| Jonathan Edwards | |
 | |
| Born | October 5, 1703 East Windsor, Connecticut |
|---|---|
| Died | March 22, 1758 (age 54) Princeton, New Jersey |
| Occupation | Pastor, theologian, and missionary |
This article is about the theologian (b. Events 869 - The Fourth Council of Constantinople is convened to decide about what to do about Patriarch Photius of Constantinople Year 1703 ( MDCCIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year East Windsor is a town in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States. Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor. Year 1758 ( MDCCLVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common See also Princeton Township New Jersey, Borough of Princeton New Jersey Princeton Borough New Jersey Princeton Township New Jersey this 1703), for other uses of Jonathan Edwards see Jonathan Edwards. Jonathan Edwards may refer to Athletes Jonathan Edwards (athlete (born 1966 British triple jumper and world record holder Jonathan Edwards
Jonathan Edwards (October 5, 1703 – March 22, 1758) was a colonial American Congregational preacher, theologian, and missionary to Native Americans. Events 869 - The Fourth Council of Constantinople is convened to decide about what to do about Patriarch Photius of Constantinople Year 1703 ( MDCCIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor. Year 1758 ( MDCCLVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Thirteen Colonies were part of what became known as British America, a name that was used by Great Britain until the Treaty of Paris (1783 recognized the Congregational churches are Protestant Christian churches practicing Congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation independently A missionary is a member of a Religion who works to convert those who do not share the missionary's faith someone who proselytizes. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States Edwards "is widely acknowledged to be America's most important and original philosophical theologian"[1]. He is known as one of the greatest and most profound of American theologians and revivalists. His work is very broad in scope, but he is often associated with his defense of Calvinist theology, the metaphysics of theological determinism, and the Puritan heritage. Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the Metaphysics is the branch of Philosophy investigating principles of reality transcending those of any particular science A Puritan of 16th and 17th century England was an associate of any number of religious groups advocating for more "purity" of Worship and Doctrine, His famous sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God," emphasized the just wrath of God against sin and contrasted it with the provision of God for salvation; the intensity of his preaching sometimes resulted in members of the audience fainting, swooning, and other more obtrusive reactions. Most famously preached on July 8 1741 in Enfield, Connecticut, Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God is Jonathan Edwards' most recognizable Sermon The swooning and other behaviors in his audience caught him up in a controversy over "bodily effects" of the Holy Spirit's presence.
Contents |
Biography
Early life
Jonathan Edwards, born on October 5, 1703, was the son of Timothy Edwards (1668–1759), a minister at East Windsor, Connecticut (modern day South Windsor) who eked out his salary by tutoring boys for college. Events 869 - The Fourth Council of Constantinople is convened to decide about what to do about Patriarch Photius of Constantinople Year 1703 ( MDCCIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year East Windsor is a town in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States. South Windsor is a town in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States. His mother, Esther Stoddard, daughter of the Rev. Solomon Stoddard, of Northampton, Massachusetts, seems to have been a woman of unusual mental gifts and independence of character. Solomon Stoddard ( September 27, 1643, baptized October 1, 1643 &ndash February 11, 1728 or 1729 was the American Northampton is a city in Hampshire County, Massachusetts, United States.
Jonathan, their only son, was the fifth of eleven children. He was trained for college by his father and by his elder sisters, all of whom received an excellent education. When ten years old, he wrote a semi-humorous tract on the immateriality of the soul. He was interested in natural history and, at the age of eleven, wrote a remarkable essay on the habits of the "flying spider. "
He entered Yale College in 1716, at just under the age of thirteen. In the following year, he became acquainted with John Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding, which influenced him profoundly. John Locke (29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704 was an English Philosopher. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding is one of John Locke 's two most famous works the other being his Second Treatise on Civil Government During his college studies, he kept note books labelled "The Mind," "Natural Science" (containing a discussion of the atomic theory), "The Scriptures" and "Miscellanies," had a grand plan for a work on natural and mental philosophy, and drew up for himself rules for its composition. This article focuses on the historical models of the atom For a history of the study of how atoms combine to form molecules see History of the molecule. Even before his graduation in September 1720, as valedictorian and head of his class, he seems to have had a well formulated philosophy. He spent two years after his graduation in New Haven studying theology.
In 1722 to 1723, he was, for eight months, "stated supply" (a clergyman employed to supply a pulpit for a definite time, but not settled as a pastor) of a small Presbyterian Church in New York City. Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity The City of New York The church invited him to remain, but he declined the call. After spending two months in study at home, in 1724–1726, he was one of the two tutors at Yale, earning for himself the name of a "pillar tutor", from his steadfast loyalty to the college and its orthodox teaching, at the time when Yale's rector (Timothy Cutler) and one of her tutors had gone over to the Episcopal Church. Timothy Cutler ( May 31, 1684 – August 17, 1765) was an American Episcopal clergyman and Rector of Yale College The Episcopal Church is the official name of the Province of the Anglican Communion in the United States.
| Part of a series on Calvinism (see also Portal) | |
 | |
| John Calvin | |
Background | |
Distinctives | |
Documents | |
Influences | |
Churches | |
The years, 1720 to 1726, are partially recorded in his diary and in the resolutions for his own conduct which he drew up at this time. Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the John Calvin (or Jean Calvin) (10 July 1509 – 27 May 1564 was a French Protestant theologian during the Protestant Reformation and Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time The Five sola s are five Latin phrases (or slogans that emerged during the Protestant Reformation and summarize the Reformers' basic theological beliefs The Synod of Dort was a National Synod held in Dordrecht in 1618[[ 619|/19]] by the Dutch Reformed Church, in order to settle a serious controversy Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the Covenant theology (also known as Covenantalism or Federal theology or Federalism) is a conceptual overview and interpretive framework for The regulative principle of worship is a 20th century term used for a teaching shared by Calvinists and Anabaptists on how the second commandment and Institutes of the Christian Religion is John Calvin 's seminal work on Protestant Systematic theology. Reformed Christian confessions of faith are documents of the faith of various Reformed churches. The Geneva Bible was a Protestant translation of the Bible into English. Theodore Beza ( Théodore de Bèze or de Besze) ( June 24, 1519 &ndash October 13, 1605) was a French John Knox (c 1510 – 24 November 1572 was a Scottish clergyman and leader of the Protestant Reformation who is considered the founder of the Presbyterian Huldrych (or Ulrich) Zwingli (1 January 1484 &ndash 11 October 1531 was a leader of the Reformation in Switzerland. The Princeton theology is a tradition of conservative Christian Reformed and Presbyterian theology at Princeton Theological Seminary, in Princeton The Reformed churches are a group of Christian Protestant Denominations formally characterized by a similar Calvinist system of doctrine historically Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity Congregational churches are Protestant Christian churches practicing Congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation independently Afrikaner Calvinism is according to theory a unique cultural development that combined the Calvinist religion with the political aspirations of the white Afrikaans speaking The Huguenots were members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France (or French Calvinists) from the sixteenth to the eighteenth Pilgrims, or Pilgrim Fathers (or Pilgrim Mothers) is a name commonly applied to the early settlers of the Plymouth Colony in present-day Plymouth A Puritan of 16th and 17th century England was an associate of any number of religious groups advocating for more "purity" of Worship and Doctrine, Scotland is traditionally a Christian nation with around 65% claiming to be Christian at the 2001 census. He had long been an eager seeker after salvation and was not fully satisfied as to his own conversion until an experience in his last year in college, when he lost his feeling that the election of some to salvation and of others to eternal damnation was "a horrible doctrine," and reckoned it "exceedingly pleasant, bright and sweet. In Theology, salvation can mean three related things being saved from or Liberation from something such as Suffering or the punishment of Unconditional election is the Calvinist teaching that before God created the world he chose to save some people according to his own purposes and apart from any conditions " He now took a great and new joy in the beauties of nature, and delighted in the allegorical interpretation of the Song of Solomon. Balancing these mystic joys is the stern tone of his Resolutions, in which he is almost ascetic in his eagerness to live earnestly and soberly, to waste no time, to maintain the strictest temperance in eating and drinking.
On February 15, 1727, he was ordained minister at Northampton and assistant to his grandfather, Solomon Stoddard. Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor Year 1727 ( MDCCXXVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Northampton is a city in Hampshire County, Massachusetts, United States. He was a scholar-pastor, not a visiting pastor, his rule being thirteen hours of study a day. In the same year, he married Sarah Pierpont. She was then aged seventeen and daughter of James Pierpont (1659–1714), a founder of Yale and, through her mother, great-granddaughter of Thomas Hooker. James Pierpont (born January 4 1659, Roxbury Massachusetts; died November 22 1714, New Haven Connecticut) was a Thomas Hooker ( July 5 1586 &ndash July 7 1647) was a prominent Puritan religious and colonial leader remembered as probably the Of her piety and almost nun-like love of God and belief in His personal love for her, Edwards had known when she was only thirteen, and had written of it with spiritual enthusiasm. She was of a bright and cheerful disposition, a practical housekeeper, a model wife and the mother of his eleven children. Solomon Stoddard died on February 11, 1729, leaving to his grandson the difficult task of the sole ministerial charge of one of the largest and wealthiest congregations in the colony, and one proud of its morality, its culture and its reputation. Events 660 BC - Traditional founding date of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. Year 1729 ( MDCCXXIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common
Great Awakening
On July 8, 1731, Edwards preached in Boston the "Public Lecture" afterwards published under the title "God Glorified — in Man's Dependence," which was his first public attack on Arminianism. Arminianism is a school of soteriological thought within Protestant Christianity based on the theological ideas of the Dutch The leading thought of the lecture was God's absolute sovereignty in the work of salvation: that while it behooved God to create man pure and without sin, it was of his "good pleasure" and "mere and arbitrary grace" for him to grant any person the faith necessary to incline him or her toward holiness; and that God might deny this grace without any disparagement to any of his character. In Theology, salvation can mean three related things being saved from or Liberation from something such as Suffering or the punishment of Sin is a term used mainly in a religious context to describe an act that violates a moral Rule, or the state of having committed such a violation In Christianity, divine Grace refers to the sovereign favour of God for humankind — especially in regard to Salvation — irrespective of actions
In 1733, a religious revival began in Northampton, and reached such intensity, in the winter of 1734 and the following spring, as to threaten the business of the town. In six months, nearly three hundred were admitted to the church. The revival gave Edwards an opportunity for studying the process of conversion in all its phases and varieties, and he recorded his observations with psychological minuteness and discrimination in A Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God in the Conversion of Many Hundred Souls in Northampton (1737). A Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God in the Conversion of Many Hundred Souls in Northampton is an famous essay written in 1737 by Jonathan Edwards (theologian A year later, he published Discourses on Various Important Subjects, the five sermons which had proved most effective in the revival, and of these, none, he tells us, was so immediately effective as that on the Justice of God in the Damnation of Sinners, from the text, "That every mouth may be stopped. " Another sermon, published in 1734, on the Reality of Spiritual Light set forth what he regarded as the inner, moving principle of the revival, the doctrine of a special grace in the immediate, and supernatural divine illumination of the soul.
In the spring of 1735, the movement began to subside and a reaction set in. But the relapse was brief, and the Northampton revival, which had spread through the Connecticut valley and whose fame had reached England and Scotland, was followed in 1739–1740 by the Great Awakening, distinctively under the leadership of Edwards. The Great Awakenings refer to several periods of rapid and dramatic Religious revival in Anglo-American religious history generally recognized as beginning in the 1730s It was at this time that Edwards became acquainted with George Whitefield and preached his most famous sermon, "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" in Enfield, Connecticut in 1741. Early life He was born at the Bell Inn Southgate Street Gloucester, England. Most famously preached on July 8 1741 in Enfield, Connecticut, Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God is Jonathan Edwards' most recognizable Sermon Enfield is a town located in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States. This sermon has been widely reprinted as an example of "fire and brimstone" preaching in the colonial revivals.
The movement met with opposition from conservative Congregationalist ministers. In 1741, Edwards published in its defense The Distinguishing Marks of a Work of the Spirit of God, dealing particularly with the phenomena most criticized: the swoonings, outcries and convulsions. These "bodily effects," he insisted, were not distinguishing marks of the work of the Spirit of God one way or another; but so bitter was the feeling against the revival in the more strictly Puritan churches that, in 1742, he was forced to write a second apology, Thoughts on the Revival in New England, his main argument being the great moral improvement of the country. In the same pamphlet, he defends an appeal to the emotions, and advocates preaching terror when necessary, even to children, who in God's sight "are young vipers… if not Christ's. " He considers "bodily effects" incidentals to the real work of God, but his own mystic devotion and the experiences of his wife during the Awakening (which he gives in detail) make him think that the divine visitation usually overpowers the body, a view in support of which he quotes Scripture. In reply to Edwards, Charles Chauncy wrote Seasonable Thoughts on the State of Religion in New England in 1743 and anonymously penned The Late Religious Commotions in New England Considered in the same year. Charles Chauncy ( 1705 – 1787) was an American Congregational clergyman in Boston In these works he urged conduct as the sole test of conversion; and the general convention of Congregational ministers in the Province of Massachusetts Bay protested "against disorders in practice which have of late obtained in various parts of the land. "
In spite of Edwards's able pamphlet, the impression had become widespread that "bodily effects" were recognized by the promoters of the Great Awakening as the true tests of conversion. To offset this feeling, Edwards preached at Northampton, during the years 1742 and 1743, a series of sermons published under the title of Religious Affections (1746), a restatement in a more philosophical and general tone of his ideas as to "distinguishing marks. " In 1747, he joined the movement started in Scotland called the "concert in prayer," and in the same year published An Humble Attempt to Promote Explicit Agreement and Visible Union of God's People in Extraordinary Prayer for the Revival of Religion and the Advancement of Christ's Kingdom on Earth. In 1749, he published a memoir of David Brainerd who had lived with his family for several months and had died at Northhampton in 1747. David Brainerd, ( April 20, 1718 &ndash October 9, 1747) was an American Missionary to the Native Americans. Brainerd had been constantly attended by Edwards's daughter Jerusha, to whom he was rumored to have been engaged to be married, though there is no surviving evidence for this. In the course of elaborating his theories of conversion Edwards used Brainerd and his ministry as a case study, making extensive notes of his conversions and confessions.
Science and aesthetics
Edwards was fascinated by the discoveries of Isaac Newton and other scientists of his age. Sir Isaac Newton, FRS (ˈnjuːtən 4 January 1643 31 March 1727) Biography Early years See also Isaac Newton's early life and achievements Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding Before he undertook full-time ministry work in Northampton, he wrote on various topics in natural philosophy, including "flying spiders," light, and optics. Spiders are Predatory Invertebrate Animals that have two body segments, eight legs no chewing mouth parts and no wings Light, or visible light, is Electromagnetic radiation of a Wavelength that is visible to the Human eye (about 400–700 While he was worried about the materialism and faith in reason alone of some of his contemporaries, he saw the laws of nature as derived from God and demonstrating his wisdom and care. The Philosophy of materialism holds that the only thing that can be truly proven to exist is Matter, and is considered a form of Physicalism. Hence, scientific discoveries did not threaten his faith, and for him, there was no inherent conflict between the spiritual and material.
Edwards also wrote sermons and theological treatises that emphasized the beauty of God and the role of aesthetics in the spiritual life, in which he anticipates a twentieth-century current of theological aesthetics, represented by figures like Hans Urs von Balthasar. Aesthetics or esthetics ( also spelled æsthetics) is commonly known as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values sometimes called The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Hans Urs von Balthasar ( August 12, 1905 &mdash June 26, 1988) was a Swiss Theologian and Priest who was nominated
Later years
In 1748, there had come a crisis in his relations with his congregation. The Half-Way Covenant, adopted by the synods of 1657 and 1662, had made baptism alone the condition to the civil privileges of church membership, but not of participation in the sacrament of the Lord's Supper. The Half-Way Covenant was a form of partial church membership created by New England Puritans in 1662. In Christianity, baptism ( Greek, "immersing" "performing Ablutions " is the ritual act with the use of water by which one is admitted A sacrament, as defined in Hexam's Concise Dictionary of Religion is "a Rite in which God is uniquely active The Eucharist, also called Holy Communion or Lord's Supper and other names is a Christian Sacrament by which in a common interpretation those Edwards's grandfather and predecessor in the pastorate, Solomon Stoddard, had been even more liberal, holding that the Supper was a converting ordinance and that baptism was a sufficient title to all the privileges of the church. As early as 1744, Edwards, in his sermons on Religious Affections, had plainly intimated his dislike of this practice. In the same year, he had published in a church meeting the names of certain young people, members of the church, who were suspected of reading improper books, and also the names of those who were to be called as witnesses in the case. It has often been reported that the witnesses and accused were not distinguished on this list, and so, therefore, the entire congregation was in an uproar. However, Patricia Tracy's research has cast doubt on this version of the events, noting that in the list he read from, the names were definitely distinguished. Those involved were eventually disciplined for disrespect to the investigators rather than for the original incident. In any case, the incident further deteriorated the relationship between Edwards and the congregation. In a time of significant cultural foment, he was associated with the old guard.
Edwards's preaching became unpopular. For four years, no candidate presented himself for admission to the church, and when one did, in 1748, he was met with Edwards's formal but mild and gentle tests, as expressed in the Distinguishing Marks and later in Qualifications for Full Communion (1749). The candidate refused to submit to them, the church backed him, and the break between the church and Edwards was complete. Even permission to discuss his views in the pulpit was refused him. He was allowed to present his views on Thursday afternoons. His sermons were well attended by visitors, but not his own congregation. A council was convened to decide the communion matter between the minister and his people. The congregation chose half the council, and Edwards was allowed to select the other half of the council. His congregation, however, limited his selection to one county where the majority of the ministers were against him. The ecclesiastical council voted that the pastoral relation be dissolved. The church members, by a vote of more than 200 to 23, ratified the action of the council, and finally a town meeting voted that Edwards should not be allowed to occupy the Northampton pulpit, though he continued to live in the town and preach in the church by the request of the congregation until October 1751. He evinced no rancour or spite; his "Farewell Sermon" was dignified and temperate; he preached from 2 Cor. 1:14 and directed the thoughts of his people to that far future when the minister and his people would stand before God; nor is it to be ascribed to chagrin that in a letter to Scotland after his dismissal he expresses his preference for Presbyterian to Congregational church government. His position at the time was not unpopular throughout New England; his doctrine that the Lord's Supper is not a cause of regeneration and that communicants should be professing Christians has since (very largely through the efforts of his pupil Joseph Bellamy) become a standard of New England Congregationalism. Joseph Bellamy ( 20 February 1719 - 6 March 1790) was an American Congregationalist pastor and a leading preacher author educator Congregationalist polity, often known as congregationalism is a system of Church governance in which every Local church congregation is independent
Edwards, with his large family, was now thrown upon the world, but offers of aid quickly came to him. A parish in Scotland could have been procured, and he was called to a Virginia church. He declined both, to become, in 1750, pastor of the church in Stockbridge and a missionary to the Housatonic Indians. To the Indians, he preached through an interpreter, and their interests he boldly and successfully defended by attacking the whites who were using their official positions among them to increase their private fortunes. In Stockbridge, he wrote the Humble Relation, also called Reply to Williams (1752), which was an answer to Solomon Williams (1700–1776), a relative and a bitter opponent of Edwards as to the qualifications for full communion; and he there composed the treatises on which his reputation as a philosophical theologian chiefly rests, the essay on Original Sin, the Dissertation Concerning the Nature of True Virtue, the Dissertation Concerning the End for which God created the World, and the great work on the Will, written in four months and a half, and published in 1754 under the title, An Inquiry into the Modern Prevailing Notions Respecting that Freedom of the Will which is supposed to be Essential to Moral Agency. Stockbridge is a town in Berkshire County in Western Massachusetts. Original sin is according to a doctrine in Catholic theology, humanity's state of Sin resulting from the Fall of Man.
In 1757, on the death of the Reverend Aaron Burr, who five years before had married Edwards's daughter Esther and was the father of future US vice-president Aaron Burr, he reluctantly agreed to replace his late son-in-law as the president of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University), where he was installed on February 16, 1758. The Reverend is a style used as a Prefix to the names of many Christian Clergy and ministers It is correctly called a style rather The Reverend Aaron Burr ( January 4 1715 &ndash September 24 1757) was a notable divine and educator in Colonial America. This article discusses Aaron Burr (1756-1836 the US politician Princeton University is a private Coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey. Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols Year 1758 ( MDCCLVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common
Almost immediately after becoming president, he was inoculated for smallpox, which was raging in Princeton, New Jersey. Smallpox is an Infectious disease unique to humans caused by either of two virus variants named Variola major and Variola minor. See also Princeton Township New Jersey, Borough of Princeton New Jersey Princeton Borough New Jersey Princeton Township New Jersey this Never in robust health, he died of the inoculation on March 22, 1758. Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor. Year 1758 ( MDCCLVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common He was buried in Princeton Cemetery. Princeton Cemetery is located in Borough of Princeton New Jersey. Edwards had three sons and eight daughters.
Legacy
The followers of Jonathan Edwards and his disciples came to be known as the New Light Calvinist ministers, as opposed to the traditional Old Light Calvinist ministers. The terms Old Lights and New Lights (among others are used in Christian circles to distinguish between two groups who were initially the same but have come to a disagreement Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the Prominent disciples included Samuel Hopkins, Joseph Bellamy, Jonathan Edwards's son Jonathan Edwards Jr. and Gideon Hawley. Joseph Bellamy ( 20 February 1719 - 6 March 1790) was an American Congregationalist pastor and a leading preacher author educator This article is about the theologian (b 1745 for other uses of Jonathan Edwards see Jonathan Edwards. Gideon Hawley (1727-1807 was a Missionary to the Iroquois Indians in Massachusetts and on the Susquehanna River in New York Through a practice of apprentice ministers living in the homes of older ministers, they eventually filled a large number of pastorates in the New England area. History See also History of New England New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian -speaking Native Americans including the Many of Jonathan and Sarah Edwards's descendants became prominent citizens in the United States, including the Vice President Aaron Burr and the College Presidents Timothy Dwight, Jonathan Edwards Jr. and Merrill Edwards Gates. This article discusses Aaron Burr (1756-1836 the US politician This article is about the theologian (b 1745 for other uses of Jonathan Edwards see Jonathan Edwards. Jonathan and Sarah Edwards were also ancestors of the First Lady Edith Roosevelt, the writer O. Henry, the publisher Frank Nelson Doubleday and the writer Robert Lowell. First Lady of the United States is the unofficial title of the hostess of the White House. Edith Kermit Carow Roosevelt ( August 6, 1861 &ndash September 30, 1948) second wife of Theodore Roosevelt, was First Lady O Henry is the Pen name of American Writer William Sydney Porter ( September 11, 1862 – June 5 Frank Nelson Doubleday ( January 8, 1862 &ndash January 30, 1934) known to friends and family as “Effendi” was a famous U Robert Lowell (March 1 1917&ndashSeptember 12 1977 born Robert Traill Spence Lowell IV, was an American Poet whose works confessional in nature
Edwards's writings and beliefs continue to influence individuals and groups to this day. Early American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions missionaries were influenced by Edwards' writings, as is evidenced in reports in the ABCFM's journal "The Missionary Herald," and beginning with Perry Miller's seminal work, Edwards enjoyed a renaissance among scholars after the end of the Second World War. The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM was the first American Christian foreign mission agency Perry G Miller ( February 25, 1905, Chicago USA - December 9, 1963) was an American intellectual Historian World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Banner of Truth Trust and other publishers continue to reprint Edwards's works, and most of his major works are now available through the series published by Yale University Press, which has spanned three decades and supplies critical introductions by the editor of each volume. The Banner of Truth Trust is an evangelical and Reformed Christian publishing house founded in London in 1957 by Iain Murray Yale University Press is a book Publisher founded in 1908. It became an official department of Yale University in 1961, but remained Yale has also established the Jonathan Edwards Project online.
Edwards is commemorated as a teacher and missionary by the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America on March 22. The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America ( ELCA) is a mainline Protestant denomination headquartered in Chicago Illinois.
Works
Many of Edwards's works have been regularly reprinted. Some of the major works are:
- A Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God, reprinted by Diggory Press ISBN 978-1846857225
- A History of the Work of Redemption including a View of Church History, reprinted by Diggory Press ISBN 978-1846856334
- A Treatise Concerning Religious Affections, reprinted by Diggory Press ISBN 978-1846857461
- Concerning the End for Which God Created The World, reprinted by Diggory Press ISBN 978-1846856242
- Distinguishing Marks of a Work of the Spirit of God, reprinted by Diggory Press ISBN 978-1846856372
- Freedom of the Will, reprinted by Diggory Press ISBN 978-1846856198
- Original Sin, reprinted by Diggory Press ISBN 978-1846857607
- Some thoughts concerning the present revival in New England and the way it ought to be acknowledged and promoted, reprinted by Diggory Press ISBN 978-1846853791
- The Life and Diary of David Brainerd, Missionary to the Indians, reprinted by Diggory Press ISBN 978-1846853814
- The Nature of True Virtue, reprinted by Diggory Press ISBN 978-1846857591
- Charity and its Fruits, reprinted by Banner of Truth ISBN 978-0851513515
- Christian Charity or The Duty of Charity to the Poor, Explained and Enforced (1732), online text at Bible Bulletin Board
Further reading
- Parkes, Henry Bamford (1930). The Banner of Truth Trust is an evangelical and Reformed Christian publishing house founded in London in 1957 by Iain Murray Henry Bamford Parkes (born in 1904 in Sheffield England) was an author and professor of history at New York University. Jonathan Edwards, the Fiery Puritan. New York: Minton, Balch & Company, 271 p.
- Edwards, Jonathan (New Ed edition (June 1979)). Works of Jonathan Edwards. 2 Volume Set (Library Binding). Edinburgh: Banner of Truth Trust, 1906 p. ISBN ISBN 0-85151-397-2. ISBN 0-85151-397-2
- Gerstner, John H. (1991-1993). John H Gerstner (1914-1996 was a Professor of Church History at Pittsburgh Theological Seminary and Knox Theological Seminary and an authority on the Rational Biblical Theology of Jonathan Edwards, in three volumes. Powhatan, VA: Berea Publications, 682 pp, 527 pp, 751 pp.
- Murray, Iain H (1987). Iain Hamish Murray (b 1931 Lancashire, England) was educated in the Isle of Man and at the University of Durham. Jonathan Edwards: A New Biography. Edinburgh: Banner of Truth, 503 p.
- Marsden, George M. (2003). George Marsden is an Historian who has written extensively on the interaction between Christianity and American culture particularly on Christianity in American Jonathan Edwards: A Life. New Haven: Yale University Press, 615 p.
- Piper, John (2004). John Stephen Piper (born January 11, 1946, Chattanooga, Tennessee) is a Reformed and Baptist Theologian A God Entranced Vision of All Things: The Legacy of Jonathan Edwards. New York: Crossway Books, 288 p.
- Piper, John (1988). John Stephen Piper (born January 11, 1946, Chattanooga, Tennessee) is a Reformed and Baptist Theologian God's Passion for His Glory: Living the Vision of Jonathan Edwards. New York: Crossway Books, 288 p.
- Robert Jenson (1988 p). Robert W Jenson is a leading American Lutheran and Ecumenical theologian America's Theologian.
- Stephen R. Holmes (2000 p). God of Grace, God of Glory: The Theology of Jonathan Edwards. Edinburgh: T & T Clark.
See also
- Atonement (Governmental view)
- Colonial America
- Congregational church
- Great Awakening
- Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
- Jonathan Edwards College
- Argument from beauty
External links
Primary sources
- Jonathan Edwards Center, Yale University. Complete Online Critical Edition of Edwards
- Works by Jonathan Edwards. Christian Classics Ethereal Library, Calvin College.
- Works by Jonathan Edwards.
- Freedom of the Will in PDF
- Sermons by Jonathan Edwards
- A collection of links to Jonathan Edwards' works
- Audio recordings of Edwards' Works in MP3 format: Volume 1, Volume 2
Other
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry
- "The Pastor as Theologian: The Life and Ministry of Jonathan Edwards", a lecture by John Piper
- "The Governmental Theory of the Atonement: Edwards' Atonement Theology", an article from conservative, Reformed perspective
- Perspectives in American Literature - A Research and Reference Guide, an Edwards bibliography
| Academic offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Aaron Burr, Sr. | President of the College of New Jersey 1758–1758 | Succeeded by Samuel Davies |
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic