreans. During the war, Koreans developed powerful firearms and high-quality gunpowder and the Turtle ships, the first cannon-bearing ironclad warships in world history. Construction According to the Nanjung Ilgi, Yi's wartime diary Yi decided to resurrect the turtle ship in 1591 from pre-existing designs after discussing An ironclad was a steam-propelled Warship of the later 19th century protected by Iron or Steel armor plates The Joseon and Ming forces defeated the Japanese, who retreated back to their homeland, but victory came at a deep price. Farmlands were devastated, irrigation dikes were destroyed, villages and towns were burned down; the population was first plundered and then dispersed, and tens of thousands of skilled workers (celadon ware makers, craftsmen, artisans, etc) were either killed during the war or kidnapped to Japan as captives to help Japanese develop their crafts. The Japanese also pilfered many thousands of Joseon historical and royal artifacts, many of which are preserved in Japanese museums. In 1598 alone, the Japanese took some ears and noses of 38,000 Korean as trophies (a common samurai practice) and built the monument Mimizuka in Kyōto. Mimizuka (耳塚 is a monument in Kyoto, Japan, dedicated to the Seven-Year War fought against Korea from 1592 to 1598 (IPA /kʲoːto / is a city in the central part of the island of Honshū, Japan. The long war reduced the productive capacity of farmlands from 1,708,000 kyol to 541,000 kyol. Following the war, relations between Korea and Japan had been completely suspended. Japan was cut off from the technology of continental Asia. After the death of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, however, negotiations between the Korean court and the Tokugawa shogunate were carried out via the Japanese lord on Tsushima. In 1604, Tokugawa Ieyasu, needing to restore commercial relations with Korea in order to have access to the technology of the mainland again, met Korea's demands and released some 3000 captive Koreans. was the founder and first Shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate As a result, in 1607, a Korean mission visited Edo, and diplomatic and trade relations were restored on a limited basis. literally bay - Door, " Estuary " edo once also spelled Yedo or Yeddo, is the
Manchu invasions
Following these events the Korean Kingdom became increasingly isolationist. Hwaseong ("Brilliant Fortress" is located in Suwon, South Korea, 30 kilometers from Seoul. Suwon ( Suwon-si) is the provincial capital of Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. Isolationism is a Foreign policy which combines a non-interventionist military policy and a political policy of Economic nationalism ( Protectionism Its rulers sought to limit contact with foreign countries. In addition, the Ming Dynasty was weakened, partly because of the war in Korea against Japan, which led to the establishment of the new Qing Dynasty. The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China The Koreans decided to build tighter borders, exert more controls over inter-border traffic, and wait out the initial turbulence of the Manchu overthrow of the Ming.
Despite these limits, Korea had extensive trade with Mongolia, Northern Asia, China, and Japan. However, at times trade with Japan was limited to missions appointed by the king in order to prevent piracy and conduct orderly trade, which had been a problem even in the Goryeo Period. The Goryeo Dynasty ( 918 - 1392) (also spelled Koryŏ was a Sovereign state established in 918 by Taejo Wang Kon.
Korea suffered from two invasions by the Manchus, in 1627 (see the First Manchu invasion of Korea) and 1637 (see the Second Manchu invasion of Korea). The First Manchu invasion of Korea occurred in 1627 when Hong Taiji led the Manchu army against Korea 's Joseon dynasty. The second Manchu invasion of Korea occurred in 1636 when the Manchu Qing Empire brought Korea 's Joseon dynasty into submission Korea surrendered to the Manchus and agreed to pay tribute to the new Qing dynasty emperors as a Qing dynasty's protectorate, which at this time involved two way trade missions with China. The Qing rulers adopted a foreign policy to avoid the creation of foreign trading enclaves on Chinese soil. This policy limited the presence of the traditional entrepot of the foreign hongs to Macau. An entrepôt (from the French " Warehouse " is a Trading post where merchandise can be imported and Exported without For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Macau topics. These entrepot handled the significant trade of Chinese silks for foreign silver. This arrangement relegated foreign trade to the southern provinces of China, leaving the more unstable northern region under careful regulation and limiting the influence of foreigners. This decision affected Korea since China was Korea's main trading partner.
Faction politics
Throughout the Dynasty, various regional and ideological factions struggled for dominance of the political system. The Bungdang ( Hangul: 붕당 Hanja: 朋黨 was called political factions during the Joseon Dynasty. The factions evolved and shifted with the generations. In the earliest years of Joseon, tension between the capital faction and the Yeongnam-based Sarim faction predominated. Yeongnam (literally "south of the passes" is the name of a region that coincides with the former Gyeongsang Province in what is now South Korea. The Sarim, or "forest of scholars" was a powerful faction of literati in the Joseon Dynasty of Korea Village Seowon, which combined the function of Confucian shrines with educational institutions, often reflected the factional alignment of the local elites. Seowon were the most common educational institution of Korea during the mid- to late Joseon Dynasty. In areas where the Western faction predominated, key figures of Westerner thought such as were enshrined. In the 16th century, a nationwide split occurred between the Eastern faction (Dong-in) and Western factions (Seo-in). The Eastern faction in turn split under the reign of Seonjo between the hard-line Northern faction (Buk-in) and the moderate Southern faction (Nam-in). King Seonjo ruled in Korea between 1567 and 1608. He was the fourteenth king of the Joseon Dynasty. [2] The Western faction later split in its turn, between the Old Learning (Noron) and the Young Learning (Soron).
These factional splits were often driven by questions of royal succession or appropriate royal conduct. For example, the split between the Northerners and Southerners was driven by questions involving the proper successor to Seonjo, who had no legitimate son. The Northerners came to support the Gwanghaegun; accordingly, they flourished under his reign (1608-1623) but were swept from power by the Westerners after the succession of Injo. Gwanghaegun or Prince Gwanghae (1574&ndash1641 reigned 1608&ndash1623 was the fifteenth king of the Joseon Dynasty. Injo of Joseon (1595 - 1649 r 1623-1649 was the sixteenth king of the Korean Joseon Dynasty.
Under the reigns of Yeongjo and Jeongjo in the 18th century, the kings pursued a strict politcy of equality, favoring no faction over another. Yeongjo (1694-1776 r 1724-1776 was the twenty-first king of the Korean Joseon Dynasty. King Jeongjo (1752–1800 was the 22nd ruler of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea. [3] However, in Jeongjo's reign strife re-emerged between the Byeokpa and Sipa, two groups which cut across the earlier factions and differed in their attitudes towards Yeongjo's murder of his son, who was also Jeongjo's father. In the 19th century, the playing field shifted once more, and in-law families rather than scholarly factions came to dominate the throne. For most of the 19th century, the Jangdong branch of the Andong Kim clan was in control of the government; however, there was a brief interlude in which control shifted to the Pungyang Jo clan. Kim is the most common family name in Korea. The name is common in both modern-day North Korea and South Korea.
When Daewon-gun's reign ended, Faction politics started declining and completely disappeared in the 19th century. The Daewongun, or formally Heungseon Heonui Daewonwang also known to the western diplomats as Prince Gung, (1821–1898 was the title of Yi Ha-eung, who
Imperialist power infiltration
- See also: French Campaign against Korea, 1866
- See also: United States expedition to Korea (1871)
- See also: Treaty of Ganghwa
The French campaign against Korea of 1866 is also known as Byeonginyangyo (Korean: 병인양요, Western Disturbance of the byeong-in year [1866]). The French campaign against Korea of 1866 is also known as Byeong-in yangyo ( Western disturbance of the byeong-in year) The United States expedition to Korea in 1871 also known as Shinmiyangyo ( Western Disturbance of the Year Sinmi year) was the first American The Treaty of Ganghwa, also known in Japan as Korea-Japanese Treaty of Amity (Korean language 강화도조약 Japanese language:, signed on February 27th The French campaign against Korea of 1866 is also known as Byeong-in yangyo ( Western disturbance of the byeong-in year) It refers to the French occupation of Ganghwa Island in Korea in retaliation for the earlier execution by Korea of French Jesuit priests prosletyzing illicitly in that country. Ganghwa may refer to Ganghwa County, an administrative region of South Korea Ganghwa Island, an island in South Korea The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order The encounter, which lasted nearly six weeks, was the first armed encounter between Korea and a western power. The overall result was a French retreat and a check on its influence in the region. The violent encounter also confirmed Korea in its isolationism for another decade.
The United States expedition to Korea in 1871 also known as Sinmiyangyo (Korean: 신미양요 ,Western Disturbance of the Sinmi year) was the first American military action in Korea. The United States expedition to Korea in 1871 also known as Shinmiyangyo ( Western Disturbance of the Year Sinmi year) was the first American It took place predominantly on and around the Korean island of Ganghwa. The reason for the presence of the American military expeditionary force in Korea was to support an American diplomatic delegation sent to establish trade and diplomatic relations with Korea, to ascertain the fate of the General Sherman merchant ship, and to establish a treaty assuring aid for shipwrecked sailors. The General Sherman Incident was the destruction of an armed United States Merchant marine Schooner that visited Korea in 1866 The conservative nature of the Joseon Dynasty government and the assertiveness of the Americans led to a misunderstanding between the two parties that changed a diplomatic expedition into an armed conflict. The United States won a minor military victory, but as the Koreans refused to open up the country to them (and the U. S. forces in Korea did not have the authority or strength to press the issue) the United States failed to secure their diplomatic objectives.
In 1875, the Unyo, a small Japanese warship, was dispatched to survey coastal waters without Korean permission. It attacked a Korean port and withdrew back to Japan. Taking this opportunity, the Japanese demanded a treaty. The Treaty of Ganghwa became the first unequal treaty signed by Korea; it gave extraterritorial rights to Japanese citizens in Korea, forced the Korean government to open three ports to Japanese and foreign trade, specifically Busan, Incheon and Wonsan, and made Korea establish its independence in foreign relations from China. The Treaty of Ganghwa, also known in Japan as Korea-Japanese Treaty of Amity (Korean language 강화도조약 Japanese language:, signed on February 27th Unequal Treaties is a term used in reference to the type of Treaties signed by several East Asian states including Qing Dynasty China, late Incheon is a metropolitan city and a major seaport on the west coast of South Korea, near Seoul.
Decline
In the 19th century tensions mounted between Qing China and Japan, culminating in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895). Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The First Sino-Japanese War ( 日清戦争 Romaji: Nisshin Sensō ( 1 August 1894 – 17 April 1895) was a war fought between Much of this war was fought on the Korean peninsula. Japan, after the Meiji Restoration, acquired Western military technology, had forced Joseon to sign the Treaty of Ganghwa in 1876. The, also known as the Meiji Ishin, Revolution, or Renewal, was a chain of events that led to enormous changes in Japan 's political and social structure The Treaty of Ganghwa, also known in Japan as Korea-Japanese Treaty of Amity (Korean language 강화도조약 Japanese language:, signed on February 27th Japan encroached upon Korean territory in search of fish, iron ore, and natural resources. It also established a strong economic presence in the peninsula, heralding the beginning of Japanese imperial expansion in East Asia.
Imo Rebellion and Gapsin Coup
As the dynasty declined, the king began to rely on newer, rifle-using armies. They were treated well and the old army who used spears and old matchlocks began to become treated less well. The Matchlock was the first mechanism or "lock" invented to uncomplicate the firing of a hand-held firearm The anger of the old army exploded when they were given their long-waited wages. Sand and stones were added to the rice they received. Rice is a Cereal foodstuff which forms an important part of the diet of many people worldwide and as such it is a staple food for many The old army revolted and after a short time, got control of the dynasty for a short while.
In 1884, 5 revolutionaries led a small anti-government army to Empress Myeongseong's brother's house and initiated a coup d'etat. Empress Myeongseong ( October 19, 1851 &ndash October 8, 1895) was the first official wife of King Gojong, the 26th king of the It failed in 3 days.
Donghak Peasant Revolution
The Donghak Peasant Revolution was an anti-government, anti-yangban and anti-foreign campaign. The Donghak Peasant Revolution was an anti-government anti- Yangban and anti-foreign uprising in 1894 in Korea which was the catalyst for the First Sino-Japanese The yangban were a well educated scholarly class of male Confucian intellectuals who were part of the ruling elite within Korea prior to 1910 and the republics period
The peasants demanded land distribution, tax reduction, democracy, and human rights. Taxes were so high that most farmers were forced to sell their ancestral homesteads to rich landowners at bargain prices. As a result, the peasant class developed intense anti-Japanese and anti-yangban sentiments. The rebellions' immediate cause was Jo Byong-gap, a government official whose rule was viewed by some as tyrannical and corrupt. On January 11, 1894, by peasant leader Jeon Bong-jun defeated the government forces at the battle of Go-bu, after the battle Jo's properties were handed out to the peasants. Jeon Bong-jun (1854 - 1895 was born in Taein Jeollabuk-do, Korea. Jeongeup ( Jeongeup-si) is a city in North Jeolla Province South Korea. Meantime, the Joseon government army attacked Jeonju and both the Joseon government and the peasant army concluded an agreement. However the urgent Joseon government asked the Chinese Qing Dynasty government for assistance in ending the revolt. Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China After notifying the Japanese in accordance with the Convention of Tientsin Qing sent troops into Korea. It was the catalyst for the First Sino-Japanese War.
In late June of 1894, the pro-Japanese forces hatched a plan to wipe out the Peasant Army in co-operation with the Japanese troops stationed in Incheon and Seoul. Incheon is a metropolitan city and a major seaport on the west coast of South Korea, near Seoul. Seoul ( soʊl is the Capital and largest City of South Korea. On October 16, the Peasant Army moved toward Gongju for the final battle, which was a trap. Gongju ( Gongju-si) also spelt Kongju, is a city in South Chungcheong province South Korea. The Japanese and the pro-Japanese government troops were in fact waiting for them inside.
The Donghak Army was defeated in the Battle of Ugeumchi. The Japanese had cannons and other modern weapons, whereas the Korean peasants were armed only with bows and arrows, spears, swords, and some flintlock muskets. Flintlock is the general term for any Firearm based on the flintlock mechanism A few months later, Jeon was captured and executed.
The revolution failed, but many grievances of the peasants would later be addressed through the Gabo Reform. The Gabo Reform describes a series of sweeping reforms introduced in Korea (at that time called Joseon) beginning in 1894 and ending in 1896,
Assassination of Empress Myeongseong
In 1895, Empress Myeongseong was assassinated by Japanese agents. Empress Myeongseong ( October 19, 1851 &ndash October 8, 1895) was the first official wife of King Gojong, the 26th king of the Empress Myeongseong ( October 19, 1851 &ndash October 8, 1895) was the first official wife of King Gojong, the 26th king of the The Japanese minister to Korea, Miura Goro orchestrated the plot against her. was a Lieutenant general in the early Imperial Japanese Army. A group of Japanese agents entered the Imperial palace in Seoul, which was under Japanese guard, and Empress Myeongseong (referred to as "Queen Min" by the Japanese) was killed and her body desecrated in the North wing of the palace. The empress had attempted to counter Japanese interference in Korea and was considering turning to Russia or China for support. After the assassination of his consort, Emperor Gojong refused to talk with his father, the Daewon-gun, believing him complicit in the assassination. The Daewongun, or formally Heungseon Heonui Daewonwang also known to the western diplomats as Prince Gung, (1821–1898 was the title of Yi Ha-eung, who
Korean Empire
The Chinese defeat in the 1894 war led to the Treaty of Shimonoseki between China and Japan, which officially guaranteed Korea's independence from China. The Korean Empire was a former small empire of Korea that lasted from the Gwangmu Restoration of 1897 until Japan 's annexation of Korea in 1910 The Treaty of Shimonoseki ( Japanese: 下関条約 "Shimonoseki Jōyaku") known as the Treaty of Maguan ( in China was signed at China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. It was a step for Japan to hold regional hegemony in Korea. Hegemony (hɨˈdʒɛməni (Amer /hɨˈɡɛməni/ (Brit (ἡγεμονία hēgemonía) is a concept that has been used to describe and explain the dominance of one social After that, Korea built the Independence Gate and stopped paying tributes to the Qing Dynasty. The Independence Gate is a memorial gate located in Seoul, South Korea. Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China The Joseon court, pressured by encroachment from larger powers, felt the need to reinforce national integrity and declared the Korean Empire in 1897. The Korean Empire was a former small empire of Korea that lasted from the Gwangmu Restoration of 1897 until Japan 's annexation of Korea in 1910 King Gojong assumed the title of Emperor in order to assert Korea's independence. In addition, other foreign powers were sought for military technology, especially Russia, to fend off the Japanese. Technically, 1897 marks the end of the Joseon period, as the official name of the empire was changed; however the Joseon Dynasty would still reign, albeit perturbed by Japanese interventions. In 1910 Japan annexed the Korean peninsula which effectively ended the Joseon Dynasty rule.
The collapse of Russia's navy in the historic Battle of Port Arthur (in which Russia's imperial navy was destroyed in a decisive surprise attack), led to a great weakening of Korea's umbrella of protection. The Battle of Port Arthur (Japanese 旅順港閉塞作戦 Ryojunkō Heisoku Sakusen, February 8-9 1904 was the starting battle of the Russo-Japanese War
The combined effect on China of the opium wars to the south and Japanese naval strikes in the north increasingly led the Japanese to see Korea as a strategic foothold into north China, just as Macau and Hong Kong were Portuguese and British trade enclaves into south China. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Macau topics. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders
Japanese occupation
In a complicated series of manoeuvres and counter-manoeuvres, Japan pushed back the Russian fleet at the Battle of Port Arthur in 1905. Both the fleets of China and Russia had given Korea sufficient protection to prevent a direct invasion, but this ambuscade of the Russian fleet gave Japan free rein over north China, and Korea was left at the mercy of the new regional naval power: Japan.
With the conclusion of the 1904-1905 Russo-Japanese War with the Treaty of Portsmouth, the way was open for Japan to take control of Korea. The Russo-Japanese War (日露戦争 Romaji: Nichi-Ro Sensō Русско-японская война Russko-Yaponskaya Voyna;, 10 February 1904 – 5 September The Treaty of Portsmouth formally ended the 1904-1905 Russo-Japanese War. After the signing of the Protectorate Treaty in 1905, Korea became a protectorate of Japan. In International law, a protectorate is a autonomous territory that is "protected" by a stronger state or entity hense the protector which engages to protect Itō Hirobumi was the first Resident-General of Korea, although he was assassinated in 1909 at the train station at Harbin. was a Japanese statesman Resident-General of Korea, four time Prime Minister of Japan (the 1st 5th 7th and 10th and Genrō.
Japan annexed Korea in 1910. The Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty was signed on August 22, 1910 by the representatives of the Korean and Japanese Imperial Governments and was
Social hierarchy system
During the Joseon Dynasty, a centralised administrative system was installed based on Confucian scholars who were called Yangban. Yangban were composed of military and bureaucrat parts. The entire country was organized with a status system, with the king at the top of the pyramid, the yangban forming the upper class, a small middle class of government employees known as chungin, and the bulk of the population — peasants, laborers and fishermen — classified as sangmin. Sangmin men were taxed for Jo(租)·Po(布)·Yeok(役). Sometimes heavy tax and corruption of local bureaucrats caused riots.
At the bottom of the pyramid were the cheonmin or low-born and slaves. Cheonmin, or "vulgar commoners" were the lowest class during the Goryeo and Joseon periods of Korean history As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another Slavery was hereditary, as well as a form of legal punishment. There was a slave class with both government and privately owned slaves, and the government occasionally gave slaves to citizens of higher rank. Privately owned slaves could be inherited as personal property. During poor harvests, many Sangmin people would voluntarily become slaves in order to survive. In the case of private slaves they could buy their freedom. During the Joseon Dynasty about 30% to 40% of the Korean population consisted of slaves. [4][5] The Lower classes had specialties such as butchery and shoe-making which were regarded as unclean jobs.
The social hierarchy of the Joseon Dynasty was developed based on the social hierarchy of the Koryo era. The Goryeo Dynasty ( 918 - 1392) (also spelled Koryŏ was a Sovereign state established in 918 by Taejo Wang Kon. In the 14th-17th centuries, this hierarchy became more strict and stable. But in the 18-19th centuries, a new upper class emerged and the old class system was somewhat diminished. The status system of Joseon was officially ended in 1894. It is not apparent in modern Korean society, but some Yangban families still honor their bloodline.
Culture
The Joseon Dynasty presided over two periods of great cultural growth, during which Joseon culture created the first Korean tea ceremony, Korean gardens, and extensive historic works. For the information regarding various types of Korean tea see Korean tea The Korean tea ceremony or darye is a traditional Korean gardens have a history that go back a thousand years but are little known in the west The royal dynasty also built several fortresses, trading harbors, and palaces.
Architecture
The history of Choson architecture would be described in three periods of the early, the middle, and the late period, in accordance with the cultural and architectural development. In the early period, the architecture developed as a succession from the cultural inheritance of the previous dynasty with the new political guiding principles of Confucianism that took the place of Buddhism. Through the influence of Confucianism, a refined aristocratic taste of the previous era was replaced by the characteristics of unsophisticated, simple and humble beauty with the qualities of commonness and steadiness. The intercolumnar bracket set system was used in building the most important edifice on the premises. The columnar bracket set system and the eclectic bracket system, which consists of architectural elements from both columnar and intercolumnar systems, were also used for temples and other important buildings. In the period of the Choson dynasty, Korean architecture developed further with a unique will to manifest the expression of the ideas and values of the period. The bracket cluster system, structurally and visually important elements of the buildings, were developed to follow structural function and to express the unique formal beauty of Korean architecture. Architectural ornaments and their symbolic connotation had more variety and richness. Architects of the period intended to express a strong will to form an indigenous style in architecture, and tried to use decorative elements of all kinds. This achieved a kind of symphonic quality with the methods of architectural organization by strong contrast of light and dark, of simplicity and complexity, and then finally reached the definite climax of architectural ingenuity. This tendency of architectural expression of the later period might remind us somewhat similar impressions of the Western Baroque and Rococo style.
Science
- See also: Kangnido map
Many Korean inventions are from this period, such as the first Asian sundial and the world's first water-powered clock. The Honil Gangni Yeokdae Gukdo Jido ("Map of Integrated Lands and Regions of Historical Countries and Capitals" short name Gangnido (Kangnido) is a map of the world A sundial is a device that measures time by the position of the Sun. Also, King Sejong saw the development of the world's first rain gauge, made by court scientist Jang Yeong-sil. A rain gauge (also known as a udometer or a pluviometer or a cup) is a type of instrument used by meteorologists and Hydrologists Jang Yeong-sil was a Korean Scientist and Astronomer during the Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910 [1] During the Joseon period, the metal movable type, invented during the Goryeo dynasty in 1232, supplanted the wood-block printing in China. Movable type is the system of Printing and Typography that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document (usually individual letters or punctuation
Economy
Trade and commerce
During the Goryeo Dynasty, Korea had a healthy trade relationship with the Arabians, Japanese, Chinese, and Manchurians. The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻarab) An example of prosperous, international trade port is Pyongnam. South P'yŏngan ( P'yŏngan-namdo) is a province of North Korea. Koreans offered brocades, jewelries, ginseng, silk, and porcelain, renowned famous worldwide. Brocade is a class of richly decorative shuttle-woven Fabrics often made in colored Silks and with or without Gold and Silver threads Ginseng refers to species within Panax, a genus of 11 species of slow-growing Perennial plants with fleshy roots in the family Araliaceae. Silk is a natural Protein Fiber, some forms of which can be woven into Textiles The best-known type of silk is obtained from cocoons Porcelain is a Ceramic material made by heating raw materials generally including Clay in the form of Kaolin, in a Kiln to temperatures But, during the Joseon Dynasty, Confucianism was adopted as the national philosophy, and, in process of eliminating certain Buddhist beliefs, Goryeo Cheongja porcelains were replaced by white Baekja, which lost favour of the Chinese and the Arabians. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Korean ceramic history begins with the oldest Earthenware from around 8000 BC Additionally, commerce became more restricted during this time in order to promote agriculture. Additionally, constant Chinese request for tribute pushed the Korean policy of ceasing to produce various luxury item elements (i. e. gold, silver), and importing only the necessary amounts from Japan. Because silver was used as currency in China, it played important role in Korea-China trade.
The family today
After the invasion and de facto annexation of Korea by Japanese in 1910, the Princes and Princesses of the Imperial Family were forced to leave for Japan to be re-educated and married. The House of Yi (李氏 consists of the descendants of the Joseon Dynasty and the imperial family of the Korean Empire.
The Heir to the Throne, Imperial Crown Prince Uimin, married Princess Yi Bang-ja nee Nashimoto, and had two sons, Princes Yi Jin and Yi Gu. Prince Imperial Yeong, the Crown Prince Uimin, GBE (also Euimin) ( 20 October, 1897 – 1 May, 1970 Yi Bangja, Crown Princess Uimin (also Euimin, Japanese 李方子 Ri Masako) of Korea (born 4 November 1901 - 30 April Gu Prince of Korea (aka Yi Ku, I Gu, Lee Gu) ( 29 December 1931 16 July 2005) was a claimant to the throne of His elder brother, Imperial Prince Ui had twelve sons and nine daughters from various wives and concubines. Prince Imperial Ui (also Eui) the Prince Imperial Uihwa (also Euihwa) (born 30 March 1877 - 15 August 1955 was the fifth son of
The Crown Prince lost his status in Japan at the end of World War II and returned to Korea in 1963 after an invitation by the Republican Government. He suffered a stroke as his plane landed in Seoul and was rushed to a hospital. Seoul ( soʊl is the Capital and largest City of South Korea. He never recovered and died in 1970. His brother, Imperial Prince Ui died in 1955 and the Korean people officially considered this to be the end of the Royal line.
Presently His Highness Prince Yi Seok is one of two pretenders to the throne of Korea. Yi Seok (born 1941 a descendant of the Joseon Dynasty is a son of Prince Gang of Korea, a 5th son of Emperor Gojong of Korea and currently a professor A pretender is a claimant to an abolished throne or to a throne already occupied by somebody else Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. He is a son of Prince Gang of Korea, a fifth son of Gojong of Korea and currently a professor of history lecturing at Jeonju University in the Republic of Korea. Prince Imperial Ui (also Eui) the Prince Imperial Uihwa (also Euihwa) (born 30 March 1877 - 15 August 1955 was the fifth son of South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː
Furthermore, many descendants live throughout the United States, Canada and Brazil, having settled elsewhere, outside of Korea. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld
Today, many tombs of the descendants still exist on top of the mountain in Yangju. According to the pedigree written on the tombstone, it is believed that these descendants are from the great king of Joseon, Seongjeong(The 9th ruler of Joseon Dynasty). King Seongjong of Joseon (1457 - 1494 was the ninth king of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea. It was discovered that this mountain belongs to the member of the royal family named Yi Won (Born in 1958). More details of current descendants of the House of Yi.
The Imperial Family
- Emperor Gojong (1852-1919) - 26th head of the Korean Imperial Household, adoptive great-great-great-grandson of King Yeongjo of Joseon
- Emperor Sunjong (1874-1926) - 27th head of the Korean Imperial Household
- Prince Gang (1877-1955)
- Prince Geon (1909-1991) - renounced the Imperial title and heritage by becoming a Japanese citizen in 1947
- Prince Wu (1912-1945)
- Yi Chung (1936-) - de jure genealogical heir of Emperor Gojong
- Prince Gap (1938-)
- Hereditary Prince Imperial Won (1962-) - claims to be the 30th head of the Korean Imperial Household
- 1st son (1998-)
- 2nd son (1999-)
- Yi Jeong
- Hereditary Prince Imperial Won (1962-) - claims to be the 30th head of the Korean Imperial Household
- Haewon, Princess of Korea (1919-) - claims to be the 30th head of the Korean Imperial Household
- Prince Seok (1941-)
- Yi KiHo (1959-)
- Yi Hong (1976-)
- Yi Jin (1979-)
- Yi Jeonghun (1980-)
-
- Crown Prince Uimin (1897-1970) - 28th head of the Korean Imperial Household
- Prince Jin (1921-1922)
- Hereditary Prince Hoeun (1931-2005) - 29th head of the Korean Imperial Household
- Princess Deokhye (1912-1989)
- Jong Jeonghye
- Crown Prince Uimin (1897-1970) - 28th head of the Korean Imperial Household
Titles and styles
During the Kingdom
- King (王 왕 wang), the King, with the style of His Majesty (殿下 전하 jeonha) or, not as correct but yet still quite commonly, His Royal Highness (媽媽 마마 mama). The House of Yi (李氏 consists of the descendants of the Joseon Dynasty and the imperial family of the Korean Empire. Yeongjo (1694-1776 r 1724-1776 was the twenty-first king of the Korean Joseon Dynasty. Sunjong, the Yunghui Emperor ( March 25, 1874 – April 24, 1926) was the last emperor of the Joseon Dynasty and Korean Prince Imperial Ui (also Eui) the Prince Imperial Uihwa (also Euihwa) (born 30 March 1877 - 15 August 1955 was the fifth son of Prince Wu of Korea (1912-1945 was the 4th head of Unhyeon Palace and a member of the Imperial family of Korea Yi Chung (born 1936) is a member of the former Imperial Family of Korea and the geneaological male-line heir of Emperor Gojong. Princess Yi Haewŏn of Korea (born 1919 a descendant of the Joseon Dynasty is one of two Pretenders to the throne of Korea Yi Seok (born 1941 a descendant of the Joseon Dynasty is a son of Prince Gang of Korea, a 5th son of Emperor Gojong of Korea and currently a professor Yi Hong (born 1974) is a descendant of the Joseon Dynasty rulers who works as a model and Entertainer. Prince Imperial Yeong, the Crown Prince Uimin, GBE (also Euimin) ( 20 October, 1897 – 1 May, 1970 Gu Prince of Korea (aka Yi Ku, I Gu, Lee Gu) ( 29 December 1931 16 July 2005) was a claimant to the throne of Princess Deokhye of Korea ( 25 May 1912 - 21 April 1989) was the last Princess of Korea. Before the style of "jeon ha" were used a variety of titles for the king. For references to late monarchs the title was Great Predecessor King (先大王 선대왕 seondaewang) or Great King (大王 대왕 daewang); for foreign envoys the title used was State King (國王 국왕 gugwang); and for those in the court who needed to mention the king outside his presence, and thus more formality was required in addressing the monarch, the title was Current King (今上 금상 geum-sang),Sovereign (主上 주상 jusang or 上監 상감 sanggam), or Grand Palace (大殿 대전 daejeon). The style remained the same for all titles with the exception of queen dowagers and the relatively few kings who abdicated, who simply addressed or mentioned the king without using his style.
- Queen Consort (王妃 왕비 wangbi), the Queen Consort, with the style of Her Royal Highness (媽媽 마마 mama). The title used in the court language was Center Palace (中宮殿 중궁전 junggungjeon or 中殿 중전 jungjeon). Queen consorts that remained married to the king until their death were generally given a title consisting of two Hanja in the front and the customary suffix Queen (王后 왕후 wanghu) in the back.
- King Former (上王 상왕 sangwang), a king who has voluntarily abdicated for his son to take his place. They usually remained influential or even powerful through the remaining years of their lives. The style of His Majesty (殿下 전하 jeonha) or, less frequently but yet still quite commonly, His Royal Highness (媽媽 마마 mama) was used.
- Queen Dowager (大妃 대비 daebi), the current incumbent of the throne's mother, with the style of Her Royal Highness (媽媽 마마 mama). Queen dowagers often exercised a great deal of influence on the king's influence through their regencies, which took place when the king was too young to rule in his own name, or simply through their role as the mother or even a senior female relative of the monarch.
- Grand King Former (太上王 태상왕 taesangwang), an abdicated king whose relinquishment of power precedes that of another former king. The style of His Majesty (殿下 전하 jeonha) or, less frequently but yet still quite commonly, His Royal Highness (媽媽 마마 m-ma) was used.
- Royal Queen Dowager (王大妃 왕대비 wangdaebi), a former consort preceding the least senior queen dowager or current King's aunt or grandmother, with the style of Her Royal Highness (媽媽 마마 mama).
- Grand Royal Queen Dowager (大王大妃 대왕대비 daewangdaebi), a former consort senior to two other queend dowagers or the current King's great-grandmother, with the style of Her Royal Highness (媽媽 마마 mama).
- Grand Internal Prince (大阮君 대원군 daewongun), the father of a king who was unable to take the throne himself as he was not part of the generation following that of the last incumbent of the throne (kings who are honored at the royal Jongmyo Shrine must be senior generation-wise for the current incumbent to pay homage there). There have been cases when grand chief princes acted as regents for their sons, the last person to do so having been the Regent Heungseon.
- Grand Internal Princess Consort (府大夫人 부대부인 budaebuin), the mother of a king whose father himself never reigned.
- Internal Prince (府院君 부원군 buwongun), the queen consort's father.
- Internal Princess Consort (府夫人 부부인 bubuin), the queen consort's mother.
- Prince (君 군 gun), a son born to the match between the king and a concubine or a descendant of a grand prince. The style used is His Young Highness (아기씨 agissi) before marriage and the style His Excellency (大監 대감 daegam) afterward.
- Princess Consort (郡夫人 군부인 gunbuin), the consort of a prince.
- Grand Prince (大君 대군 daegun), a prince born to the official match between the king and queen with the style of His Young Highness (아기씨 agissi) before marriage and the style His Excellency (大監 대감 daegam) afterward. The title of a grand prince is not inherited and his sons are generally referred to as mere princes.
- Grand Princess Consort (府夫人 부부인 bubuin), the consort of a grand prince.
- Prince Royal (元子 원자 wonja), the firstborn son of the king before being formally invested as heir apparent, with the style of His Royal Highness (媽媽 마마 mama). An heir apparent is an Heir who (short of a fundamental change in the situation cannot be displaced from inheriting the term is used in contrast to Heir presumptive Generally, Prince Royals were the son who was born first between the king and his official wife, but there were exceptions when the title of Prince Royal was given to the firstborn son of the king through a concubine, the most notable case having occurred in the reign of King Sukjong. Sukjong (1661-1720 was the 19th king of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea from 1674-1720
- Royal Prince Successor (王世子 왕세자 wangseja) the heir apparent to the throne, with the eldest son of the king given precedence over his brothers given that there were no major problems with his conduct, with the simplified title Prince Successor (世子 세자 seja) being frequently used instead of the full name with the style of His Royal Highness (邸下 저하 jeoha). In less formal but still official court language, the title Eastern Palace (東宮 동궁 donggung) or Spring Palace (春宮 춘궁 chungung) and the style His Royal Highness (媽媽 마마 mama) was used intermittently with "Prince Successor," although the style was frequently dropped by more senior members of the royal family.
- Royal Princess Successor Consort (王世子嬪 왕세자빈 wangsaejabin), the consort of the heir apparent, or simply Princess Successor Consort (世子嬪 세자빈 saejabin), with the style of Her Royal Consort Highness (마노라 manora or 마누라 manura). Later, as the distinction between "Her Royal Highness" and "Her Royal Consort Highness" became unclear due to the influence of the Andong Kim clan, the style Her Royal Highness (媽媽 마마 mama) also came to apply to the consort of the heir apparent. The style ~ Royal Highness also came to apply to grand princes, princes, and princess as well for the same reason.
- Princess (公主 공주 gongju), the daughter of the official match between the king and his official wife, with the style of Her Young Highness (아기씨 agissi) before marriage and Her Excellency (자가 jaga) afterward.
- Princess (翁主 옹주 ongju), the daughter of the king and one of his concubines, with the style of Her Young Highness (아기씨 agissi) before marriage and Her Excellency (자가 jaga) afterward.
- Royal Prince Successor Brother (王世弟 왕세제 wangseje), the younger brother of the king who has been formally invested as heir presumptive as the king has no offspring.
- Royal Prince Successor Descendant (王世孫 왕세손 wangseson), the son of the Prince Successor and the Princess Successor Consort, and the grandson of the king, with the style of His Highness (閤下 합하 hap-a).
During the Empire
- Hwangje (皇帝 황제), the Emperor, with the style of His Imperial Majesty (陛下 폐하 pyeha)
- Hwanghu (皇后 황후), the Empress (consort), with the style of Her Imperial Majesty
- Hwangtaehu (皇太后 황태후), the Empress Dowager
- Taehwangtaehu (太皇太后 태황태후), the Empress Dowager, current Emperor's living grandmother
- Hwangtaeja (皇太子 황태자), the Crown Prince of the Empire, the eldest son of Emperor, with the style of His Imperial Highness (殿下 전하 jeonha)
- Hwangtaeja-bi (皇太子妃 황태자비), the Crown Princess (consort) of Empire, with the style of Her Imperial Highness
- Chinwang (親王 친왕), the Prince (Imperial), son of Emperor, with the style of His Imperial Highness
- Chinwangbi (親王妃 친왕비), the Princess (Imperial) (consort), with the style of Her Imperial Highness
- Gongju (公主 공주), the Princess of Empire, the daughter of Emperor and his Empress consort, with the style of Her Imperial Highness
- Ongju (翁主 옹주), the Princess of Empire, the daughter of Emperor and one of his concubines, with the style of Her Imperial Highness
References
The Joseon Dynasty recorded its history in the Annals of Joseon Dynasty. The Annals of Joseon Dynasty (known also as The true record of the Joseon Dynasty) are the annual records of the Joseon Dynasty, who ruled Korea, and were
There is presently no official historian of the Korean royal family, and in Korea, the annals of the last two emperors edited with help of Japanese are not included in the Annals of Joseon Dynasty. Occasional references to the Korean Royal Family and its present charities and activities in the arts or in cultural preservation are found on websites on world royalty.
- ^ 宣祖實錄二十五年 (1592) 五月壬戌 (May 3) “危亡迫至, 君臣之間, 何可有隱? 大抵收拾人心爲上。 近來宮人作弊。 內需司人, 假稱宮物, 而積怨於民。 今日生變之由, 皆緣王子宮人作弊, 故人心怨叛, 與倭同心矣。 聞賊之來也, 言: ‘我不殺汝輩, 汝君虐民, 故如此。’ 云我民亦曰: ‘倭亦人也, 吾等何必棄家而避也?’ 請誅內需司作弊人, 且免平安道積年逋欠。” “慶尙道人皆叛云, 然耶?”-The annals of the Choson Dynasty-National Institute of Korean History
- ^ Lee (1984), p. The Annals of Joseon Dynasty (known also as The true record of the Joseon Dynasty) are the annual records of the Joseon Dynasty, who ruled Korea, and were 221.
- ^ Lee (1984), p. 223.
- ^ Korean Nobi
- ^ Nobi: Rescuing the Nation from Slavery
- A Cultural History of Modern Korea, Wannae Joe, ed. with intro. by Hongkyu A. Choe, Elizabeth NY, and Seoul Korea: Hollym, 2000.
- An Introduction to Korean Culture, ed. Koo & Nahm, Elizabeth NJ, and Seoul Korea: Hollym, 1998. 2nd edition.
- Noon Eu Ro Bo Neun Han Gook Yuk Sa #7 by Jang Pyung Soon. Copyright 1998 Joong Ang Gyo Yook Yun Goo Won, Ltd. Pg. 46-47.
See also
- List of Korea-related topics
- Hangul
- Joseon Dynasty politics
- Japanese invasions of Korea
- Hwaseong Fortress
- Independence Gate
- List of monarchs of Korea
- History of Korea
External links
- Cultural Values of the Choson Dynasty - from the award-winning website Instrok. This is a list of articles on Korea -related people places things and concepts The politics of the Joseon Dynasty, which ruled Korea from 1392 to 1910 were governed by the reigning ideology of Neo-Confucianism. Two Japanese invasions of Korea and subsequent battles on the Korean peninsula took place during the years 1592-1598 Hwaseong ("Brilliant Fortress" is located in Suwon, South Korea, 30 kilometers from Seoul. The Independence Gate is a memorial gate located in Seoul, South Korea. The Korean Dynasties are listed in the order of their fall This list includes the monarchs' romanized posthumous or Temple names and reign dates The history of Korea stretches from Lower Paleolithic times to the present org, created by East Rock Institute
- "Click into the Hermit Kingdom" - 100 articles in English on the Joseon Dynasty
- Korean royal family website - currently available only in Korean. East Rock Institute (ERI is a nonprofit research and educational organization dedicated to "the enhancement and deepening of cultural understanding between Eastern and Western societies
- Choson dynasty
- "Japanese Document Sheds New Light on Korean Queen's Murder" - Ohmynews. com's uncovered document about murder of Queen Minbi
- "E-Annals Bring Chosun History to Everyman", The Chosun Ilbo, January 27, 2006.
- "Korean Lee (Yi) Dynasty Granite Sculptures.
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