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Josef Mengele
March 16, 1911(1911-03-16) – February 7, 1979 (aged 67)

Josef Mengele in SS Captain uniform
Nickname Beppo
Place of birth Günzburg, Germany
Place of death Bertioga, Brazil
Allegiance Nazi Germany
Service/branch Schutzstaffel
Rank Hauptsturmführer, SS
Commands held General
Battles/wars World War II
Awards Iron Cross First Class
Black Badge for the Wounded
Medal for the Care of the German People

Josef Mengele (March 16, 1911– February 7, 1979) was a German SS officer and a physician in the German Nazi concentration camp Auschwitz-Birkenau. Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) This article relates to the city in Germany For the family name see Günzburg (surname. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Bertioga is a Brazilian town of the state of São Paulo in the Baixada Santista. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The ( German for "Protective Squadron" abbreviated SS - or ( Runic)- was a major Nazi organization under Adolf Hitler and the Hauptsturmführer was a Nazi rank of the SS which was used between the years of 1934 and 1945 The ( German for "Protective Squadron" abbreviated SS - or ( Runic)- was a major Nazi organization under Adolf Hitler and the World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including For other meanings please see Iron Cross (disambiguation The Iron Cross ( was a Military decoration of the Kingdom of Prussia Wound Badge (das Verwundetenabzeichen was a German military award for wounded or frost-bitten soldiers of Reichswehr, Wehrmacht, SS and the auxiliary service Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as The ( German for "Protective Squadron" abbreviated SS - or ( Runic)- was a major Nazi organization under Adolf Hitler and the A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health See also List of Nazi-German concentration camps, Extermination camp Prior to and during World War II, Nazi Germany under Hitler maintained "Auschwitz" redirects here For the town see Oświęcim Auschwitz-Birkenau () was the largest of Nazi Germany He gained notoriety for being one of the SS physicians who supervised the selection of arriving transports of prisoners, determining who was to be killed and who was to become a forced laborer, and for performing human experiments on camp inmates, amongst whom Mengele was known as the Angel of Death. As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another Nazi human experimentation was a series of controversial medical experiments on large numbers of prisoners by the German Nazi regime in its Concentration

After the war, he first hid in Austria under an assumed name, then escaped and lived in South America, first in Argentina (until 1959) and finally in Brazil, in the cities of Serra Negra, Moji das Cruzes, and then died in Bertioga, where he drowned in the sea after suffering a stroke. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld History Serra Negra was founded on 23 September 1828, but at least a century before that the region was already inhabited and was on the passageway between Mogi das Cruzes, also known as Moji das Cruzes, is a municipality located in the Brazilian state of São Paulo. Bertioga is a Brazilian town of the state of São Paulo in the Baixada Santista. His identity was confirmed by forensic experts from UNICAMP (Campinas University) using DNA testing on his remains. Universidade Estadual de Campinas (State University of Campinas short Unicamp, is one of the public universities of the State of São Paulo, Campinas (kɐ̃ːˈpinɐs is a city and county ( município) located in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. [1]

Contents

Early years and career

Mengele was born in Günzburg, Bavaria, eldest of three sons of Karl Mengele, and was brought up mostly by his mother who very much protected her sons. This article relates to the city in Germany For the family name see Günzburg (surname. Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12 His brothers were Karl (1912–1949) and Alois (1914–1974)[2].

In 1930, Mengele left Günzburg gymnasium. A gymnasium (pronounced with ɡ- in several languages is a type of school providing Secondary education in some parts of Europe, comparable to English grammar He studied medicine and anthropology at the University of Munich where, in 1935, he earned a doctorate in Anthropology (Ph.D.) Under the supervision of Professor Theodor Mollison he wrote a thesis on racial differences in the structure of the lower jaw. Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of The Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München also known as LMU, is a University in Munich and with more A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of "PhD" redirects here for other uses see PhD (disambiguation. A dissertation (also called thesis or disquisition) is a document that presents the author's Research and findings and is submitted in support of candidature

He later assisted Otmar von Verschuer at the Frankfurt University Institute of Hereditary Biology and Racial Hygiene. Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer ( 16 July 1896 – 8 August 1969) was a German human Biologist and eugenicist Racial hygiene (often labeled a form of " Scientific racism " is the selection by a government of the putatively most physical intellectual and moral persons to raise It was there in 1938 that he obtained a doctorate in medicine (M.D.) with a dissertation called "Genealogical Studies in the Cases of Cleft lip, Jaw and Palate. Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Doctor of Medicine ( MD or MD, from the Latin Medicinæ Doctor meaning "Teacher of Medicine" is a doctoral Cleft lip (cheiloschisis and cleft palate (palatoschisis which can also occur together as cleft lip and palate are variations of a type of clefting Congenital Cleft lip (cheiloschisis and cleft palate (palatoschisis which can also occur together as cleft lip and palate are variations of a type of clefting Congenital "

His belief in the Nazi racial ideology was evident in his academic research [3]. Both the Universities of Munich and Frankfurt revoked his degrees in 1964. [2]

In 1931, at the age of 20, Mengele joined the nationalist group Stahlhelm, a paramilitary organization, which was incorporated into the SA in 1933. The, abbreviated SA, ( German for "Assault detachment" or "Assault section" usually translated as " stormtroop(ers He resigned shortly after, citing health problems. He applied for Nazi party membership in 1937 and in 1938 joined the SS. The, officially National Socialist German Workers' Party, ( abbreviated NSDAP) was a Political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945 The ( German for "Protective Squadron" abbreviated SS - or ( Runic)- was a major Nazi organization under Adolf Hitler and the [4] In 1939, Mengele married his first wife, Irene Schönbein, with whom he had one child, a son named Rolf.

In 1940 he was placed in the reserve medical corps, following which he served with the 5th SS Panzergrenadier Division Wiking. SS Division (motorised Wiking was a German Waffen SS division recruited from foreign volunteers In 1942 he was wounded at the Russian front and was pronounced medically unfit for combat, and was then promoted to the rank of SS-Hauptsturmführer (Captain). Hauptsturmführer was a Nazi rank of the SS which was used between the years of 1934 and 1945

Auschwitz

In 1943 Mengele replaced another doctor who had fallen ill at the Nazi extermination camp Birkenau. Extermination camps were two types of facilities that Nazi Germany built during World War II for the systematic killing of millions of people in what has become "Auschwitz" redirects here For the town see Oświęcim Auschwitz-Birkenau () was the largest of Nazi Germany On May 24 1943, he became medical officer of Auschwitz-Birkenau's "Gypsy camp. Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned The Romani people (singular Rom, plural Roma as a Noun; also known as Romanies or Roma people) are an ethnic group with origins " In August 1944, this camp was liquidated and all its inmates gassed. Subsequently Mengele became Chief Medical Officer of the main infirmary camp at Birkenau. A hospital is an institution for Health care providing treatment by specialised staff and equipment and often but not always providing for He was not, though, the Chief Medical Officer of Auschwitz — superior to him was SS-Standortarzt (garrison physician) Eduard Wirths. Dr Eduard Wirths ( 4 September 1909 – 20 September 1945) was the Chief SS doctor (SS-Standortarzt at the Auschwitz concentration [5]

It was during his 21-month stay at Auschwitz that Mengele achieved infamy and it is for this period that he gained the moniker "Angel of Death. A moniker (or " monicker " is a Slang expression for a Nickname, Pseudonym, or Cognomen. " Mengele took turns with the other SS physicians at Auschwitz in meeting incoming prisoners at the ramp, where it was determined who would be retained for work and who would be sent to the gas chambers immediately. A gas chamber is an apparatus for killing consisting of a sealed chamber into which a Poisonous or Asphyxiant gas is introduced [6] The Angel of Death fed his legend by dramatizing murderous policies, such as his drawing a line on the wall of the children's block between 150 and 156 centimeters (about 5 feet or 5 feet 2 inches) from the floor, and then sending those whose heads could not reach the line to the gas chamber . . . (Lifton, p. 346. )[7]

Josef Mengele was the chief provider for the gas chambers and their crematoria. "He had a look that said 'I am the power,'" said one survivor. When it was reported that one block was infected with lice, Mengele solved the problem by gassing all the 750 women assigned to it. Mengele was, at the time, only 32 years old. [8]

Human experimentation

Block 10 - Medical experimentation block in Auschwitz
Block 10 - Medical experimentation block in Auschwitz

Mengele used Auschwitz as an opportunity to continue his research on heredity, using inmates for human experimentation. Human subject research (HSR or human subject use (HSU involves the use of human beings as research subjects He was particularly interested in twins; they would be selected and placed in special barracks. Barracks are living quarters for personnel on a Military post He also recruited Berthold Epstein, a Czech pediatrician. Berthold Epstein (1 April 1897 - 1962 was a Czech Pediatrician, professor and Scientist. As a doctor, Epstein proposed to Mengele a study into treatments of the disease called Noma, this was noted for particularly affecting children from the camp. Noma (from Greek numein: to devour also known as cancrum oris or gangrenous stomatitis, is a gangrenous Disease leading to tissue [9]

While the cause of Noma remains relatively unknown, it is now known that it has a higher occurrence in children suffering from malnutrition and a lower immune system response. Malnutrition is a general term for a medical condition caused by an improper or insufficient diet. An immune system is a collection of mechanisms within an Organism that protects against Disease by identifying and killing Pathogens and Tumor Many develop the disease shortly after contracting another illness such as measles or tuberculosis. Measles (rubeola is a Disease caused by a virus specifically a Paramyxovirus of the genus Morbillivirus. Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common Mengele tried to prove that Noma was caused by racial inferiority. [10]

Mengele took an interest in physical abnormalities discovered among the arrivals at the concentration camp. These included dwarfs, notably the Ovitz family and a Jewish Romanian artist's family, seven of whose ten members were dwarfs. The Ovitz family were a family of Romanian born Jewish circus actors /traveling musicians who survived imprisonment at the Auschwitz concentration camp during PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Prior to their deportation they toured in Eastern Europe as the Lilliput Troupe. Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. The Ovitz family were a family of Romanian born Jewish circus actors /traveling musicians who survived imprisonment at the Auschwitz concentration camp during He often called them "my dwarf family;" to him they seemed to be the perfect expression of "the abnorm. "

"Mengele occupied his time with other numerous acts of the most base cruelty, including the dissection of live infants; the castration of boys and men without the use of an anesthetic; and the administering of high-voltage electric shocks to women inmates under the auspices of testing their endurance. On one occasion Mengele even sterilized a group of Polish nuns with an X-ray machine, leaving the celibate women horribly burned. "[11]

Not all of Mengele's experiments were of scientific value, including attempts to change eye color by injecting chemicals into children's eyes, various amputations of limbs and other brutal surgeries. Amputation is the removal of a body extremity by trauma or Surgery. Surgery (from the χειρουργική cheirourgikē, via chirurgiae meaning "hand work" is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental Rena Gelissen's account of her time in Auschwitz details certain experiments performed on female prisoners around October 1943. Mengele would experiment on the chosen girls, performing sterilization and shock treatments. Sterilization (also spelled sterilisation) is a surgical technique leaving a male or female unable to reproduce. Most of the victims died, either due to the experiments or later infections. Once Mengele's assistant rounded up 14 pairs of Gypsy twins during the night. Mengele placed them on his polished marble dissection table and put them to sleep. He then proceeded to inject chloroform into their hearts, killing them instantly. Chloroform, also known as trichloromethane and methyl trichloride, is a Chemical compound with formula C[[Hydrogen H]] Cl Mengele then began dissecting and meticulously noting each and every piece of the twins' bodies. [12]

At Auschwitz Mengele did a number of twin studies, and these twins were usually murdered after the experiment was over and their bodies dissected. He supervised an operation by which two Gypsy children were sewn together to create Siamese twins; the hands of the children became badly infected where the veins had been resected. [13]

The subjects of Mengele's research were better fed and housed than ordinary prisoners and were, for the time being, safe from the gas chambers. [14] When visiting his child subjects, he introduced himself as "Uncle Mengele" and offered them sweets. Some survivors remember that despite his grim acts, he was also called "Mengele the protector. "[15] On several occasions he killed subjects simply to be able to dissect them afterwards. Dissection (also called anatomization) is usually the process of disassembling and observing something to determine its internal structure and as an aid to discerning the function [3] Mengele was almost fanatical about drawing blood from twins, mostly identical twins. He is reported to have bled some to death this way. [16]

The book Children of the Flames by Joe E. White chronicles the notorious medical experimental activities of Josef Mengele on approximately three thousand twins who passed through the Auschwitz death camp during WWII until its liberation at the end of the war. Only a few of the three thousand twins survived and now fifty years later they have told their story of how they were given special privileges in Auschwitz owing to Mengele’s interest in twins, and how as a result they have suffered during the past sixty years, as the children who survived the still unknown and unexplained medical experiments and injections at the hands of Josef Mengele. [17]

Auschwitz prisoner Alex Dekel has said "I have never accepted the fact that Mengele himself believed he was doing serious work — not from the slipshod way he went about it. He was only exercising his power. Mengele ran a butcher shop — major surgeries were performed without anesthesia. Once, I witnessed a stomach operation — Mengele was removing pieces from the stomach, but without any anesthetic. Another time, it was a heart that was removed, again, without anesthesia. It was horrifying. Mengele was a doctor who became mad because of the power he was given. Nobody ever questioned him — why did this one die? Why did that one perish? The patients did not count. He professed to do what he did in the name of science, but it was a madness on his part. "[18]

After Auschwitz

When the SS abandoned the Auschwitz Camp on January 17, 1945, Mengele transferred to Groß Rosen camp in lower Silesia, again working as camp physician. Events 38 BC - Octavian marries Livia Drusilla. 1287 - King Alfonso III of Aragon invades Minorca Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Etymology One theory claims that the name Silesia is derived from the Silingi, who were most likely a Vandalic (East Germanic people Groß Rosen was dissolved in the end of February when the Red Army was close to taking the camp[19]. The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya Mengele worked in other camps for a short time and on May 2, joined a Wehrmacht medical unit led by his former colleague at the Institute of Hereditary Biology and Racial Hygiene, Dr. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. Wehrmacht (literally "defense force" was the name of the unified Armed forces of Germany from 1935 to 1945 Racial hygiene (often labeled a form of " Scientific racism " is the selection by a government of the putatively most physical intellectual and moral persons to raise Hans Otto Kahler, in Bohemia. The unit hurried west to avoid being captured by the Soviets and were taken as POWs by the Americans. Mengele, initially registered under his own name, was released in June 1945 with papers giving his name as "Fritz Hollmann. " From July 1945 until May 1949, he worked as a farmhand in a small village near Rosenheim, Bavaria, staying in contact with his wife and his old friend Hans Sedlmeier. Rosenheim is a town in Bavaria ( Germany) at the confluence of the rivers Inn and Mangfall Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12 It was Sedlmeier who arranged Mengele's escape to Argentina via Innsbruck, Sterzing, Merano and Genova. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Innsbruck is the capital city of the federal state of Tyrol in western Austria. Sterzing ( Italian: Vipiteno, archaic Sterzen; Archaic (1180 AD Sterzengum; Archaic (827 AD Uuipitina;, Latin Merano ( Italian, now most common in English German: Meran, also used in English Ladin: Meran; Archaic (857 AD Mairania Genoa ( Genova, ˈdʒɛːnova in Italian; Zena in Genoese and Ligurian; Genua in Latin and archaically in English Mengele may have been assisted by the ODESSA network. ODESSA which stands for the German phrase O rganisation d er e hemaligen SS - A ngehörigen which in turn translates [20]

Mengele in South America

In Buenos Aires, Mengele at first worked as a construction worker, but came in contact with influential Germans soon, which allowed him an affluent lifestyle for the next years. He also got money from his family and from Sedlmeier. In Buenos Aires, Mengele practiced medicine specializing in illegal abortions and was detained on one occasion for the death of a patient. An [21] In Buenos Aires, he got to know other Germans such as Hans-Ulrich Rudel and Adolf Eichmann. Hans-Ulrich Rudel ( July 2, 1916 – December 18, 1982) was a Stuka dive-bomber pilot during World War II. In 1955, he bought a fifty per cent share of a pharmaceutical company, the same year he divorced from his wife, Irene. Three years later he married Martha Mengele, the widow of his younger brother Karl Jr. ; she then went to Argentina with her then fourteen-year-old son, Dieter. Mengele lived with his family in a German owned boardinghouse in the Buenos Aires suburb of Vicente Lopez from 1958 to 1960. [22]

Mengele's home in Hohenhau, Paraguay.
Mengele's home in Hohenhau, Paraguay. Paraguay, officially the Republic of Paraguay ( Spanish: República del Paraguay; Guaraní: Tetã Paraguái) is one of the only

Although he was doing well in South America, Mengele feared being captured so he left Argentina in 1962 and moved to Paraguay after managing to get a Paraguayan passport in the name of "Mengele José". Paraguay, officially the Republic of Paraguay ( Spanish: República del Paraguay; Guaraní: Tetã Paraguái) is one of the only Mengele escaped to Paraguay from Argentina weeks before the May 1960 Israeli Mossad operation that abducted Adolf Eichmann. Paraguay, officially the Republic of Paraguay ( Spanish: República del Paraguay; Guaraní: Tetã Paraguái) is one of the only The Mossad ( HaMossad leModi'in v'leTafkidim Meyuhadim) (המוסד למודיעין ולתפקידים מיוחדים - Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations Mengele was a secondary objective of this operation, but was never found. [23] Mengele hoped that Paraguay would be safer for him, as dictator Alfredo Stroessner was of German descent. Alfredo Stroessner Matiauda, whose name is also spelled Strössner or Strößner (November 3 1912 Encarnación - August 16 2006 Brasília Among other locations in Paraguay, he lived on the outskirts of Hohenhau, a German colony north of Encarnacion in the department of Itapúa. Districts The department is divided in 30 districts Alto Verá Bella Vista Cambyretá Capitán Meza His anxiety, however, haunted him, especially after he heard of the Mossad's abduction of Eichmann and the trial and execution in Israel. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Using the identity of "Peter Hochbichler," he crossed the border to Brazil in 1960 and lived in São Paulo with the Austrian-born neo-Nazi Wolfgang Gerhard, who was a member of Hans-Ulrich Rudel's "Kameradenwerk. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld São Paulo ( is the largest city in Brazil, with its metropolitan area ranking among the largest urban areas in the world The term neo-Nazism refers to post- World War II Political movements Social movements and ideologies seeking to revive Nazism, ODESSA which stands for the German phrase O rganisation d er e hemaligen SS - A ngehörigen which in turn translates "

Mengele has an illegitimate daughter born to an Australian woman of German lineage; this liaison occurred when the woman, aged 23, and her mother and brother visited a German colony in Paraguay in mid-1960. The child was born in Melbourne, Australia on March 10, 1961. Melbourne ( is the second most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 3 Events 241 BC - First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates Islands - The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing She was adopted privately. [24]

The same year, Mengele moved to Nova Europa, about three hundred kilometers (186 miles) outside São Paulo, where he lived with the Hungarian refugees Geza and Gitta Stammer, working as manager of their farm. In the seclusion of his Brazilian hideaway, Mengele became depressed, egomaniacal and aggressive, always fearing being captured. In 1974, when his relationship with the Stammer family was coming to an end, Rudel and Gerhard discussed relocating Mengele to Bolivia where he could spend time with Klaus Barbie, but Mengele rejected this proposal. The Republic of Bolivia (República de Bolivia) named after Simón Bolívar, is a Landlocked country in central South America. Klaus Barbie ( October 25, 1913 &ndash September 25, 1991) was an SS - Hauptsturmführer, Soldier Instead, he lived in a bungalow in a suburb of São Paulo for the last years of his life. In 1977, his only son Rolf, never having known his father before, visited him there and found an unrepentant Nazi in full denial who claimed he "had never personally harmed anyone in his whole life. "[25]

Mengele, whose health had been deteriorating for years, died on February 7, 1979, in Bertioga, Brazil, where he accidentally drowned or, in another version, suffered a stroke while swimming in the sea. Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Bertioga is a Brazilian town of the state of São Paulo in the Baixada Santista. He was buried in Embu das Artes under the name "Wolfgang Gerhard," whose ID-card he had used since 1976. There are other municipalities that begin with Embu see Embu-Guaçu. [26]

The manhunt for Mengele

Mengele was listed on the Allies' list of war criminals as early as 1944. War crimes are "violations of the laws or customs of war" including but not limited to "murder the ill-treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied His name was mentioned in the Nuremberg trials several times, but Allied forces were convinced that Mengele was dead, which was also claimed by Irene and the family in Günzburg. The Nuremberg Trials were a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany after In 1959, after suspicions had grown that he was still alive, given his divorce from Irene in 1955 and his marriage to Martha in 1958, a warrant of arrest was issued by the German authorities. Subsequently, German attorneys, such as Fritz Bauer, Israel's Mossad, and private investigators like Simon Wiesenthal and Beate Klarsfeld followed the trail of the "Angel of Death". Fritz Bauer, born on July 16 1903 in Stuttgart, Germany -- died on July 1 1968 in Frankfurt am Main, was a German judge The Mossad ( HaMossad leModi'in v'leTafkidim Meyuhadim) (המוסד למודיעין ולתפקידים מיוחדים - Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations Simon Wiesenthal ( Buczacz, December 31, 1908 &ndash Vienna, September 20, 2005) was an Austrian Jewish Serge (born September 17, 1935, Bucharest Romania) and Beate (born February 13, 1939, Berlin Germany) The last confirmed sightings of Mengele placed him in Paraguay, and it was believed that he was still hiding there, protected by Hans-Ulrich Rudel and possibly even by president Alfredo Stroessner himself. Hans-Ulrich Rudel ( July 2, 1916 – December 18, 1982) was a Stuka dive-bomber pilot during World War II. Alfredo Stroessner Matiauda, whose name is also spelled Strössner or Strößner (November 3 1912 Encarnación - August 16 2006 Brasília Sightings of Mengele were reported all over the world, but they turned out to be false clues and probably due to the media attention given to his case.

In 1985, the German police raided the house of Hans Sedlmeier in Günzburg and seized address books, letters and papers hinting at the grave in Embu. Mengele was exhumed 6 June 1985 and identified by forensic experts from UNICAMP. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) Universidade Estadual de Campinas (State University of Campinas short Unicamp, is one of the public universities of the State of São Paulo, Rolf Mengele issued a statement saying that he "had no doubt it was the remains of his father". [27] Everything was kept quiet "to protect those who knew him in South America", Rolf said. In 1992, a DNA test confirmed Mengele's identity. Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known He had evaded capture for 34 years and was the subject of Ira Levin's best-selling novel and later film adaptation, The Boys from Brazil. Ira Levin ( August 27 1929 &ndash November 12 2007) was an American Novelist, Playwright, and Songwriter A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story Film adaptation is the transfer of a written work to a Feature film.

After the exhumation, the São Paulo Institute for Forensic Medicine stored his remains and attempted to repatriate them to the remaining Mengele family members. The bones have remained in the custody of Dr. Rubens Maluf owing to the family's refusal to accept them. [1]

On Sept 17, 2007, the US Holocaust Museum released photographs taken from a photo album of Auschwitz staff, which contained eight photographs of Mengele. The Höcker Album (or Hoecker Album) is a collection of photographs believed to have been collected by Karl-Friedrich Höcker, an officer of the SS during The eight photos of Mengele are the first authenticated pictures of him at Auschwitz, museum officials said. [28]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Remains of Mengele Rest Uneasily in Brazil - New York Times
  2. ^ a b http://history1900s.about.com/library/holocaust/blmengele.htm About Biography
  3. ^ a b The Holocaust history project
  4. ^ Mengele's CV at Simon Wiesenthal Centre
  5. ^ Eduard Wirths
  6. ^ Essay by Robert Jay Lifton
  7. ^ Josef Mengele, Angel of Death
  8. ^ Josef Mengele, Angel of Death
  9. ^ http://www.holocaust-history.org/lifton/LiftonT296.shtml Page 296-297
  10. ^ German article at shoa.de
  11. ^ Dr. Josef Mengele, ruthless Nazi concentration camp doctor - The Crime Library on truTV.com
  12. ^ Josef Mengele, Angel of Death
  13. ^ Josef Mengele, Angel of Death
  14. ^ Nyiszli, Miklos (1993). Nazi human experimentation was a series of controversial medical experiments on large numbers of prisoners by the German Nazi regime in its Concentration Nazi eugenics were Nazi Germany 's race-based social policies that placed the improvement of the race through Eugenics at the center of their Auschwitz: A Doctor's Eyewitness Account.  
  15. ^ Lagnado, Lucette Matalon; Sheila Cohn Dekel (1991). Children of the Flames.  
  16. ^ Josef Mengele, Angel of Death
  17. ^ Josef Mengele, Angel of Death
  18. ^ Dr. Josef Mengele, ruthless Nazi concentration camp doctor - The Crime Library on truTV.com
  19. ^ How Josef Mengele Cheated Justice, Chicago Tribune Magazine, May 18, 1986
  20. ^ Ulrich Völklein: Mengele - Der Arzt von Auschwitz. Göttingen, 2001
  21. ^ Nash, Nathaniel C. " Mengele an Abortionist, Argentine Files Suggest" http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CEFDF1E39F932A25751C0A964958260&scp=1&sq=Mengele&st=nyt Feb. 11, 1992
  22. ^ Harel, I: "The House on Garibaldi Street", page 194. Viking Press, 1975
  23. ^ Harel, I: "The House on Garibaldi Street", page 194. Viking Press, 1975
  24. ^ Births and Adoptions records (1961). Department of Births, Deaths and Marriages, Victoria, Australia. Obtained under FOI Act, 1991
  25. ^ Ulrich Völklein: Mengele - Der Arzt von Auschwitz. Göttingen, 2001
  26. ^ "Scientists Decide Brazil Skelton Is Josef Mengele.", New York Times, July 22, 1985. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved on 2008-03-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem.  "American, Brazilian and West German scientists announced jointly today that a skeleton recently exhumed from a graveyard near here was unquestionably that of Dr. Josef Mengele. A separate report by American experts concluded that the bones were those of the long-sought Nazi death-camp doctor 'within a reasonable scientific certainty. ' . . . " 
  27. ^ Ulrich Völklein: Mengele - Der Arzt von Auschwitz. Göttingen, 2001
  28. ^ Collections | Auschwitz through the lens of the SS: Photos of Nazi leadership at the camp

Further reading

External links

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