José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda
A photo of José Rizal, National hero of the Philippines.
Alternate name(s):	José Rizal
Date of birth:	June 19, 1861
Place of birth:	Calamba, Laguna, Philippines
Date of death:	December 30, 1896 (aged 35)
Place of death:	Bagumbayan (now Rizal Park), Manila, Philippines
Major organizations:	La Solidaridad, La Liga Filipina
Major monuments:	Rizal Park

Dr. Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros. Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Laguna is a province of the Philippines found in the CALABARZON region in Luzón. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St Year 1896 ( MDCCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year The City of Manila The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP La Solidaridad was the name of a society of Filipino Intellectuals ( Ilustrados) in Spain who sought to create an adequate representation for the Philippines La Liga Filipina ( The Philippine League) was a progressive organization created by Dr Rizal Park is situated in the heart of the city of Manila, Philippines. José P. Rizal (full name: José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda) (June 19, 1861 – December 30, 1896) was a Filipino polymath, nationalist and the most prominent advocate for reforms in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial era. Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros. Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St Year 1896 ( MDCCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP A polymath ( Greek polymathēs, πολυμαθής "having learned much" is a person whose knowledge is not restricted to one subject area The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP He is considered the national hero and the anniversary of Rizal's death is commemorated as a Philippine holiday called Rizal Day. This is a list of Holidays in the Philippines. Observed in entire Philippines Local holiday New Year's Day New Year's Rizal's 1896 military trial and execution made him a martyr of the Philippine Revolution. Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. The term martyr ( Greek μάρτυς martys "witness" is most commonly used today to describe an individual who sacrifices their life (or personal freedom This article is about a late 19th-century revolution For a late 20th-century event also referred to as Philippine Revolution see People Power Revolution.

The seventh of eleven children born to a middle class family in the town of Calamba, Laguna, Rizal attended the Ateneo Municipal de Manila, earning a Bachelor of Arts degree sobresaliente. The middle class, in colloquial usage consists of those who have some economic independence but not a great deal of social Influence or power. Calamba City is a first class City in the province of Laguna, Philippines. Laguna is a province of the Philippines found in the CALABARZON region in Luzón. The Ateneo de Manila University (also called " Ateneo de Manila " or simply "the Ateneo " is a private University run He enrolled in the University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Medicine and Surgery and the University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Philosophy and Letters and then traveled alone to Madrid, Spain, where he studied medicine at the Universidad Central de Madrid, earning the degree of Licentiate in Medicine. The University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, popularly known as UST Medicine or UST Med, is the Medical school of the University The University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Arts and Letters, popularly known as UST Artlets or simply UST AB, is the Liberal arts college of the Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the He attended the University of Paris and earned a second doctorate at the University of Heidelberg. The historic University of Paris (Université de Paris first appeared in the second half of the 13th century The Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg ( University of Heidelberg, Ruperto Carola, Heidelberg University, or simply Heidelberg) is a Rizal was a polyglot conversant in at least ten languages. ^[1][2][3][4] He was a prolific poet, essayist, diarist, correspondent, and novelist whose most famous works were his two novels, Noli me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. Noli Me Tangere is a Novel written in Spanish by Filipino writer and National hero José Rizal. El Filibusterismo, also known by its English alternate title The Reign of Greed, is the second novel written by Philippine national hero José Rizal ^[5] These are social commentaries on the Philippines that formed the nucleus of literature that inspired dissent among peaceful reformists and spurred the militancy of armed revolutionaries against 333 years of Spanish rule. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP

As a political figure, Rizal was the founder of La Liga Filipina, a civic organization that subsequently gave birth to the Katipunan^[6] led by Andres Bonifacio and Emilio Aguinaldo. A politician (from Greek " Polis " is an individual who is involved in influencing public decision making through the influence of Politics or a person La Liga Filipina ( The Philippine League) was a progressive organization created by Dr The Katipunan was a Philippine revolutionary organization founded by Filipino rebels in Manila, in 1892 which aimed to gain independence from Spain. Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro ( November 30, 1863 &ndash May 10, 1897) son of Santiago Bonifacio and Catalina de Castro was a Filipino For the municipality see Gen Emilio Aguinaldo Cavite General Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy ( March 22, 1869 &ndash February 6 He was a proponent of institutional reforms by peaceful means rather than by violent revolution. The general consensus among Rizal scholars, however, attributed his martyred death as the catalyst that precipitated the Philippine Revolution. This article is about a late 19th-century revolution For a late 20th-century event also referred to as Philippine Revolution see People Power Revolution.

Contents 1 Family 2 Education 3 Travels 4 Writings 5 Persecutions 6 Exile in Dapitan 7 Last days 8 Execution 9 Aftermath 9.1 'Retraction' controversy 9.2 "Mi último adiós" 9.3 Josephine Bracken 10 Criticism 11 Legacy 12 See also 13 References 14 For further reading 15 External links

Family

José Rizal's parents, Francisco Engracio Rizal Mercado y Alejandra II (1818-1898) ^[7] and Teodora Morales Alonso Realonda y Quintos (1827-1911)^[7], were prosperous farmers who were granted lease of a hacienda and an accompanying rice farm by the Dominicans. Hacienda is a Spanish word for an estate usually but not always a vast Ranch. The Order of Preachers ( Latin: Ordo Praedicatorum) after the 15th century more commonly known as the Dominican Order or Dominicans, is Rizal was the seventh child of their eleven children namely: Saturnina (1850-1913), Paciano (1851-1930), Narcisa (1852-1939), Olympia (1855-1887), Lucia (1857-1919), Maria (1859-1945), José Protasio (1861-1896), Concepcion (1862-1865), Josefa (1865-1945), Trinidad (1868-1951) and Soledad (1870-1929).

Rizal was a 6th-generation patrilineal descendant of Domingo Lam-co (Chinese: 柯仪南; pinyin: Ke Yinan), a Chinese immigrant entrepreneur who sailed to the Philippines from Jinjiang, Quanzhou in the mid-17th century. Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use ^[8] Lam-co married Inez de la Rosa, a Sangley native of Luzon. Sangley ( Sangleye, Sangley Mestizo, Mestisong Sangley, Mestizo de Sangley or Chinese mestizo; plural Sangleys or To free his descendants from the anti-Chinese animosity of the Spanish authorities, Lam-co changed the family surname to the Spanish surname "Mercado" (market) to indicate their Chinese merchant roots. In 1849, Governor-General Narciso Claveria ordered all Filipino families to choose new surnames from a list of Spanish family names. The Catálogo alfabético de apellidos (Alphabetical Catalog of Surnames is a book of Surnames published in the Philippines in the mid-19th century José's father Francisco ^[7] adopted the surname "Rizal" (originally Ricial, the green of young growth or green fields), which was suggested to him by a provincial governor, or as José had described him, "a friend of the family". However, the name change caused confusion in the business affairs of Francisco, most of which were begun under the old name. After a few years, he settled on the name "Rizal Mercado" as a compromise, but usually just used the original surname "Mercado". Upon enrolling at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila, José dropped the last three names that make up his full name, at the advice of his brother, Paciano Rizal Mercado, and the Rizal Mercado family, thus rendering his name as "José Protasio Rizal". Of this, Rizal writes: "My family never paid much attention [to our second surname Rizal], but now I had to use it, thus giving me the appearance of an illegitimate child!" ^[9] This was to enable him to travel freely and disassociate him from his brother, who had gained notoriety with his earlier links with Filipino priests who were sentenced to death as subversives. From early childhood, José and Paciano were already advancing unheard-of political ideas of freedom and individual rights which infuriated the authorities. ^[10][11] Despite the name change, Jose, as "Rizal" soon distinguishes himself in poetry writing contests, impressing his professors with his facility with Castilian and other foreign languages, and later, in writing essays that are critical of the Spanish historical accounts of the pre-colonial Philippine societies. Indeed, by 1891, the year he finished his El Filibusterismo, this second surname had become so well known that, as he writes to another friend, "All my family now carry the name Rizal instead of Mercado because the name Rizal means persecution! Good! I too want to join them and be worthy of this family name. El Filibusterismo, also known by its English alternate title The Reign of Greed, is the second novel written by Philippine national hero José Rizal . . " ^[12] José became the focal point by which the family became known, at least from the point of view of colonial authorities.

Aside from indigenous Filipino and Chinese ancestry, recent genealogical research has found that José had traces of Spanish, and Japanese ancestry. Filipinos or the Filipino people are the citizens of the Philippines. The term Chinese people may refer to any of the following A person who resides in and holds citizenship of the People's Republic of China (including Hong The are the dominant Ethnic group of Japan. Worldwide approximately 130 million people are of Japanese descent of these approximately 127 million are residents of Japan His maternal great-great-grandfather (Teodora's great-grandfather) was Eugenio Ursua, a descendant of Japanese settlers, who married a Filipina named Benigna (surname unknown). These two gave birth to Regina Ursua who married a Sangley mestizo from Pangasinán named Atty. Manuel de Quintos, Teodora's grandfather. Their daughter Brígida de Quintos married a Spanish mestizo named Lorenzo Alberto Alonso, the father of Teodora. Mestizo is a Spanish term that was coined during the Spanish Empire to refer to people of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry in Latin Austin Craig mentions Lakandula, Rajah of Tondo at the time of the Spanish incursion, also as an ancestor. For other uses see Raja (disambiguation and Rajah (disambiguation. History See also Ancient Tondo The former region of Tondo is over eleven hundred years old

Education

Rizal first studied under the tutelage of Justiniano Aquino Cruz in Biñan, Laguna. Biñán is a municipality in the province of Laguna, Philippines. He was sent to Manila and enrolled at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila. The City of Manila The Ateneo de Manila University (also called " Ateneo de Manila " or simply "the Ateneo " is a private University run He received his Bachelor of Arts in 1877 and graduated as one of the nine students in his class declared sobresaliente or outstanding. He continued his education at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila to obtain a land surveyor and assessor's degree, and at the same time at the University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Philosophy and Letters where he studied Philosophy and Letters. The University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Arts and Letters, popularly known as UST Artlets or simply UST AB, is the Liberal arts college of the Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Upon learning that his mother was going blind, he decided to study medicine specializing in ophthalmology at the University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Medicine and Surgery but did not complete the program claiming discrimination made by the Spanish Dominican friars against the Filipino students. Ophthalmology is the branch of Medicine which deals with the diseases and surgery of the visual pathways including the Eye, Brain The University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, popularly known as UST Medicine or UST Med, is the Medical school of the University The Order of Preachers ( Latin: Ordo Praedicatorum) after the 15th century more commonly known as the Dominican Order or Dominicans, is ^[13]

Without his parents' knowledge and consent, but secretly supported by his brother Paciano, he traveled alone to Madrid in May 1882 and studied medicine at the Universidad Central de Madrid where he earned the degree, Licentiate in Medicine. Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. His education continued at the University of Paris and the University of Heidelberg where he earned a second doctorate. The historic University of Paris (Université de Paris first appeared in the second half of the 13th century The Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg ( University of Heidelberg, Ruperto Carola, Heidelberg University, or simply Heidelberg) is a In Berlin, he was inducted as a member of the Berlin Ethnological Society and the Berlin Anthropological Society under the patronage of the famous pathologist Rudolf Virchow. Pathology (from Greek grc πάθος pathos, "fate harm" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study and Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow ( 13 October 1821 &ndash 5 September 1902) was a German doctor, anthropologist, public health Following custom, he delivered an address in German in April 1887 before the anthropological society on the orthography and structure of the Tagalog language. Tagalog is one of the major languages used in the Philippines. He left Heidelberg a poem, "A las flores del Heidelberg," which was both an evocation and a prayer for the welfare of his native land and the unification of common values between East and West. Heidelberg is a city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. As of 2006 over 140000 people live within the city's area

Rizal's multifacetedness was described by his German friend, Dr. Adolf Meyer, as "stupendous. Adolf Bernard Meyer (1840 &ndash 1911 was a German Anthropologist, Ornithologist and Entomologist. "^[14][15] Documented studies show him to be a polymath with the ability to master various skills and subjects. A polymath ( Greek polymathēs, πολυμαθής "having learned much" is a person whose knowledge is not restricted to one subject area ^[1][2][16] He was an ophthalmologist, sculptor, painter, educator, farmer, historian, playwright and journalist. Ophthalmology is the branch of Medicine which deals with the diseases and surgery of the visual pathways including the Eye, Brain Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e This is a list of educators. See also Education, List of education topics. A farmer is a person who raises living organisms for food or raw materials See also History An historian is an individual who studies and writes about History, and is regarded as an Authority on it A playwright, also known as a dramatist, is a person who writes dramatic literature or Drama. A journalist (also called a newspaperman) is a person who practices Journalism, the gathering and dissemination of information about current events trends Besides poetry and creative writing, he dabbled, with varying degrees of expertise, in architecture, cartography, economics, ethnology, anthropology, sociology, dramatics, martial arts, fencing and pistol shooting. Creative writing is considered to be any writing Fiction or Non-fiction, that goes outside the bounds of normal professional, Journalistic, The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation Economics is the social science that studies the production distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Ethnology (from the Greek ἔθνος, ethnos meaning "habit custom convention" is the branch of Anthropology that compares and Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of Sociology (from Latin: socius "companion" and the suffix -ology "the study of" from Greek λόγος lógos "knowledge" Drama is the specific mode of Fiction represented in Performance. Martial arts are systems of codified practices and traditions of training for Combat. Fencing is the art of armed Combat involving Cutting, Stabbing, or slapping bludgeoning Weapons directly manipulated by hand The shooting sports include those competitive sports involving tests of proficiency (accuracy and speed using various types of Guns such as Firearms and Airguns He was a Freemason. ^[17]

Travels

“

He who knows the surface of the earth and the topography of a country only through the examination of maps. . is like a man who learns the opera of Meyerbeer or Rossini by reading only reviews in the newspapers. Giacomo Meyerbeer ( September 5, 1791 &ndash May 2, 1864) was a noted German -born Opera Composer, and The brush of landscape artists Lorrain, Ruysdael, or Calame can reproduce on canvas the sun's ray, the coolness of the heavens, the green of the fields, the majesty of the mountains. Claude Lorrain (also Claude Gellée or Le Lorrain) ( Lorraine, c Jacob Izaaksoon van Ruisdael (or Ruysdael) (c 1628 - March 14, 1682) the most celebrated of the Dutch landscapists, was Alexandre Calame ( May 28, 1810 &ndash March 19, 1864) was a Swiss painter. . . but what can never be stolen from Nature is that vivid impression that she alone can and knows how to impart--the music of the birds, the movement of the trees, the aroma peculiar to the place--the inexplicable something the traveller feels that cannot be defined and which seems to awaken in him distant memories of happy days, sorrows and joys gone by, never to return. —Rizal, "Los Viajes" [18]

”

Rizal's life is one of the most documented of the 19th century due to the vast and extensive records written by and about him. ^[19] Most everything in his short life is recorded somewhere, being himself a regular diarist and prolific letter writer, much of these material having survived. His biographers, however, have faced the difficulty of translating his writings because of Rizal's habit of switching from one language to another. They drew largely from his travel diaries with their insights of a young Asian encountering the west for the first time. They included his later trips, home and back again to Europe through Japan and the United States, and, finally, through his self-imposed exile in Hong Kong. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Exile means to be away from one's home (ie city state or country while either being explicitly refused permission to return and/or being threatened by prison or death upon return Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders This period of his education and his frenetic pursuit of life included his recorded affections. Among them were Gertrude Becket of Chalcot Crescent (London), wealthy and high-minded Nelly Boustead of the English and Iberian merchant family, last descendant of a noble Japanese family Usui Seiko, his earlier friendship with Segunda Katigbak and eight-year romantic relationship with his first cousin, Leonor Rivera. The Iberians were a set of peoples that Greek and Roman sources (among others Hecataeus of Miletus, Avienus, Herodot and Strabo

His European friends kept almost everything he gave them, including doodlings on pieces of paper. In the home of a Spanish liberal, Pedro Ortiga y Perez, he left an impression that was to be remembered by his daughter, Consuelo. In her diary, she wrote of a day Rizal spent there and regaled them with his wit, social graces, and sleight-of-hand tricks. In London, during his research on Morga's writings, he became a regular guest in the home of Dr. Reinhold Rost of the British Museum who referred to him as "a gem of a man. The British Museum is a Museum of human history and culture in London. "^[20][19] The family of Karl Ullmer, pastor of Wilhelmsfeld, and the Blumentritts saved even buttonholes and napkins with sketches and notes. Wilhelmsfeld is a municipality in the Rhein-Neckar-Kreis of Baden-Württemberg in Germany. They were ultimately bequeathed to the Rizal family to form a treasure-trove of memorabilia.

Writings

José Rizal's most famous works were his two novels, Noli me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. Noli Me Tangere is a Novel written in Spanish by Filipino writer and National hero José Rizal. El Filibusterismo, also known by its English alternate title The Reign of Greed, is the second novel written by Philippine national hero José Rizal These writings angered both the Spaniards and the hispanicized Filipinos due to their insulting symbolism. They are highly critical of Spanish friars and the atrocities committed in the name of the Church. Rizal's first critic was Ferdinand Blumentritt, a Sudetan-German professor and historian whose first reaction was of misgiving. Ferdinand Blumentritt (September 10 1853 in Prague - September 20 1913 in Litoměřice) was a Sudeten German teacher and a secondary school Blumentritt was the grandson of the Imperial Treasurer at Vienna and a staunch defender of the Catholic faith. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. This did not dissuade him however from writing the preface of El Filibusterismo after he had translated Noli me Tangere into German. Noli was published in Berlin (1887) and Fili in Ghent (1891) with funds borrowed largely from Rizal's friends. As Blumentritt had warned, these led to Rizal's prosecution as the inciter of revolution and eventually, to a military trial and execution. The intended consequence of teaching the natives where they stood brought about an adverse reaction, as the Philippine Revolution of 1896 took off virulently thereafter. This article is about a late 19th-century revolution For a late 20th-century event also referred to as Philippine Revolution see People Power Revolution. As leader of the reform movement of Filipino students in Spain, he contributed essays, allegories, poems, and editorials to the Spanish newspaper La Solidaridad in Barcelona. An essay is usually a short piece of writing It is often written from an author's personal point of view. An allegory (from αλλος allos "other" and el αγορευειν agoreuein "to speak in public" is a figurative mode of representation An editorial, leader (UK or leading article (UK is an article in a Newspaper or Magazine that expresses the opinion of the Editor La Solidaridad was the name of a society of Filipino Intellectuals ( Ilustrados) in Spain who sought to create an adequate representation for the Philippines Barcelona ( Catalan bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish baɾθeˈlona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia The core of his writings centers on liberal and progressive ideas of individual rights and freedom; specifically, rights for the Filipino people. He shared the same sentiments with members of the movement: that the Philippines is battling, in Rizal's own words, "a double-faced Goliath"--corrupt friars and bad government. His commentaries reiterate the following agenda:^[21]

• That the Philippines be a province of Spain
• Representation in the Cortes
• Filipino priests instead of Spanish friars--Augustinians, Dominicans, and Franciscans--in parishes and remote sitios
• Freedom of assembly and speech
• Equal rights before the law (for both Filipino and Spanish plaintiffs)

The colonial authorities in the Philippines did not favor these reforms even if they were more openly endorsed by Spanish intellectuals like Morayta, Unamuno, Margall and others. The Cortes Generales ( Spanish for General Courts or Cortes Españolas, Spanish Courts) is the Legislature of Spain. The Augustinians, named after Saint Augustine of Hippo (died AD 430) are several Catholic Monastic orders and congregations The Order of Preachers ( Latin: Ordo Praedicatorum) after the 15th century more commonly known as the Dominican Order or Dominicans, is The term Franciscan is commonly used to refer to members of Catholic Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo ( September 29, 1864 &ndash December 31, 1936) was an Essayist Novelist poet, playwright Francesc Pi y Margall (April 29 1824 &ndash November 29 1901 was a liberal Spanish statesman and Catalan romanticist writer

Upon his return to Manila in 1892, he formed a civic movement called La Liga Filipina. La Liga Filipina ( The Philippine League) was a progressive organization created by Dr The league advocated these moderate social reforms through legal means, but was disbanded by the governor. A governor is a governing official usually the executive (at least nominally to different degrees also politically and administratively of a non-sovereign level of government At that time, he had already been declared an enemy of the state by the Spanish authorities because of the publication of his novels.

Persecutions

Wenceslao Retana, a political commentator in Spain, had slighted Rizal by a reference to his parents and promptly apologized after being challenged to a duel. Aware that Rizal was a better swordsman, he issued an apology, became an admirer, and wrote Rizal's first European biography. ^[22] Memory as a ten-year old of his mother's treatment at the hands of the civil authorities, with the approval of the Church prelates, hurt so much as to explain his reaction to Retana. The incident stemmed from an accusation that Rizal's mother, Teodora, tried to poison the wife of a cousin when she claimed she only intervened to help. Without a hearing she was ordered to prison in Santa Cruz in 1871, and made to walk the ten miles (16 km) from Calamba. Santa Cruz is a 1st class urban municipality in the province of Laguna, Philippines. She was released after two and a half years of appeals to the highest court. ^[1]

After writing Noli me Tangere, among the numerous other poems, plays and tracts he had already written, he gained further notoriety with the Spaniards. Against the advice of relatives and friends, he came back to the Philippines to aid his family which was in dispute with the Dominican landlords. In 1887, he wrote a petition on behalf of the tenants of Calamba and later that year led them to speak out against friar attempts to raise rent. They initiated a litigation which resulted in the Dominicans evicting them from their homes, including the Rizal family. Eventually, General Valeriano Weyler had the buildings on the farm torn down. Valeriano Weyler Nicolau marqués de Tenerife ( 17 September 1838 - 20 October 1930) was a Spanish soldier

In 1896 while Rizal was in prison in Fort Santiago, his brother Paciano was tortured by Spaniards trying to extract evidence of Jose's complicity in the revolution. A prison, penitentiary, or correctional facility is a place in which individuals are physically confined or interned and usually deprived of a range of Fort Santiago (Fuerza de Santiago is a defense fortress built for Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi. Two officers took turns applying pins under Paciano's fingernails; with his hands bound behind him and raised several feet, he was dropped repeatedly until he lost consciousness.

Exile in Dapitan

Rizal was implicated in the activities of the nascent rebellion and in July 1892, was deported to Dapitan in the province of Zamboanga. The City of Dapitan is a 2nd class city in the province of Zamboanga del Norte, Philippines. A province is a territorial unit almost always an Administrative division. Zamboanga, during the time of the United State's purchase of the Philippines of 1898, was eventually consolidated into one major administrative area by the American government There he built a school, a hospital and a water supply system, and taught and engaged in farming and horticulture. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Horticulture is the art and science of plant cultivation Horticulturists (or horticuluralists) work and conduct research in the fields of Plant propagation Abaca, then the vital raw material for cordage and which Rizal and his students planted in the thousands, was a memorial. Abacá, from Spanish "abacá" (ɑbəˈkɑ] "ah buh KAH") or Musa textilis is a species of Banana native to the Philippines

The boys' school, in which they learned English, considered a prescient if weird option then, was conceived by Rizal and antedated Gordonstoun with its aims of inculcating resourcefulness and self sufficiency in young men. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Gordonstoun is a Scottish Co-educational Independent school famed for having educated three generations of British royalty They would later enjoy successful lives as farmers and honest government officials. One, a Muslim, became a datu, and another, Jose Aseniero, who was with Rizal throughout the life of the school, became Governor of Zamboanga. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Datu or datto is the title for ancient tribal chieftains and monarchs in pre-Hispanic Philippines. A governor is a governing official usually the executive (at least nominally to different degrees also politically and administratively of a non-sovereign level of government Zamboanga, during the time of the United State's purchase of the Philippines of 1898, was eventually consolidated into one major administrative area by the American government

In Dapitan, the Jesuits mounted a great effort to secure his return to the fold led by Father Sanchez, his former professor, who failed in his mission. The task was resumed by Father Pastells, a prominent member of the Order. In a letter to Pastells, Rizal sails close to the ecumenism familiar to us today. ^[23]

"We are entirely in accord in admitting the existence of God. How can I doubt his when I am convinced of mine. Whoso recognizes the effect recognizes the cause. To doubt God is to doubt one's own conscience, and in consequence, it would be to doubt everything; and then what is life for? Now then, my faith in God, if the result of a ratiocination may be called faith, is blind, blind in the sense of knowing nothing. Faith is a Belief in the trustworthiness of an Idea. Formal usage of the word "faith" is usually reserved for concepts of Religion, as in I neither believe nor disbelieve the qualities which many attribute to him; before theologians' and philosophers' definitions and lucubrations of this ineffable and inscrutable being I find myself smiling. Faced with the conviction of seeing myself confronting the supreme Problem, which confused voices seek to explain to me, I cannot but reply: 'It could be; but the God that I foreknow is far more grand, far more good: Plus Supra!. . . I believe in (revelation); but not in revelation or revelations which each religion or religions claim to possess. Examining them impartially, comparing them and scrutinizing them, one cannot avoid discerning the human 'fingernail' and the stamp of the time in which they were written. . . No, let us not make God in our image, poor inhabitants that we are of a distant planet lost in infinite space. However, brilliant and sublime our intelligence may be, it is scarcely more than a small spark which shines and in an instant is extinguished, and it alone can give us no idea of that blaze, that conflagration, that ocean of light. I believe in revelation, but in that living revelation which surrounds us on every side, in that voice, mighty, eternal, unceasing, incorruptible, clear, distinct, universal as is the being from whom it proceeds, in that revelation which speaks to us and penetrates us from the moment we are born until we die. What books can better reveal to us the goodness of God, his love, his providence, his eternity, his glory, his wisdom? 'The heavens declare the glory of God, and the firmament showeth his handiwork'. "^[19]

As a gift to his mother on her birth anniversary he wrote the other of his poems of maturity, "Mi Retiro," with a description of a calm night overlaid with a million stars. The poem, with its concept of a spontaneous creation and speaking of God as Plus Supra, is considered his accommodation of evolution. God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity.

. . . the breeze idly cools, the firmament glows,
the waves tell in sighs to the docile wind
timeless stories beneath the shroud of night.

Say that they tell of the world, the first dawn
of the sun, the first kiss that his bosom inflamed,
when thousands of beings surged out of nothing,
and peopled the depths, and to the heights mounted,
to wherever his fecund kiss was implanted. ^[24]

His best friend, Ferdinand Blumentritt, kept him in touch with European friends and fellow-scientists who wrote a stream of letters which arrived in Dutch, French, German and English and which baffled the censors, delaying their transmittal. Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Those four years of his exile coincided with the development of the Philippine Revolution from inception and to its final breakout, which, from the viewpoint of the court which was to try him, suggested his complicity in it. Exile means to be away from one's home (ie city state or country while either being explicitly refused permission to return and/or being threatened by prison or death upon return This article is about a late 19th-century revolution For a late 20th-century event also referred to as Philippine Revolution see People Power Revolution. ^[19] He condemned the uprising, although all the members of the Katipunan made him honorary president and used his name as a war-cry.

Near the end of his exile he met and courted the stepdaughter of a patient, an Irishwoman named Josephine Bracken. Exile means to be away from one's home (ie city state or country while either being explicitly refused permission to return and/or being threatened by prison or death upon return Marie Josephine Leopoldine Bracken ( August 9, 1876 - March 15, 1902) was the fiancee of Philippine national hero José Rizal He was unable to obtain an ecclesiastical marriage because he would not return to the religion of his youth and was not known to be clearly against revolution. He nonetheless considered Josephine to be his wife and the only person mentioned in the poem, Farewell, sweet stranger, my friend, my joy. . . ^[25]

Last days

Main article: Philippine Revolution

By 1896, the rebellion fomented by the Katipunan, a militant secret society, had become a full blown revolution, proving to be a nationwide uprising and leading to the first proclamation of a democratic republic in Asia. This article is about a late 19th-century revolution For a late 20th-century event also referred to as Philippine Revolution see People Power Revolution. The Katipunan was a Philippine revolutionary organization founded by Filipino rebels in Manila, in 1892 which aimed to gain independence from Spain. To dissociate himself, Rizal volunteered and was given leave by the Spanish Governor General Ramon Blanco to serve in Cuba to minister to victims of yellow fever. Ramón Blanco y Erenas marqués de Peña Plata (1833—1906 was a Spanish Brigadier and colonial administrator Yellow fever (also called yellow jack, black vomit or sometimes American Plague) is an acute viral disease Blanco later was to present his sash and sword to the Rizal family as an apology.

Before he left Dapitan, he issued a manifesto disavowing the revolution and declaring that the education of Filipinos and their achievement of a national identity were prerequisites to freedom. For the Roxy Music album see Manifesto (album. A manifesto is a public declaration of principles and intentions often Rizal was arrested en route, imprisoned in Barcelona, and sent back to Manila to stand trial. He was implicated in the revolution through his association with members of the Katipunan and was to be tried before a court-martial for rebellion, sedition, and conspiracy. A court-martial (plural courts-martial) is a Military court. These military courts can determine Punishments for members of the Military subject Rebellion is a refusal of obedienceIt may therefore be seen as encompassing a range of Behaviours from Civil disobedience and mass Nonviolent resistance This is about the law term For other uses see Sedition (disambiguation Sedition is a term of Law which refers to covert conduct In the Criminal law, a conspiracy is an agreement between Natural persons to break the law at some time in the future and in some cases with at least one overt act During the entire passage, he was unchained, no Spaniard laid a hand on him, and had many opportunities to escape but refused to do so. Rizal was convicted on all three charges and sentenced to death. Death is the termination of the biological functions that define living Organisms It refers both to a specific Governor General Blanco, who was sympathetic to Rizal, had been forced out of office, and the friars had intercalated Polavieja in his stead, sealing Rizal's fate.

His poem, undated and believed to be written on the day before his execution, was hidden in an alcohol stove and later handed to his family with his few remaining possessions, including the final letters and his last bequests. Within hearing of the Spanish guards he reminded his sisters in English, "There is something inside it," referring to the alcohol stove given by the Pardo de Taveras which was to be returned after his execution, thereby emphasizing the importance of the poem. This instruction was followed by another, "Look in my shoes," in which another item was secreted. Exhumation of his remains in August, 1898, under American rule, revealed he had been uncoffined, his burial not on sanctified ground granted the 'confessed' faithful, and whatever was in his shoes had disintegrated. ^[1]

In his letter to his family he wrote: "Treat our aged parents as you would wish to be treated. . . Love them greatly in memory of me. . . 30 December 1896. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St Year 1896 ( MDCCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year "^[19]

In his final letter, to the Sudeten-German professor Ferdinand Blumentritt - Tomorrow at 7, I shall be shot; but I am innocent of the crime of rebellion. Ferdinand Blumentritt (September 10 1853 in Prague - September 20 1913 in Litoměřice) was a Sudeten German teacher and a secondary school . . ^[19] He had to reassure him that he had not turned revolutionary as he once considered being, and that he shared his ideals to the very end. He also bequeathed a book personally bound by him in Dapitan to his 'best and dearest friend. ' When Blumentritt received it he broke down and wept.

Execution

Moments before his execution by a firing squad of Filipino native infantry, backed by an insurance force of Spanish troops, the Spanish surgeon general requested to take his pulse; it was normal. Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. Execution by firing squad is a method of Capital punishment, particularly common in times of war The Infantry is the oldest and most numerous of the Combat Arms in the Armed forces, and consists Aware of this, the Spanish sergeant in charge of the backup force hushed his men to silence when they began raising 'vivas!' with the partisan crowd. His last words were that of Jesus Christ: "consummatum est",--it is done. The seven sayings of Jesus on the cross are a traditional collection of seven short phrases uttered by Jesus at his Crucifixion immediately before he died ^[26][2][27]

He was secretly buried in Paco Cemetery in Manila with no identification on his grave. History Paco was formerly known as Dilao because of plants that produce yellow color were once plentiful in this district His sister Narcisa toured all possible gravesites and found freshly turned earth at the cemetery with civil guards posted at the gate. A cemetery is a place in which dead bodies and cremated remains are buried. Assuming this could be the most likely spot, there being ever no ground burials there, she made a gift to the caretaker to mark the site "RPJ. "

A national monument

Main article: Rizal Park

A monument, with his remains, now stands at the place where he fell, designed by the Swiss Richard Kissling of the famed William Tell sculpture. Rizal Park is situated in the heart of the city of Manila, Philippines. Richard Kissling (April 15 1848 - July 19 1919 was a Swiss sculptor William Tell (;) ^[28] The statue carries the inscription I want to show to those who deprive people the right to love of country, that when we know how to sacrifice ourselves for our duties and convictions, death does not matter if one dies for those one loves – for his country and for others dear to him. ^[19]

Aftermath

'Retraction' controversy

That his burial was not on holy ground led to issues raised on the veracity of accounts of his 'retraction,' which the Church ever since has been vigorously defending. Many continue to believe that Rizal neither married his sweetheart Josephine Bracken in Roman Catholic rites hours before his execution nor ever retracted those parts of his writings that were anti-Roman Catholic. ^[29][30]

Those who deny the retraction point out to a revealing clue tucked in 'Adiós', I go where there are no slaves, no hangmen or oppressors, where faith does not kill. . . ^[31] Whether this stanza was his final comment on the Catholic Church is a subject of dispute. In most of his writings Rizal maintained that the men of the cloth were the real rulers and the real government. Much of the Church's case rests on claims of a signed retraction, a copy of which could not be produced and shown to the Rizal family despite their repeated requests. The retraction controversy was documented in a film Bayaning Third World by Mike de Leon. Miguel Pamintuan de Leon is a noted Filipino Film director, Cinematographer, Scripwriter and Film producer.

"Mi último adiós"

Main article: Mi último adiós

The poem is more aptly titled, "Adiós, Patria Adorada" (literally "Farewell, Beloved Country"). " Mi último adiós " ( Spanish for "My Last Farewell" is a Poem written by Philippine national hero Jose Rizal on the eve of his By virtue of logic and literary tradition, the words come from the first line of the poem itself. It first appeared in print not in Manila but in Hong Kong in 1897, when a copy of the poem and an accompanying photograph came to J. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders P. Braga who decided to publish it in a monthly journal he edited. There was a delay when Braga, who greatly admired Rizal, wanted a good job of the photograph and sent it to be engraved in London, a process taking well over two months. It finally appeared under 'Mi último pensamiento,' a title he supplied and by which it was known for a few years. Thus, when the Jesuit Father Balaguer's anonymous account of the retraction and the marriage to Josephine was appearing in Barcelona, no word of the poem's existence reached him in time to revise what he had written. His account was too elaborate that Rizal would have had no time to write "Adiós. "

Six years after his death, when the Philippine Organic Act of 1902 was being debated in the United States Congress, Representative Henry Cooper of Wisconsin rendered an English translation of Rizal's valedictory poem capped by the peroration, "Under what clime or what skies has tyranny claimed a nobler victim?"^[32] The Americans, however, would not sign the bill into law until 1916 and did not grant full autonomy until 1946--fifty years after Rizal's death. The Jones Law or the Act of Congress of August 29 1916, known as the Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916, replaced the Philippine Organic Act of 1902 (Philippine

Josephine Bracken

Josephine Bracken promptly joined the revolutionary forces in Cavite province, making her way through thicket and mud, and helped operate a reloading jig for Mauser cartridges at the arsenal at Imus. Marie Josephine Leopoldine Bracken ( August 9, 1876 - March 15, 1902) was the fiancee of Philippine national hero José Rizal Cavite is a province of the Philippines located on the southern shores of Manila Bay in the Calabarzon region in Luzon, Mauser is the common name of a German arms manufacturer maker of a line of Bolt-action Rifles from the 1870s to present The Municipality of Imus ( Filipino: Bayan ng Imus) is a first class Because of its strategic location at the The short-lived arsenal under the Revolutionary General Pantaleon Garcia had been reloading spent cartridges again and again and the reloading jig was in continuous use, but Imus was under threat of recapture that the operation had to move, with Josephine, to Maragondon, the mountain redoubt in Cavite. The Municipality of Maragondon ( Filipino: Bayan ng Maragondon) is a 4th class municipality in the province of Cavite, Philippines She witnessed the Tejeros Convention prior to returning to Manila and was summoned by the Governor-General, but owing to her stepfather's American citizenship she could not be forcibly deported. The Tejeros Convention (alternate names include Tejeros Assembly and Tejeros Congress) was the meeting held between the Magdiwang and Magdalo The term governor general or governor-general refers to a vice-regal representative of a Monarch in an independent realm or a major colonial circonscription She left voluntarily, returning to Hong Kong. She later married another Filipino, Vicente Abad, a mestizo acting as agent for the Philippine firm of Tabacalera. She died in Hong Kong in 1902, a pauper's death, buried in an unknown grave, and never knew how a line of verse had rendered her immortal. ^[33].

She bore a stillborn child with Rizal, Francisco Rizal y Bracken, who was buried in Dapitan, Mindanao. The child's birth is portrayed in the Marilou Diaz-Abaya film "Rizal"

Polavieja faced condemnation by his countrymen. Years after his return to Spain, while visiting Giron in Cataluña, circulars were distributed among the crowd bearing Rizal's last verses, his portrait, and the charge that to Polavieja was due the loss of the Philippines to Spain

Criticism

Attempts to debunk legends surrounding Rizal, and the tug of war between free thinker and Catholic, have served to keep him a living issue. Catalonia (Cataluña Catalunya Aranese: Catalonha) is an Autonomous Community in the northeast part of Spain. While some leaders, Gandhi for one, have been elevated to high pedestals and even deified, Rizal has remained a controversial figure. In one recorded fall from grace he succumbed to the temptation of a 'lady of the camelias. ' The writer, Maximo Viola, a friend of Rizal's, was alluding to Dumas's 1848 novel, La dame aux camelias, about a man who fell in love with a courtesan. Alexandre Dumas Fils (French for son similar to Junior in English ( July 27, 1824 &ndash November 27, 1895) was While the affair was on record, there was no account in Viola's letter whether it was more than a one-night event and if it was more of a business transaction than an amorous affair^[34]

Others present him as a man of contradictions. Miguel de Unamuno in "Rizal: the Tagalog Hamlet", said of him, "a soul that dreads the revolution although deep down desires it. Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo ( September 29, 1864 &ndash December 31, 1936) was an Essayist Novelist poet, playwright He pivots between fear and hope, between faith and despair. "^[35] His critics assert this character flaw is translated into his two novels where he opposes violence in Noli and appears to advocate it in Fili, contrasting Ibarra's idealism to Simoun's cynicism. His defenders insist this ambivalence is trounced when Simoun is struck down in the sequel's final chapters, reaffirming the author's resolute stance, Pure and spotless must the victim be if the sacrifice is to be acceptable. ^[36] In the same tenor, Rizal condemned the uprising when Bonifacio asked for his support. Bonifacio, in turn, openly denounced him as a coward for his refusal. ^[37] Rizal believed that an armed struggle for independence was premature and ill-conceived. Here Rizal is speaking through Father Florentino: . . . our liberty will (not) be secured at the sword's point. . . we must secure it by making ourselves worthy of it. And when a people reaches that height God will provide a weapon, the idols will be shattered, tyranny will crumble like a house of cards and liberty will shine out like the first dawn. ^[36]

Rizal never held a gun or sword in the battlefield to fight for freedom. This fact leads some to question his ranking as the nation's premier hero, with a few who believe in the beatification of Bonifacio in his stead. Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro ( November 30, 1863 &ndash May 10, 1897) son of Santiago Bonifacio and Catalina de Castro was a Filipino In his defense, the historian, Rafael Palma, contends that the revolution of Bonifacio is a consequence wrought by the writings of Rizal and that although the sword of Bonifacio produced an immediate outcome, the pen of Rizal generated a more lasting achievement. ^[38]

Legacy

Rizal's advocacy of institutional reforms by peaceful means rather than by violent revolution makes him Asia's first modern non-violent proponent of political reforms. The peso ( Filipino: piso) ( sign: ₱; code: PHP) is the currency of the Philippines. Forerunner of Gandhi and contemporary of Tagore and Sun Yat Sen, all four created a new climate of thought throughout Asia, leading to the attrition of colonialism and the emergence of new Asiatic nations by the end of World War II. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ( Gujarati: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી moɦən̪d̪äs kəɾəmʧən̪d̪ gän̪d̪ʱi (2 October 1869 – 30 January Sun Yat-sen ( November 12, 1866 &ndash March 12, 1925) was a Chinese Revolutionary and political leader often See Colony and Colonization for examples of colonialism which do not refer to Western colonialism World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Rizal's appearance on the scene came at a time when European colonial power had been growing and spreading, mostly motivated by trade, some for the purpose of bringing Western forms of government and education to peoples regarded as backward. Coinciding with the appearance of those other leaders, Rizal from an early age had been enunciating in poems, tracts and plays, ideas all his own of modern nationhood as a practical possibility in Asia. In the Noli he stated that if European civilization had nothing better to offer, colonialism in Asia was doomed. ^[39] Such was recognized by Gandhi who regarded him as a forerunner in the cause of freedom. Jawaharlal Nehru, in his prison letters to his daughter Indira, acknowledged Rizal's significant contributions in the Asian freedom movement. Jawaharlal Nehru (जवाहरलाल नेहरू ʤəʋäɦəɾläl nɛɦɾu (14 November 1889 27 May 1964 was a major political leader of the Congress Party Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi ( Indirā Priyadarśinī Gāndhī) ( Née: Nehru (19 November 1917 - 31 October 1984 was the Prime Minister of the These leaders regarded these contributions as keystones and acknowledged Rizal's role in the movement as foundation layer.

Rizal, through his reading of Morga and other western historians, knew of the genial image of Spain's early relations with his people. ^[40] In his writings, he showed the disparity between the early colonialists and those of his day, with the latter's atrocities giving rise to Gomburza and the Philippine Revolution of 1896. Gomburza or GOMBURZA is an Acronym denoting the surnames of Fathers Mariano '''Góm'''ez, José Apolonio '''Bur'''gos, and Jacinto '''Za'''mora His biographer, Austin Coates, and writer, Benedict Anderson, believe that Rizal gave the Philippine revolution a genuinely national character; and that Rizal's patriotism and his standing as one of Asia's first intellectuals have inspired others of the importance of a national identity to nation-building. Austin Coates (1922-1997 was a British civil servant, writer and traveller Benedict Richard O'Gorman Anderson (born August 26, 1936) is Aaron L ^[26][41]

Although his field of action lay in politics, Rizal's real interests lay in the arts and sciences, in literature and in his profession as an ophthalmologist. Shortly after his death, the Anthropological Society of Berlin met to honor him with a reading of a German translation of his farewell poem and Dr. Rudolf Virchow delivering the eulogy. Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow ( 13 October 1821 &ndash 5 September 1902) was a German doctor, anthropologist, public health ^[42]

The Taft Commission in June 1901 approved Act 137 renaming the District of Morong into the Province of Rizal, and Act 346 authorizing a government subscription for the erection of a national monument in Rizal's honor. William Howard Taft (September 15 1857 – March 8 1930 was an American politician, the twenty-seventh President of the United States, the tenth Chief Justice Rizal is a province of the Philippines located in the CALABARZON region in Luzon, just 20 kilometers east of Manila. Republic Act 1425 was passed in 1956 by the Philippine legislature that would include in all high school and college curricula a course in the study of his life, works and writings. The wide acceptance of Rizal is partly evidenced by the countless towns, streets, and numerous parks in the Philippines named in his honor. Monuments in his honor were erected in Madrid, Spain,^[43] Wilhelmsfeld, Germany,^[44] Jinjiang, Fujian, China,^[45] Chicago,^[46] San Diego,^[47] and Seattle, U. Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. Wilhelmsfeld is a municipality in the Rhein-Neckar-Kreis of Baden-Württemberg in Germany. This article is about the People's Republic of China province Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. S. A. ,^[48] and many poetic titles were bestowed on him: "Pride of the Malay Race," "the First Filipino", "Greatest Man of the Brown Race," among others. The Order of the Knights of Rizal, a civic and patriotic organization, boasts of dozens of chapters all over the globe [19] [20]. There are some remote-area religious sects who claim him as a sublimation of Christ. Christ is the English term for the Greek ( Khristós) meaning "the anointed "

See also

• José Rizal (film)
• José Rizal (wikiquote) [[21]]
• Rizal Day bombings
• Rizal Shrine
• USS Rizal
• Rizal's vision on global fellowship
• "Josephine Bracken: Jose Rizal’s Dulce Estranjera" at http://www.socyberty.com/History/Josephine-Bracken-Jose-Rizals-Dulce-Estranjera.111115

References

For further reading

External links

• Statue of Jose Rizal in Texas
• More photos and information on José Rizal Park, Dapitan City
• The Life and Writings of Jose Rizal. Accessed 10 January 2007. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
•   "José Mercado Rizal". Catholic Encyclopedia. The Catholic Encyclopedia, also referred to today as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia, is an English-language Encyclopedia published by The Encyclopedia (1913). New York: Robert Appleton Company.  
• Works by José Rizal at Project Gutenberg Accessed 10 January 2007
• Jose Rizal Website Accessed 10 January 2007. Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works
• Rizal's Little Odyssey. Accessed 10 January 2007. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
• 22 languages at 3rd paragraph reference 3
• Review of Dimasalang: The Masonic Life Of Dr. Jose P. Rizal. Accessed 10 January 2007. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
• Benedict Anderson Accessed 10 January 2007.
• Jose Rizal, a revolutionary friend of Don Quixote (French) Accessed 10 January 2007. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war.
• Comparison between Jose Rizal and Jose Marti (Spanish) Accessed 10 January 2007. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
• Caiñgat Cayo! original image scans of the pamphlet written in 1889.
• Why is Rizal the greatest Filipino hero?. Accessed 10 January 2007. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war.
• Extensive annotated list of Rizaliana materials on the Internet
• (French) Chevaliers de Rizal

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