| Jorge Videla | |
 President Videla in 1977 |
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| In office March 29, 1976 – March 29, 1981 |
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| Preceded by | Isabel Perón |
| Succeeded by | Roberto Viola |
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| Born | August 21, 1925 Mercedes, Buenos Aires |
| Nationality | Argentine |
| Profession | Military |
Jorge Rafael Videla Redondo (born August 21, 1925 in Mercedes, Buenos Aires) was the dictator and de facto President of Argentina from 1976 to 1981. The President of Argentina (full title President of the Argentine Nation, Spanish: Presidente de la Nación Argentina) is the Head of state Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 María Estela Martínez Cartas de Perón (born February 4, 1931) better known as Isabel Martínez de Perón or Isabel Perón, is a former Roberto Eduardo Viola Prevedini ( October 13 1924 &ndash September 30 1994) was a military officer who briefly served as president Events 1192 - Minamoto Yoritomo becomes Seii Tai Shōgun and the De facto ruler of Japan. Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Mercedes is a city in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking Events 1192 - Minamoto Yoritomo becomes Seii Tai Shōgun and the De facto ruler of Japan. Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Mercedes is a city in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. He came to power in a coup d'état that deposed Isabel Martínez de Perón. María Estela Martínez Cartas de Perón (born February 4, 1931) better known as Isabel Martínez de Perón or Isabel Perón, is a former After the return to democracy, he was prosecuted for large-scale human rights abuses and crimes against humanity that took place under his rule, including kidnappings or forced disappearance, widespread torture and extrajudicial murder of activists, political opponents (either real, suspected or alleged), as well as their families, at secret concentration camps. This article refers to the Argentine Dirty War for the British film of the same name see Dirty War (film. In Public international law, a crime against humanity is an act of Persecution or any large scale atrocities against a body of people and is the highest level of A forced disappearance occurs when an organization forces a person to vanish from Public view either by Murder or by simple Sequestration. Torture, according to the United Nations Convention Against Torture, is "any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental is intentionally Murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with Malice aforethought, as defined in Common Law countries Internment is the imprisonment or confinement of people commonly in large groups without trial The accusations also included the theft of many babies born during the captivity of their mothers at the illegal detention centres. He is now under house arrest. In Justice and Law, house arrest (also called home confinement, home detention, or electronic monitoring) is a measure by which [1]
Contents |
The coup
After serving as Director of the Nation's Military Academy (Colegio Militar de la Nación) and after almost two months as Chief of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (Estado Mayor Conjunto) of the Argentine Armed Forces[2], Brigade General Jorge Videla was named Commander-in-Chief by President Isabel Perón in 1975. A commander-in-chief is the Commander of a nation's Military forces or significant element of those forces Perón, former Vice-President to her husband Juan Perón, had come to the presidency following his death. Juan Domingo Perón (October 8 1895 &ndash July 1 1974 was an Argentine Colonel and Politician, elected three times as President of Argentina Her authoritarian administration was unpopular and ineffectual. Videla headed a military coup which deposed her on 24 March 1976. Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A military junta was formed, made up of himself, representing the Army, Admiral Emilio Massera representing the Navy, and Brigadier General Orlando Ramón Agosti representing the Air Force. A military dictatorship is a Form of government wherein the political power resides with the Military; it is similar but not identical to a Stratocracy, The Argentine Army ( Ejército Argentino, EA is the land armed force branch of the Argentine military and the senior military service of the country Emilio Eduardo Massera (born October 19, 1925, Paraná, Entre Ríos) is a former Argentine military officer and part of the 1976 The Navy of the Argentine Republic or Armada of the Argentine Republic ( Armada de la República Argentina — ARA is the Navy The Argentine Air Force ( Fuerza Aérea Argentina or FAA) is the national aviation branch of the Armed forces of Argentina. Two days after the coup, Videla formally assumed the post of President of Argentina. The President of Argentina (full title President of the Argentine Nation, Spanish: Presidente de la Nación Argentina) is the Head of state
Human rights violations
The military junta took power during a period of extreme instability, with terrorist attacks from the Marxist groups ERP and the Montoneros, who had turned underground after Juan Perón's death in July 1974, from one side and violent right-wing kidnappings, tortures, and assassinations from the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance, led by José López Rega, Perón's Minister of Social Welfare, and other death squads on the other side. La Exposición Rural (in English The Rural Exhibition is an annual agricultural and livestock show held in Palermo Buenos Aires, Argentina This article refers to the Argentine Dirty War for the British film of the same name see Dirty War (film. Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. The Montonero Peronist Movement (Movimiento Peronista Montonero was an Argentine left-wing Peronist guerrilla group active during the 1960s and 1970s Juan Domingo Perón (October 8 1895 &ndash July 1 1974 was an Argentine Colonel and Politician, elected three times as President of Argentina In Politics, right-wing, the political right, and the Right are positions that uphold traditional values and/or authorities The Argentine Anticommunist Alliance ( Alianza Anticomunista Argentina, usually known as Triple A or AAA was a Far-right Death squad active in José López Rega ( 17 October 1916 &ndash 9 June 1989) was Argentina 's Minister of Social Welfare during the Peronist A death squad is an armed Squad that kills civilians terrorists or guerillas The members of the junta took advantage of this to justify the coup, by naming the administration "National Reorganization Process". The National Reorganization Process (in Spanish, Proceso de Reorganización Nacional, often simply El Proceso) was the name used by its leaders The Argentine military government arrested, detained, tortured, and killed suspected terrorists and political opponents. As a result, human rights violations became commonplace. Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled According to estimates, at least 8,960 and up to about 30,000 Argentinians were subject to forced disappearance (desaparecidos) and most probably killed; many were illegally detained and tortured, and others went into exile. A forced disappearance occurs when an organization forces a person to vanish from Public view either by Murder or by simple Sequestration. Exile means to be away from one's home (ie city state or country while either being explicitly refused permission to return and/or being threatened by prison or death upon return [3] Politically, all legislative power was concentrated in the hands of Videla's nine-man junta, and every single important position in the national government was filled with loyal military officers. The junta banned labor unions and strikes, abolished the judiciary, and effectively suspended most civil liberties. A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming Strike action, often simply called a strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal by Employees to perform work. Despite the abuses, Videla's regime received support from the Argentine Roman Catholic Church and local media, though the extent to which such support was given willingly remains the subject of much debate.
In addition to direct abuses by the military, far-right paramilitary groups, particularly the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance (AAA), carried out widespread atrocities, given free rein by the new military government. Far right, extreme right, ultra-right, or radical right are terms used to discuss the qualitative or quantitative position a group A paramilitary is a force whose function and organization are similar to those of a professional military force but which are not regarded as having the same status The Argentine Anticommunist Alliance ( Alianza Anticomunista Argentina, usually known as Triple A or AAA was a Far-right Death squad active in
Conflict with Chile
During Videla's regime, Argentina refused the Report and decision of the Court of Arbitration over the Beagle conflict at the southern tip of South America and started the de:Operation Soberania in order to invade the islands. Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (November Mendoza (men'dōzə is the capital city of Mendoza Province, in Argentina. Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) The Beagle Conflict was a border dispute between Chile and Argentina over the possession of Picton Lennox and Nueva islands and the scope of the maritime The Beagle Conflict was a border dispute between Chile and Argentina over the possession of Picton Lennox and Nueva islands and the scope of the maritime In 1971 Chile and Argentina sent their boundary dispute to binding Beagle Channel Arbitration.
In 1978, however, Pope John Paul II opened a mediation process. Pope His representative, Antonio Samoré, successfully prevented full-scale war. Antonio Cardinal Samoré ( December 4, 1905 &mdash February 3, 1983) was an Italian Prelate of the Roman
The conflict was not completely resolved until 1984 with the Treaty of Peace and Friendship (Tratado de Paz y Amistad). The Beagle Conflict was a border dispute between Chile and Argentina over the possession of Picton Lennox and Nueva islands and the scope of the maritime Chilean sovereignty over the islands is now undisputed.
Economic policy
Videla largely left economic policies in the hands of Minister José Alfredo Martínez de Hoz. José Alfredo Martínez de Hoz (born 13 August 1925 in Salta, Argentina) was an Argentine policy maker and executive best known as During his tenure, the foreign debt increased fourfold, and disparities between the upper and lower classes became much more pronounced as compared to the populist days of Perón. External debt (or foreign debt) is that part of the total debt in a country that is owed to Creditors outside the country
Videla's image abroad
One of Videla's greatest challenges was his image abroad. He attributed criticism over human rights to an anti-Argentine campaign.
On 30 April 1977, Azucena Villaflor, along with 13 other women, started demonstrations on the Plaza de Mayo, in front of the Casa Rosada presidential palace, demanding the whereabouts of their disappeared children; they would become known as las madres de la Plaza de Mayo. Azucena Villaflor ( 7 April 1924, Avellaneda &ndash- December 1977? was an Argentine social activist, one of the founders of The Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo (Asociación Madres de Plaza de Mayo is an association of Argentine Mothers whose children " disappeared quot during During a human rights investigation in September 1979, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights denounced his government, citing many disappearances and instances of abuse. The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (the IACHR or in the three other official languages Spanish, French, and Portuguese CIDH Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, leader of the Peace and Justice Service (Servicio Paz y Justicia) organization, was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1980 for exposing many of Argentina's human rights violations to the world at large. Adolfo Pérez Esquivel (born November 26, 1931 in Buenos Aires, Argentina) was the recipient of the 1980 Nobel Peace Prize. The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish, Danish and Nobels fredspris is one of five Nobel Prizes Bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor
Relationship with the United States
At first, the United States government was willing to maintain normal diplomatic relations with Argentina, though transcripts show U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and the U. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs Henry Alfred Kissinger (born Heinz Alfred Kissinger on May 27, 1923) is a German -born American bureaucrat diplomat and 1973 S. ambassador to Argentina in conflict over how the new regime should be treated, with Kissinger preferring to remain friendly based on anti-Communist interests despite talk of human rights abuses. Anti-communism refers to opposition to Communism. Historically the word "communism" has been used to refer to several types of communal social organization and This changed in 1977 with the inauguration of President Jimmy Carter, who implemented a strict stance against human rights abuses even when dealing with friendly governments. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002 U. S. -Argentine relations remained lukewarm at best until Ronald Reagan became president in 1981. His administration sought the assistance of the Argentinean intelligence services in training the Contras for guerrilla warfare against the new Sandinista government in Nicaragua. The Contras is a label given to the various rebel groups opposing Nicaragua 's FSLN (Frente Sandinista de Liberacion Nacional Sandinista Junta of National The Sandinista National Liberation Front ( Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional) is a socialist Nicaraguan Political party. Nicaragua (ˌnɪkəˈrɑgwə officially the Republic of Nicaragua () is a representative democratic republic and the largest nation in Central America Because of this, Videla maintained a relatively friendly relationship with the U. S. under the Reagan administration, though the junta later fell out of favor with the U. The United States Presidency of Ronald Reagan, also known as the Reagan Administration, was a Republican administration headed by S. over the Falklands War after Videla had stepped down. The Falklands War (Guerra de las Malvinas/Guerra del Atlántico Sur also called the Falklands Conflict/Crisis, was fought in 1982 between Argentina and the
Later years
Videla relinquished power to Roberto Viola on March 29, 1981. Roberto Eduardo Viola Prevedini ( October 13 1924 &ndash September 30 1994) was a military officer who briefly served as president Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981
Democracy was restored in 1983, and Videla was put on trial and found guilty. He was sentenced to life imprisonment and was discharged from the military in 1985. The tribunal found Videla guilty of numerous homicides, kidnapping, torture, and many other crimes.
Videla was imprisoned for only five years. In 1990, President Carlos Menem pardoned Videla together with many other former members of the military regime. Carlos Saúl Menem Akil (born July 2, 1930) was President of Argentina from July 8, 1989 to December 10, 1999 A pardon is the forgiveness of a crime and the penalty associated with it Menem cited the need to get over past conflicts as his main reason.
Videla briefly returned to prison in 1998 when a judge found him guilty of the kidnapping of babies during the Dirty War, including the child of the desaparecida Silvia Quintela. This article refers to the Argentine Dirty War for the British film of the same name see Dirty War (film. Silvia Quintela (1948&mdashafter 1 September 1977 was an Argentine doctor who became one of the best-known victims among " the disappeared " during the " Videla spent 38 days in the old part of the Caseros Prison, and was later transferred to house arrest due to health issues. The Caseros Prison ( Cárcel de Caseros) was a Panopticon prison in Parque Patricios, a neighborhood in the southern part of Buenos [4][5]
Following the election of President Néstor Kirchner in 2003, there has been a widespread effort in Argentina to show the illegality of Videla's rule. Néstor Carlos Kirchner Ostoić (born February 25, 1950) was the President of Argentina from May 25, 2003 until December The government no longer recognizes Videla as having been a legal president of the country, and his portrait has been removed from the military school. There have also been many legal prosecutions of officials associated with the crimes of the regime.
On September 6, 2006, Judge Norberto Oyarbide ruled that the pardon granted by Menem was unconstitutional, opening up the possibility of a trial. Events 3114 BC - According to the Proleptic Julian calendar the current era in the Maya Long Count Calendar started Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. [6]. On April 25, 2007, a federal court struck down his presidential pardon and restored his human rights abuse convictions[7].
Trivia
Dutch football legend Johan Cruyff famously refused to travel to Argentina for the 1978 FIFA World Cup in protest against the human rights abuses perpetrated by Videla's junta. The 1978 FIFA World Cup, the 11th staging of the World Cup was held in Argentina between June 1 and June 25. Coincidentally, the Netherlands lost 3–1 to Argentina in the final. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands [1]
See also
- Roberto Viola
- José Alfredo Martínez de Hoz
- Albano Harguindeguy
- Leopoldo Galtieri
- Falklands War
- Dirty War
- National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons
References
- ^ Argentina military junta members, top officers, and ministers. Roberto Eduardo Viola Prevedini ( October 13 1924 &ndash September 30 1994) was a military officer who briefly served as president José Alfredo Martínez de Hoz (born 13 August 1925 in Salta, Argentina) was an Argentine policy maker and executive best known as Albano Eduardo Harguindeguy (born 1927 was a general of the Argentine Army, and the Interior minister of Argentina under dictator Jorge Rafael Videla Leopoldo Fortunato Galtieri Castelli ( July 15, 1926 - January 12, 2003) was an Argentine general and President of Argentina The Falklands War (Guerra de las Malvinas/Guerra del Atlántico Sur also called the Falklands Conflict/Crisis, was fought in 1982 between Argentina and the This article refers to the Argentine Dirty War for the British film of the same name see Dirty War (film. The National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons (Spanish es Comisión Nacional sobre la Desaparición de Personas, CONADEP was an Argentine organization The Vanished Gallery.
- ^ "Estado Mayor Conjunto".
- ^ The Victims: Abducted, Tortured, Vanished. The Vanished Gallery.
- ^ "'Dirty War' arrest", BBC News, 10 Jun 1998.
- ^ "Argentine junta head has 'stroke'", BBC News, 17 Dec 2004.
- ^ "Argentine junta pardons revoked", BBC News, 6 Sep 2006.
- ^ "Argentine court overturns "Dirty War" pardon", Reuters, April 25 2007. Retrieved on 2007-04-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy.
| Preceded by Isabel Perón |
President of Argentina 1976–1981 |
Succeeded by Roberto Viola |
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