Jonathan Swift
Born	30 November 1667(1667-11-30)[1] Dublin, Ireland1
Died	19 October 1745 (aged 77) Ireland
Occupation	satirist, essayist, political pamphleteer, poet, priest
Notable work(s)	Gulliver's Travels A Modest Proposal A Tale of a Tub Drapier's Letters

Jonathan Swift (November 30, 1667^[1] – October 19, 1745) was an Anglo-Irish cleric, Dean of St. Patrick's, Dublin, satirist, essayist, political pamphleteer (first for Whigs then for Tories), and poet. Events 1700 - Battle of Narva — A Swedish army of 8500 men under Charles XII defeats Dublin (ˈdʌblɨn/ /ˈdʊblɨn or /ˈdʊbəlɪn/, bˠalʲə aːha klʲiəh or cliə(ɸ is both the largest city and capital of Ireland. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Events 202 BCE - The Battle of Zama results in the defeat of Carthage and Hannibal. Year 1745 ( MDCCXLV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. Satire is often strictly defined as a literary genre or form; although in practice it is also found in the graphic and Performing arts In satire human An essay is usually a short piece of writing It is often written from an author's personal point of view. A pamphleteer is a historical term for someone who creates or distributes Pamphlets Pamphlets were used to broadcast the writer's opinions on an issue for example in order A poet is a person who writes Poetry. Etymology From the Ancient greek: ποιέω, poieō: "I make or compose" A priest or priestess is a person having the authority or power to administer religious rites in particular rites of sacrifice to and propitiation of a deity or deities Gulliver's Travels (1726 amended 1735 officially Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World in Four Parts A Modest Proposal For Preventing the Children of Poor People in Ireland from Being a Burden to Their Parents or Country and for Making Them Beneficial to the Public, A Tale of a Tub was the first major work written by Jonathan Swift, composed between 1694 and 1697 and published in 1704 Drapier's Letters is the collective name for a series of seven Pamphlets written by the Dean of St Patrick's Cathedral, Jonathan Swift Events 1700 - Battle of Narva — A Swedish army of 8500 men under Charles XII defeats Events 202 BCE - The Battle of Zama results in the defeat of Carthage and Hannibal. Year 1745 ( MDCCXLV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a " Anglo-Irish " was a term used historically to describe a privileged Social class in Ireland, whose members were the descendants and successors of the A dean, in a church context is a Cleric holding certain positions of authority within a religious hierarchy Saint Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin, formally known as The National Cathedral and Collegiate Church of Saint Patrick Dublin or in the Irish language Satire is often strictly defined as a literary genre or form; although in practice it is also found in the graphic and Performing arts In satire human An essay is usually a short piece of writing It is often written from an author's personal point of view. A pamphleteer is a historical term for someone who creates or distributes Pamphlets Pamphlets were used to broadcast the writer's opinions on an issue for example in order A poet is a person who writes Poetry. Etymology From the Ancient greek: ποιέω, poieō: "I make or compose"

He is famous for works like Gulliver's Travels, A Modest Proposal, A Journal to Stella, Drapier's Letters, The Battle of the Books, An Argument Against Abolishing Christianity, and A Tale of a Tub. Gulliver's Travels (1726 amended 1735 officially Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World in Four Parts A Modest Proposal For Preventing the Children of Poor People in Ireland from Being a Burden to Their Parents or Country and for Making Them Beneficial to the Public, Drapier's Letters is the collective name for a series of seven Pamphlets written by the Dean of St Patrick's Cathedral, Jonathan Swift The Battle of the Books is the name of a short Satire written by Jonathan Swift and published as part of the Prolegomena to his A Tale An Argument to Prove that the Abolishing of Christianity in England May as Things Now Stand Today be Attended with Some Inconveniences and Perhaps not Produce Those Many Good Effects A Tale of a Tub was the first major work written by Jonathan Swift, composed between 1694 and 1697 and published in 1704 Swift is probably the foremost prose satirist in the English language, and is less well known for his poetry. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Swift originally published all of his works under pseudonyms — such as Lemuel Gulliver, Isaac Bickerstaff, M.B. Drapier — or anonymously. A pseudonym is a fictitious alternative to a person's legal name (see Alias) Lemuel Gulliver is the protagonist of the novel Gulliver's Travels, created by Jonathan Swift in 1726. Isaac Bickerstaff Esq was a pseudonym used by Jonathan Swift as part of a hoax to predict the death of then famous Almanac –maker Astrologer, and quack Drapier's Letters is the collective name for a series of seven Pamphlets written by the Dean of St Patrick's Cathedral, Jonathan Swift He is also known for being a master of two styles of satire; the Horatian and Juvenalian styles. Quintus Horatius Flaccus, ( Venosa, December 8, 65 BC - Rome, November 27, 8 BC known in the English-speaking world as Horace Decimus Iunius Iuvenalis, known in English as Juvenal, was a Roman Poet active in the late 1st and early 2nd century AD author of the

Biography

Youth

Jonathan Swift was born at No. 7, Hoey's Court, Dublin, and was the second child and only son of Jonathan Swift (a second cousin of John Dryden) and wife Abigail Erick (or Herrick), paternal grandson of Thomas Swift and wife Elizabeth Dryden, daughter of Nicholas Dryden (brother of Sir Erasmus Dryden, 1st Baronet) and wife Mary Emyley. Dublin (ˈdʌblɨn/ /ˈdʊblɨn or /ˈdʊbəlɪn/, bˠalʲə aːha klʲiəh or cliə(ɸ is both the largest city and capital of Ireland. John Dryden (– was an influential English poet Literary critic, Translator and playwright who dominated the literary life of Restoration England His father was Irish born and his mother was born in England. Swift arrived seven months after his father's untimely death. Most of the facts of Swift's early life are obscure, confused and sometimes contradictory. It is widely believed that his mother returned to England when Jonathan was still very young, then leaving him to be raised by his father's family. His uncle Godwin took primary responsibility for the young Jonathan, sending him with one of his cousins to Kilkenny College (also attended by the philosopher George Berkeley). Kilkenny College or KCK is a co-educational Secondary school located in Kilkenny, in the South-East of Ireland. George Berkeley (ˈbɑrkli (12 March 1685 14 January 1753 also known as Bishop Berkeley, was a Philosopher.

Jonathan Swift at Trinity

In 1682 he attended Dublin University (Trinity College, Dublin), receiving his B.A. in 1686. Trinity College Dublin ( TCD; Irish Coláiste na Tríonóide Baile Átha Cliath; Latin: Collegium Sacrosanctae et Individuae Trinitatis Reginae Swift was studying for his Master's degree when political troubles in Ireland surrounding the Glorious Revolution forced him to leave for England in 1688, where his mother helped him get a position as secretary and personal assistant of Sir William Temple at Moor Park, Farnham. The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England (VII of Scotland in 1688 by a union Sir William Temple 1st Baronet ( 25 April 1628 – 27 January 1699) Statesman and Essayist, son of Sir John Temple Moor Park, Farnham, Surrey, England is a Grade II listed house set in some 60 Acres of grounds Temple was an English diplomat who, having arranged the Triple Alliance of 1668, retired from public service to his country estate to tend his gardens and write his memoirs. Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting Negotiations between representatives of groups or states The Triple Alliance ( 1668) of England, Sweden, and the United Provinces was formed to halt the expansion of Louis XIV 's France Growing into confidence with his employer, Swift "was often trusted with matters of great importance. " Within three years of their acquaintance, Temple had introduced his secretary to William III, and sent him to London to urge the King to consent to a bill for triennial Parliaments. William III or William of Orange (14 November 1650 &ndash 8 March 1702 He is informally known in Northern Ireland and Scotland as "King Billy"

When Swift took up his residence at Moor Park, he met Esther Johnson, then 8 years old, the fatherless daughter of one of the household servants. Esther Johnson ( March 18, 1681 – January 28, 1728) was the English friend of Jonathan Swift, known as "Stella" Swift acted as her tutor and mentor, giving her the nickname "Stella" and the two maintained a close, but ambiguous relationship for the rest of Esther's life.

Swift left Temple in 1690 for Ireland because of his health, but returned to Moor Park the following year. The illness, fits of vertigo or giddiness — now known to be Ménière's disease — would continue to plague Swift throughout his life. Ménière's disease (meɪnˈyɛərz is a disorder of the Inner ear that can affect hearing and Balance. During this second stay with Temple, Swift received his M. A. from Hertford College, Oxford University in 1692. Hertford College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England. The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the Then, apparently despairing of gaining a better position through Temple's patronage, Swift left Moor Park to become an ordained priest in the Established Church of Ireland and in 1694 he was appointed to the prebend of Kilroot in the Diocese of Connor, with his parish located at Kilroot, near Carrickfergus in County Antrim. The Church of Ireland (Eaglais na hÉireann is an autonomous province of the Anglican Communion, operating across the island of Ireland. A prebendary is a post connected to an Anglican or Catholic Cathedral or Collegiate church and is a type of canon. Kilroot is a small Village in County Antrim, Northern Ireland, on the eastern outskirts of Carrickfergus, east of Belfast on the north Carrickfergus ( is a large town in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. County Antrim ( Contae Aontroma or simply Aontroim in Irish) is one of six counties that form Northern Ireland, and one of nine counties

Swift appears to have been miserable in his new position, being isolated in a small, remote community far from the centres of power and influence. While at Kilroot, however, Swift may well have become romantically involved with Jane Waring. A letter from him survives, offering to remain if she would marry him and promising to leave and never return to Ireland if she refused. She presumably refused, because Swift left his post and returned to England and Temple's service at Moor Park in 1696, and he remained there until Temple's death. There he was employed in helping to prepare Temple's memoirs and correspondence for publication. During this time Swift wrote The Battle of the Books, a satire responding to critics of Temple's Essay upon Ancient and Modern Learning (1690). The Battle of the Books is the name of a short Satire written by Jonathan Swift and published as part of the Prolegomena to his A Tale Battle was however not published until 1704.

On January 27 1699 Temple died. Swift stayed on briefly in England to complete the editing of Temple's memoirs, and perhaps in the hope that recognition of his work might earn him a suitable position in England. However, Swift's work made enemies of some of Temple's family and friends who objected to indiscretions included in the memoirs. His next move was to approach King William directly, based on his imagined connection through Temple and a belief that he had been promised a position. William III or William of Orange (14 November 1650 &ndash 8 March 1702 He is informally known in Northern Ireland and Scotland as "King Billy" This failed so miserably that he accepted the lesser post of secretary and chaplain to the Earl of Berkeley, one of the Lords Justices of Ireland. The title Baron Berkeley has been created twice in the Peerage of England, both times by writ. However, when he reached Ireland he found that the secretaryship had already been given to another. But he soon obtained the living of Laracor, Agher, and Rathbeggan, and the prebend of Dunlavin in St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin. Saint Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin, formally known as The National Cathedral and Collegiate Church of Saint Patrick Dublin or in the Irish language

At Laracor, a mile or two from Trim, County Meath, and twenty miles (32 km) from Dublin, Swift ministered to a congregation of about fifteen people, and had abundant leisure for cultivating his garden, making a canal (after the Dutch fashion of Moor Park), planting willows, and rebuilding the vicarage. Trim ( is the traditional County town of County Meath in Ireland, although the county town is now Navan. As chaplain to Lord Berkeley, he spent much of his time in Dublin and traveled to London frequently over the next ten years. In 1701, Swift published, anonymously, a political pamphlet, A Discourse on the Contests and Dissentions in Athens and Rome.

The writer

The title page to Swift's 1735 Works, depicting the author in the Dean's chair, receiving the thanks of Ireland. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world The motto reads, "I have made a monument greater than brass. " The 'brass' is a double entendre, for Wood's half-pence (alloyed with brass) is scattered at his feet. Cherubim award Swift a poet's laurel. CHERUB is a series of young adult books written by the author Robert Muchamore.

In February 1702, Swift received his Doctor of Divinity degree from Trinity College, Dublin. Trinity College Dublin ( TCD; Irish Coláiste na Tríonóide Baile Átha Cliath; Latin: Collegium Sacrosanctae et Individuae Trinitatis Reginae That spring he traveled to England and returned to Ireland in October, accompanied by Esther Johnson — now twenty years old — and his friend Rebecca Dingley, another member of William Temple's household. Esther Johnson ( March 18, 1681 – January 28, 1728) was the English friend of Jonathan Swift, known as "Stella" There is a great mystery and controversy over Swift's relationship with Esther Johnson nicknamed "Stella". Esther Johnson ( March 18, 1681 – January 28, 1728) was the English friend of Jonathan Swift, known as "Stella" Many hold that they were secretly married in 1716. Although there has never been definite proof of this, there is no doubt that she was dearer to him than anyone else and that his feelings for her did not change throughout his life.

During his visits to England in these years Swift published A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books (1704) and began to gain a reputation as a writer. A Tale of a Tub was the first major work written by Jonathan Swift, composed between 1694 and 1697 and published in 1704 The Battle of the Books is the name of a short Satire written by Jonathan Swift and published as part of the Prolegomena to his A Tale This led to close, lifelong friendships with Alexander Pope, John Gay, and John Arbuthnot, forming the core of the Martinus Scriblerus Club(founded in 1713). Alexander Pope (21 May 1688 – 30 May 1744 is generally regarded as the greatest English Poet of the eighteenth century best known for his Satirical John Gay ( 30 June, 1685 - 4 December, 1732) was an English Poet and Dramatist. John Arbuthnot, often known simply as Dr Arbuthnot, ( baptised 29 April, 1667 &ndash 27 February, 1735) was a physician The Scriblerus Club was an informal group of friends that included Jonathan Swift, Alexander Pope, John Gay, John Arbuthnot, Henry St

Swift became increasingly active politically in these years. From 1707 to 1709 and again in 1710, Swift was in London, unsuccessfully urging upon the Whig administration of Lord Godolphin the claims of the Irish clergy to the First-Fruits and Twentieths ("Queen Anne's Bounty"), which brought in about £2500 a year, already granted to their brethren in England. The Whigs (with the Tories) are often described as one of two political parties in England and later the United Kingdom from the late 17th to Sidney Godolphin first Earl of Godolphin (c 1645 &ndash September 15, 1712) was a leading British politician of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth Queen Anne's Bounty was a Fund established in 1704 for the augmentation of the incomes of the poorer Clergy, the amount of which for distribution in 1890 He found the opposition Tory leadership more sympathetic to his cause and Swift was recruited to support their cause as editor of the Examiner when they came to power in 1710. In the political tradition of some English-speaking countries, the term Tory has referred to a variety of political parties and Creeds since it was This article is about the publication entitled Examiner. There are also publications entitled The Examiner. In 1711, Swift published the political pamphlet "The Conduct of the Allies," attacking the Whig government for its inability to end the prolonged war with France. The incoming Tory government conducted secret (and illegal) negotiations with France, resulting in the Treaty of Utrecht (1713) ending the War of the Spanish Succession. The Treaty of Utrecht that established the Peace of Utrecht, rather than a single document comprised a series of individual peace treaties signed in the Dutch In the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714 several European powers combined to stop French succession to the Spanish throne and what would likely have been a resulting

Swift was part of the inner circle of the Tory government, and often acted as mediator between Henry St. John (Viscount Bolingbroke) the secretary of state for foreign affairs (1710–15) and Robert Harley (Earl of Oxford) lord treasurer and prime minister (1711–1714). Henry St John 1st Viscount Bolingbroke ( 16 September 1678 &ndash 12 December 1751) was an English politician and philosopher Robert Harley 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer ( 5 December 1661 &ndash 21 May 1724) was an English statesman of the Stuart Swift recorded his experiences and thoughts during this difficult time in a long series of letters to Esther Johnson, later collected and published as The Journal to Stella. The animosity between the two Tory leaders eventually led to the dismissal of Harley in 1714. With the death of Queen Anne and ascension of George I that year, the Whigs returned to power and the Tory leaders were tried for treason for conducting secret negotiations with France. Anne (6 February 1665 – 1 August 1714 became Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland on 8 March 1702 succeeding William III of England and II of George I (George Louis German Georg Ludwig; 28 May 1660 &ndash 11 June 1727 For the first year of his life George was the only heir to his father's and three childless

Also during these years in London, Swift became acquainted with the Vanhomrigh family and became involved with one of the daughters, Esther, yet another fatherless young woman and an ambiguous relationship to confuse Swift's biographers. Esther Vanhomrigh (known by the Pseudonym Vanessa; c 1688 &ndash June 2 1723) an Irish woman of Dutch Swift furnished Esther with the nickname "Vanessa" and she features as one of the main characters in his poem Cadenus and Vanessa. The poem and their correspondence suggests that Esther was infatuated with Swift, that he may have reciprocated her affections, only to regret it and then try to break it off. Esther followed Swift to Ireland in 1714, where there appears to have been a confrontation, possibly involving Esther Johnson. Esther Vanhomrigh died in 1723 at the age of 35. Another lady with whom he had a close but less intense relationship, was Anne Long, a toast of the Kit-Cat Club. Anne Long (c1681– 22 December 1711) was born at Draycot Cerne, Wiltshire, one of six children of James Long (d The Kit-Cat Club (sometimes Kit-Kat Club) was an early 18th century English Club in London with strong political and literary associations committed

Maturity

Bust in St. Patrick's Cathedral.

Before the fall of the Tory government, Swift hoped that his services would be rewarded with a church appointment in England. However, Queen Anne appeared to have taken a dislike to Swift and thwarted these efforts. The best position his friends could secure for him was the Deanery of St. Patrick's, Dublin. With the return of the Whigs, Swift's best move was to leave England and he returned to Ireland in disappointment, a virtual exile, to live "like a rat in a hole".

Once in Ireland, however, Swift began to turn his pamphleteering skills in support of Irish causes, producing some of his most memorable works: Proposal for Universal Use of Irish Manufacture (1720), Drapier's Letters (1724), and A Modest Proposal (1729), earning him the status of an Irish patriot.

Also during these years, he began writing his masterpiece, Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World, in Four Parts, by Lemuel Gulliver, first a surgeon, and then a captain of several ships, better known as Gulliver's Travels. Gulliver's Travels (1726 amended 1735 officially Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World in Four Parts Much of the material reflects his political experiences of the preceding decade. For instance, the episode when the giant Gulliver puts out the Lilliputian palace fire by urinating on it can be seen as a metaphor for the Tories' illegal peace treaty; having done a good thing in an unfortunate manner. In 1726 he paid a long-deferred visit to London, taking with him the manuscript of Gulliver's Travels. Gulliver's Travels (1726 amended 1735 officially Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World in Four Parts During his visit he stayed with his old friends, Alexander Pope, John Arbuthnot, and John Gay, who helped him arrange for the anonymous publication of his book. Alexander Pope (21 May 1688 – 30 May 1744 is generally regarded as the greatest English Poet of the eighteenth century best known for his Satirical John Arbuthnot, often known simply as Dr Arbuthnot, ( baptised 29 April, 1667 &ndash 27 February, 1735) was a physician John Gay ( 30 June, 1685 - 4 December, 1732) was an English Poet and Dramatist. First published in November 1726, it was an immediate hit, with a total of three printings that year and another in early 1727. French, German, and Dutch translations appeared in 1727 and pirated copies were printed in Ireland.

Swift returned to England one more time in 1727 and stayed with Alexander Pope once again. The visit was cut short when he received word that Esther Johnson was dying and Swift rushed back home to be with her. On January 28, 1728, Esther Johnson died, though he prayed at her bedside, even composing prayers for her comfort. Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted Year 1728 ( MDCCXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Swift could not bear to be present at the end, but on the night of her death he began to write his The Death of Mrs. Johnson. He was too ill to attend the funeral at St. Patrick's. Many years later, a lock of hair, assumed to be Esther Johnson's, was found in his desk, wrapped in a paper bearing the words, "Only a woman's hair. "

Death became a frequent feature in Swift's life from this point. In 1731 he wrote Verses on the Death of Dr. Swift, his own obituary published in 1739. Jonathan Swift (30 November 1667 In 1732, his good friend and collaborator John Gay died. John Gay ( 30 June, 1685 - 4 December, 1732) was an English Poet and Dramatist. In 1735, John Arbuthnot, another friend from his days in London, died. In 1738 Swift began to show signs of illness and in 1742 he appears to have suffered a stroke, losing the ability to speak and realizing his worst fears of becoming mentally disabled. ("I shall be like that tree," he once said, "I shall die at the top. ") In order to protect him from unscrupulous hangers on, who had begun to prey on the great man, his closest companions had him declared of "unsound mind and memory. " In 1744, Alexander Pope died. Then, on October 19, 1745, Swift died. After being laid out in public view for the people of Dublin to pay their last respects, he was buried by Esther Johnson's side, in accordance with his wishes. The bulk of his fortune was left to found a hospital for the mentally ill, originally known as St. Patrick’s Hospital for Imbeciles, which opened in 1757, and which still exists as a psychiatric hospital.

Epitaph

Epitaph in St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin near his burial site. Saint Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin, formally known as The National Cathedral and Collegiate Church of Saint Patrick Dublin or in the Irish language

Text extracted from the introduction to The Journal to Stella by George A. Aitken and from other sources)

Jonathan Swift wrote his own epitaph:

Hic depositum est corpus

JONATHAN SWIFT S. T. D.

Huyus Ecclesiae Cathedralis

Decani

Ubi saeva indignatio

Ulterius

Cor lacerare nequit

Abi Viator

Et imitare, si poteris

Strenuum pro virili

Libertatis Vindicatorem

Obiit 19 Die Mensis Octobris

A. D. 1745 Anno Ætatis 78

which William Butler Yeats translated from the Latin as:

Swift has sailed into his rest.

Savage indignation there

cannot lacerate his breast.

Imitate him if you dare,

world-besotted traveller.

He served human liberty.

Works

Swift was a prolific writer, famous for his satires. The most recent collection of his prose works (Herbert Davis, ed. Basil Blackwell, 1965-) comprises fourteen volumes. A recent edition of his complete poetry (Pat Rodges, ed. Penguin, 1983) is 953 pages long. One edition of his correspondence (David Woolley, ed. P. Lang, 1999) fills three volumes.

Major prose works

Jonathan Swift at the Deanery of St. Patrick's, illus. from 1905 Temple Scott edition of Works

Swift's first major prose play, A Tale of a Tub, demonstrates many of the themes and stylistic techniques he would employ in his later work. A Tale of a Tub was the first major work written by Jonathan Swift, composed between 1694 and 1697 and published in 1704 It is at once wildly playful and funny while being pointed and harshly critical of its targets. In its main thread, the Tale recounts the exploits of three sons, representing the main threads of Christianity, who receive a bequest from their father of a coat each, with the added instructions to make no alterations whatsoever. However, the sons soon find that their coats have fallen out of current fashion and begin to look for loopholes in their father's will which will allow them to make the needed alterations. As each finds his own means of getting around their father's admonition, they struggle with each other for power and dominance. Inserted into this story, in alternating chapters, Swift includes a series of whimsical "digressions" on various subjects.

In 1690, Sir William Temple, Swift's patron, published An Essay upon Ancient and Modern Learning a defense of classical writing (see Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns) holding up the Epistles of Phalaris as an example. Notable William Temple s include Sir William Temple 1st Baronet (1628 - 1699 17th century British politician employer of Jonathan Swift William The quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns (querelle des Anciens et des Modernes was a literary and artistic quarrel that heated up in the early 1690s and shook William Wotton responded to Temple with Reflections upon Ancient and Modern Learning (1694) showing that the Epistles were a later forgery. William Wotton ( August 13, 1666 - February 13, 1727) was an English scholar chiefly remembered for his remarkable abilities in learning A response by the supporters of the Ancients was then made by Charles Boyle (later the 4th Earl of Orrery and father of Swift's first biographer). Charles Boyle 4th Earl of Orrery KT PC FRS ( July 28, 1674 &ndash August 28, 1731) was an English A further retort on the Modern side came from Richard Bentley, one of the pre-eminent scholars of the day, in his essay Dissertation upon the Epistles of Phalaris (1699). Richard Bentley ( January 27, 1662 &ndash July 14, 1742) was an English Theologian, classical scholar and However, the final words on the topic belong to Swift in his Battle of the Books (1697, published 1704) in which he makes a humorous defense on behalf of Temple and the cause of the Ancients. The Battle of the Books is the name of a short Satire written by Jonathan Swift and published as part of the Prolegomena to his A Tale

In 1708, a cobbler named John Partridge published a popular almanac of astrological predictions. for others with the same name see John Partridge John Partridge (1644 - ca ALMANAC is the name of a major Breast cancer trial The Acronym stands for "Axillary Lymphatic Mapping Against Nodal Axillary Clearance Astrology (from Greek grc ἄστρον astron, "constellation star" and grc -λογία -logia) is a group of Systems Because Partridge falsely determined the deaths of several church officials, Swift attacked Partridge in Predictions For The Ensuing Year by Isaac Bickerstaff, a parody predicting that Partridge would die on March 29th. Isaac Bickerstaff Esq was a pseudonym used by Jonathan Swift as part of a hoax to predict the death of then famous Almanac –maker Astrologer, and quack Swift followed up with a pamphlet issued on March 30th claiming that Partridge had in fact died, which was widely believed despite Partridge's statements to the contrary.

Drapier's Letters (1724) was a series of pamphlets against the monopoly granted by the English government to William Wood to provide the Irish with copper coinage. In Economics, a monopoly (from Greek monos, alone or single + polein, to sell exists when a specific individual or enterprise has sufficient William Wood was a hardware manufacturer who was given a contract as a mintmaster to strike an issue of Irish coinage from 1722 to 1724 Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 It was widely believed that Wood would need to flood Ireland with debased coinage in order make a profit. In these "letters" Swift posed as a shop-keeper--a draper--in order to criticize the plan. Swift's writing was so effective in undermining opinion in the project that a reward was offered by the government to anyone disclosing the true identity of the author. Though hardly a secret (on returning to Dublin after one of his trips to England, Swift was greeted with a banner, "Welcome Home, Drapier") no one turned Swift in. The government eventually resorted to hiring none other than Sir Isaac Newton to certify the soundness of Wood's coinage to counter Swift's accusations. Sir Isaac Newton, FRS (ˈnjuːtən 4 January 1643 31 March 1727) Biography Early years See also Isaac Newton's early life and achievements In "Verses on the Death of Dr. Swift" (1739) Swift recalled this as one of his best achievements.

Gulliver's Travels, first published in 1726, is Swift's masterpiece. Gulliver's Travels (1726 amended 1735 officially Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World in Four Parts As with his other writings, the Travels was published under a pseudonym, the fictional Lemuel Gulliver, a ship's surgeon and later a sea captain. Some of the correspondence between printer Benj. Motte and Gulliver's also-fictional cousin negotiating the book's publication has survived. Though it has often been mistakenly thought of and published in bowdlerized form as a children's book, it is a great and sophisticated satire of human nature based on Swift's experience of his times. Thomas Bowdler ( IPA /ˈbaʊdlə/ ( July 11, 1754 &ndash February 24, 1825) was an English Physician who published Gulliver's Travels is an anatomy of human nature, a sardonic looking-glass, often criticized for its apparent misanthropy. It asks its readers to refute it, to deny that it has not adequately characterized human nature and society. Each of the four books--recounting four voyages to mostly-fictional exotic lands--has a different theme, but all are attempts to deflate human pride. Critics hail the work as a satiric reflection on the failings of Enlightenment modernism.

In 1729, he published A Modest Proposal For Preventing The Children Of Poor People In Ireland Being A Burden To Their Parents Or Country, And For Making Them Beneficial To The Public, a satire in which the narrator, with intentionally grotesque logic, recommends that Ireland's poor escape their poverty by selling their children as food to the rich: ”I have been assured by a very knowing American of my acquaintance in London, that a young healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious, nourishing, and wholesome food. A Modest Proposal For Preventing the Children of Poor People in Ireland from Being a Burden to Their Parents or Country and for Making Them Beneficial to the Public, Satire is often strictly defined as a literary genre or form; although in practice it is also found in the graphic and Performing arts In satire human . . ” Following the satirical form, he introduces the reforms he is actually suggesting by deriding them:

Therefore let no man talk to me of other expedients. . . taxing our absentees. . . using [nothing] except what is of our own growth and manufacture. . . rejecting. . . foreign luxury. . . introducing a vein of parsimony, prudence and temperance. . . learning to love our country. . . quitting our animosities and factions. . . teaching landlords to have at least one degree of mercy towards their tenants. . . . Therefore I repeat, let no man talk to me of these and the like expedients, 'till he hath at least some glympse of hope, that there will ever be some hearty and sincere attempt to put them into practice.

• According to other sources [citation needed], Richard Steele uses the personae of Isaac Bickerstaff and was the one who wrote about the "death" of John Partridge and published it in The Spectator, not Jonathan Swift. *

Essays, tracts, pamphlets, periodicals

Swift as depicted on the Irish £10 banknote, issued 1976–1993. The Series B Banknotes of the Republic of Ireland replaced the Series A Banknotes.

• "A Meditation upon a Broomstick" (1703–1710): Full text: Blackmask

• "A Critical Essay upon the Faculties of the Mind" (1707–1711)

• The Bickerstaff-Partridge Papers (1708–1709): Full text: U of Adelaide

• "An Argument Against Abolishing Christianity" (1708–1711): Full text: U of Adelaide

• The Intelligencer (with Thomas Sheridan) (1710-????): Text: Project Gutenberg

• The Examiner (1710): Texts: Ourcivilisation.com, Project Gutenberg

• "A Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue" (1712): Full texts: Jack Lynch, U of Virginia

• "On the Conduct of the Allies" (1713)

• "Hints Toward an Essay on Conversation" (1713): Full text: Bartleby.com

• "A Letter to a Young Gentleman, Lately Entered into Holy Orders" (1720)

• "A Letter of Advice to a Young Poet" (1721): Full text: Bartleby.com

• Drapier's Letters (1724, 1725): Full text: Project Gutenberg

• "Bon Mots de Stella" (1726): a curiously irrelevant appendix to "Gulliver's Travels"

• A Modest Proposal, perhaps the most famous satire in English, suggesting that the Irish should engage in cannibalism. An Argument to Prove that the Abolishing of Christianity in England May as Things Now Stand Today be Attended with Some Inconveniences and Perhaps not Produce Those Many Good Effects Thomas Sheridan (1719 &ndash August 14, 1788) was an Irish stage Actor, an Educator, and a major proponent of the elocution movement Drapier's Letters is the collective name for a series of seven Pamphlets written by the Dean of St Patrick's Cathedral, Jonathan Swift A Modest Proposal For Preventing the Children of Poor People in Ireland from Being a Burden to Their Parents or Country and for Making Them Beneficial to the Public, (Written in 1729)

• "An Essay on the Fates of Clergymen": Full text: JaffeBros

• "A Treatise on Good Manners and Good Breeding": Full text: Bartleby.com

• "On the Death of Esther Johnson": Full text: Bartleby.com

• "An Essay On Modern Education": Full text: JaffeBros

Poems

An 1850 illustration of Swift.

• "Ode to the Athenian Society" 1692 (first published work)

• Poems of Jonathan Swift, D. D. Texts at Project Gutenberg: Volume One, Volume Two

• "Baucis and Philemon" (1706–1709): Full text: Blackmask

• "A Description of the Morning" (1709): Full annotated text: U of Toronto; Another text: U of Virginia

• "A Description of a City Shower" (1710): Full text: U of Virginia

• "Cadenus and Vanessa" (1713): Full text: Blackmask

• "Phillis, or, the Progress of Love" (1719): Full text: theotherpages.org

• Stella's birthday poems:
  • 1719. Full annotated text: U of Toronto
  • 1720. Full text: U of Virginia
  • 1727. Full text: U of Toronto

• "The Progress of Beauty" (1719–1720): Full text: OurCivilisation.com

• "The Progress of Poetry" (1720): Full text: theotherpages.org

• "A Satirical Elegy on the Death of a Late Famous General" (1722): Full text: U of Toronto

• "To Quilca, a Country House not in Good Repair" (1725): Full text: U of Toronto

• "Advice to the Grub Street Verse-writers" (1726): Full text: U of Toronto

• "The Furniture of a Woman's Mind" (1727)

• "On a Very Old Glass" (1728): Full text: Gosford.co.uk

• "A Pastoral Dialogue" (1729): Full text: Gosford.co.uk

• "The Grand Question debated Whether Hamilton's Bawn should be turned into a Barrack or a Malt House" (1729): Full text: Gosford.co.uk

• "On Stephen Duck, the Thresher and Favourite Poet" (1730): Full text: U of Toronto

• "Death and Daphne" (1730): Full text: OurCivilisation.com

• "The Place of the Damn'd" (1731): Full text

• "A Beautiful Young Nymph Going to Bed" (1731): Full annotated text: Jack Lynch; Another text: U of Virginia

• "Strephon and Chloe" (1731): Full annotated text: Jack Lynch; Another text: U of Virginia

• "Helter Skelter" (1731): Full text: OurCivilisation.com

• "Cassinus and Peter: A Tragical Elegy" (1731): Full annotated text: Jack Lynch

• "The Day of Judgment" (1731): Full text

• "Verses on the Death of Dr. Swift, D. S. P. D. " (1731–1732): Full annotated texts: Jack Lynch, U of Toronto; Non-annotated text:: U of Virginia

• "An Epistle To A Lady" (1732): Full text: OurCivilisation.com

• "The Beasts' Confession to the Priest" (1732): Full annotated text: U of Toronto

• "The Lady's Dressing Room" (1732): Full annotated text: Jack Lynch

• "On Poetry: A Rhapsody" (1733)

• "The Puppet Show" Full text: Worldwideschool.org

• "The Logicians Refuted" Full text: Worldwideschool.org

Correspondence, personal writings

• "When I Come to Be Old" — Swift's resolutions. (1699): Full text: JaffeBros

• The Journal to Stella (1710–1713): Full text: U of Adelaide; Extracts: OurCivilisation.com

• Letters:
  • Selected Letters: JaffeBros
  • To Oxford and Pope: OurCivilisation.com
• 'The Correspondence of Jonathan Swift, D. D'. Edited by David Woolley. In four volumes, plus index volume. Frankfurt am Main ; New York : P. Lang, c1999-c2007.

Sermons, prayers

• Three Sermons and Three Prayers. Full text: U of Adelaide, Project Gutenberg

• Three Sermons: I. on mutual subjection. II. on conscience. III. on the trinity. Text: Project Gutenberg

• Writings on Religion and the Church. Text at Project Gutenberg: Volume One, Volume Two

• "The First He Wrote Oct. 17, 1727. " Full text: Worldwideschool.org

• "The Second Prayer Was Written Nov. 6, 1727. " Full text: Worldwideschool.org

Miscellany

• Directions to Servants (1731):: Extracts: OurCivilisation.com
• A Complete Collection of Genteel and Ingenious Conversation (1738)
• "Thoughts on Various Subjects. A Complete Collection of genteel and ingenious Conversation according to the most polite mode and method now used at Court and in the best Companies of England commonly known " Full text: U of Adelaide
• Historical Writings: Project Gutenberg
• Swift Quotations: JaffeBros — many choice, well-documented Swift quotations here
• Swift quotes at Bartleby: Bartleby.com — 59 quotations, with notes

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b} Thackeray 1876

Biographical sources

• Samuel Johnson's Life of Swift: JaffeBros. From his Lives of the Poets.

• William Makepeace Thackeray's influential vitriolic biography: JaffeBros. From his English Humourists of The Eighteenth Century.

• Bullitt, John M. Jonathan Swift and the Anatomy of Satire: A Study of Satiric Technique. Cambridge: Harvard U P, 1953.

• Jae Num Lee "Swift and Scatological Satire" UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO PRESS 1971 ISBN 0826301967 jstor review
• Lee, Jae Num. For the Coil album see Scatology (album. In Medicine and Biology, scatology or coprology is the study of "Scatology in Continental Satirical Writings from Aristophanes to Rabelais" and "English Scatological Writings from Skelton to Pope. " Swift and Scatological Satire. Albuquerque: U of New Mexico P, 1971. 7–22; 23–53.
• Susan Gubar "The Female Monster in Augustan Satire" Signs, Vol. 3, No. 2 (Winter, 1977), pp. 380–394

• Many other sources are listed here.

External links

• e-texts of Swift's works
  • at The Online Books Page
  • Works by Jonathan Swift at Project Gutenberg
  • at Gulliver's Travels
• Free audiobook of A Modest Proposal from LibriVox